Jane Austen's England
Page 45
100 18 April 1810. Hall 1936, p. 255.
101 Brabourne 1884a, p. 369.
102 31 July 1788. Jameson 2001, p. 59.
103 Letter written 11–15 November 1810. Hall 1936, p. 315.
104 The Penny Post was originally set up in 1680 by William Dockwra, but was taken over by the General Post Office (Campbell-Smith 2011, pp. 59–61).
105 25 May 1810. Hall 1936, p. 264.
106 30 April 1811. Brabourne 1884b, p. 97.
107 7 May 1811. Simond 1817, p. 200.
108 Chapman 1932b, p. 425.
9: ON THE MOVE
1 Gillett 1945, p. 16.
2 Austen Leigh 1871, p. 38.
3 Chapman 1932b, p. 475. Letter of 24 January 1817 to Alethea Bigg.
4 31 January 1790. Jameson 2001, p. 233.
5 1 August 1794. Jameson 2004, p. 57.
6 Moritz 1809, p. 87.
7 Moritz 1809, pp. 59–60.
8 Moritz 1809, p. 60.
9 Moritz 1809, p. 64.
10 21 January 1773. Winstanley 1988, p. 103.
11 14 March 1800. Moretonhampstead History Society manuscript of Treleaven’s diary. The Shambles was where the butchers plied their trade.
12 9 November 1799. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/1.
13 13 December 1790. Jameson 2001, p. 272.
14 8 September 1782. Andrews 1934, p. 108.
15 14 August 1795. Manners 1805, pp. 137–8. John Henry Manners was the Fifth Duke of Rutland.
16 September 1800. Warner 1801, p. 10.
17 Warner 1801, pp. 9–10.
18 26 November 1799. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/3.
19 Austen Leigh 1871, p. 159. Letter of January 1817 to Alethea Bigg.
20 Gröben 1907, p. 87. Colonel Taylor was the brother of Sir Brook Taylor, and Ralph Heathcote was a diplomat in Germany (born in 1782).
21 Morning Chronicle 26 October 1807.
22 2 May 1793. Jameson 2003, p. 242.
23 Moritz 1809, p. 52.
24 11 May 1805. Silliman 1810, p. 67.
25 18 May 1805, while travelling in Warwickshire. Silliman 1810, p. 123.
26 European Magazine February 1816, p. 129.
27 May 1802. Courtesy of Trustees of the National Museum of the Royal Navy (NMRN), P 1985/323.
28 15 May 1805. Silliman 1810, p. 82.
29 The Times 25 December 1807.
30 6 July 1778. Winstanley 1983, p. 55.
31 Moritz 1809, p. 3.
32 August 1790. Andrews 1935, p. 275.
33 31 January 1807. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/26.
34 ‘Hackney’ derives from an Old French word meaning a horse and had passed into Middle English by the fourteenth century. Because many hackneys were hired out, this gave rise to the word ‘hack’ for an ordinary horse (or for poor writers who hire out their services).
35 Trusler 1790, p. 97.
36 Andrews 1934, p. 32.
37 Jenkin 1951, p. 18. Letter of 15 September 1792. As a Quaker, Jenkin is using the archaic form ‘thy’ rather than ‘your’.
38 Moritz 1809, pp. 9–10.
39 26 April 1809. Upton-Wilkinson archive (090426spww01).
40 20 May 1805. Silliman 1810, p. 122.
41 22 January 1776. White 1837, pp. 389–90.
42 27 June 1800. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/7. William Holland had a low opinion of Somerset workmen, which is why he referred to them as ‘Somersetshire Boobies’ among other things.
43 Andrews 1934, pp. 211–12. Byng made these comments in an Oxfordshire tour in 1785.
44 Andrews 1935, p. 64.
45 25 August 1805. Romney 1984, p. 93.
46 Andrews 1934, p. 261.
47 Moritz 1809, p. 66.
48 Cooke 1803, p. 102.
49 5 August 1781. Jeffery 1907, pp. 2–3. Dyott had recently joined the army and was on his way to Dublin.
50 26 March 1780. Winstanley 1984, p. 27.
51 12 June 1790. Andrews 1935, pp. 170–1.
52 6 July 1790. Andrews 1935, p. 236. This was at the Black Bull Inn in Cambridge.
53 July 1787. Andrews 1934, p. 249.
54 Silliman 1820a, p. 148. This was August 1805.
55 15 May 1805. Silliman 1810, p. 83.
56 20 May 1805. Silliman 1810, pp. 129–30.
57 26 June 1786. Winstanley and Jameson 1999, p. 144. The fifteenth-century Belle Sauvage inn was more frequently referred to as the ‘Belle Savage’. It was demolished in 1873.
58 27 June 1786. Winstanley and Jameson 1999, p. 145.
59 30 June 1789. Andrews 1935, p. 116.
60 5 July 1790. Andrews 1935, p. 235. This fifteenth-century inn was rebuilt in 1828, and the replacement building, called ‘The Bull’ not ‘The Black Bull’, is grade II listed and has become part of St Catherine’s College, at 68 Trumpington Street.
61 Andrews 1935, p. 151.
62 18 November 1805. Silliman 1820b, p. 145.
63 29 October 1795. Jameson 2004, p. 215.
64 13 January 1777. Winstanley 1981, pp. 103–4.
65 Moritz 1809, p. 13.
66 The Times 23 May 1803.
67 The Times 23 May 1803.
68 Granville 1916, p. 131. Lady Bessborough was sister of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire.
69 Adkins 2004, pp. 266–8.
70 4 February 1799. Jameson 2006, pp. 86–7.
71 17 February 1799. Jameson 2006, p. 91.
72 Exeter Flying Post 13 November 1800. St Thomas is on the west side of the River Exe, whereas most of Exeter is on an eminence on the east side.
73 Exeter Flying Post 13 November 1800. The post-chaises took the old ridgeway route into Exeter, which has since been named the Trafalgar Way. Henry Holland was a prominent architect and worked on Brighton Pavilion for the Prince Regent, as well as several notable buildings in London, including Hans Place, home of Henry Austen. He had estates at Okehampton.
74 Exeter Flying Post 13 November 1800.
75 30 January 1794. Jameson 2004, p. 8.
76 Pratt 1804, pp. 353–4.
77 Pratt 1804, p. 354.
78 Hutton 1795, p. 402.
79 ‘Extract of a Letter from Warrington, September 1’ in The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1774 (London, 1778), p. 145.
80 Hall 1936, p. 164. Letter written at Beacon’s Gutter, 19 May 1809. The direct distance was about 14 miles, but it was cheaper and more comfortable by canal than by stagecoach.
81 The Times 19 December 1806.
82 Hutton 1795, p. 404. This is now the Wednesbury Old Canal.
83 Salisbury and Winchester Journal & Hampshire Chronicle 20 September 1784.
84 Northampton Mercury 20 September 1784.
85 Salisbury and Winchester Journal & Hampshire Chronicle 27 September 1784.
10: DARK DEEDS
1 Cobbetts Weekly Political Register vol. 30, January–June 1816, col. 397.
2 McLynn 1989, pp. xi–xii.
3 June 1790. Andrews 1935, p. 209.
4 Wilson 2002, p. 161.
5 Porter 1851, p. 509.
6 Darter 1888, p. 33.
7 Blackner 1815, p. 280.
8 Sunday 10 March 1811. Simond 1817, p. 87.
9 11 March 1811. Simond 1817, pp. 94–5.
10 York Herald 16 March 1811.
11 Andrews 1935, p. 178.
12 McLynn 1989, p. 32.
13 McLynn 1989, p. 35.
14 Darter 1888, p. 65.
15 Moritz 1809, p. 51.
16 November 1805. Silliman 1820b, p. 101.
17 Gentleman’s Magazine 54, 1784, p. 635. The report in its ‘Historical Chronicle’ was dated 14 August.
18 Trial of Sarah Smith, Old Bailey Proceedings online, April 1793, t17930410-95.
19 Trial of Sarah Smith, Old Bailey Proceedings online, April 1793, t17930410-95.
20 The National Archives manuscript HO 11/1; Bateson 1969, pp. 147–8.
21 Moritz 1809, p. 51.
22 British Library Add MS 27825 (Francis Place unpublished manuscript, vol. 1.B, p. 147).
23 An example is in the Bodleian Library, Harding B22 (304).
24 Since 1739, the song has had a number of titles, including ‘The Dunghill Cock, or Turpin’s Valiant Exploits’, ‘Turpin’s Valour’, ‘Oh, Rare Turpin Hero’ and ‘Turpin Hero’. It is still performed today.
25 Broadside ballad 1739 ‘Turpin’s Rant: A New Song’, Bodleian Library, Harding B22 (304).
26 Oxford Journal 14 January 1797.
27 Norfolk Chronicle or the Norwich Gazette 4 February 1797.
28 Moritz 1809, pp. 51–2.
29 The Times 22 June 1792.
30 A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (1796).
31 14 March 1805. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/21.
32 Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette 3 August 1775.
33 Northampton Mercury 7 August 1775.
34 Northampton Mercury 7 August 1775.
35 27 January 1808, letter to Sarah Wilkinson. Upton-Wilkinson archive (080127fpsp02).
36 Morning Chronicle 25 August 1814. This newspaper muddles Thomas Norman’s name.
37 Trial of Thomas Norman, Old Bailey Proceedings online, September 1814, t18140914-167. The court case was 14 September.
38 Morning Chronicle 2 September 1806. The theft was on 24 August.
39 Trial of Eleanor Russel, Old Bailey Proceedings online, September 1806, t18060917-43. She was tried for ‘theft from a specified place’.
40 Trial of Eleanor Russel, Old Bailey Proceedings online, September 1806, t18060917-43.
41 The National Archives manuscript HO 11/1.
42 The National Archives manuscript HO 10/2.
43 Austen-Leigh 1942, pp. 197–8. Letter of Mountague Cholmeley Junior to Jane Leigh-Perrot on 11 January 1800. Mrs Leigh-Perrot was Mrs Austen’s sister-in-law (her husband being Mrs Austen’s brother).
44 22 March 1800. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/4. Mrs Leigh-Perrot’s trial was on 29 March 1800. Her crime was grand larceny, a capital offence for the theft of goods worth more than one shilling.
45 30 April 1800. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/5.
46 Markham 1997.
47 Chapman 1932a, pp. 154–5. Written from Bath on 21 April 1805.
48 Chapman 1932a, p. 155.
49 Chapman 1932a, p. 159. Addition to letter of 23 April 1805.
50 Bath Chronicle 3 April 1800.
51 Bath Chronicle 3 April 1800.
52 25 October 1807. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/28.
53 Christie 1929, pp. 216–17. Hoddesdon was then in the parish of Broxbourne.
54 Hampshire Chronicle 26 October 1807.
55 Hampshire Chronicle 26 October 1807. The house in the High Street was later called Borham House and was close to the present Lowewood Museum. It has since been demolished.
56 Hampshire Chronicle 26 October 1807.
57 Anon. 1808, p. 11.
58 Hall 1936, p. 84. Letter to Miss Chorley of 15 April 1808.
59 Wesley 1831, pp. 462–3, paragraph ‘Thoughts on Suicide’, dated Liverpool April 8 1790.
60 13 July 1805. Silliman 1820a, p. 27.
61 Howard 1784, p. 384. Even though John Howard was a dissenter, he became high sheriff of Bedfordshire. He was appalled at the treatment of prisoners, leading to his involvement with penal reform. He died in 1790.
62 A liberate was a writ issued to a gaoler for the release of a prisoner on bail. Howard 1784, p. 385.
63 Howard 1784, p. 371.
64 For POW prisons and parole towns, see Adkins and Adkins 2006.
65 Darter 1888, p. 34.
66 Trial of Alice Walker, Old Bailey Proceedings online, 9 September 1772, t17720909-46.
67 Virginia Gazette (printer: Purdie and Dixon) 12 August 1773.
68 Virginia Gazette (printer: Rind) 12 August 1773.
69 Virginia Gazette (printer: Rind) 27 May 1773.
70 At this point she disappears from the records.
71 Trial of Robert Jones and Thomas Cliff, Old Bailey Proceedings online, 18 May 1774, t17740518-61.
72 Trial of Elizabeth Smith, Old Bailey Proceedings online, 11 January 1775, t17750111-33.
73 Bateson 1969.
74 Darter 1888, pp. 20–1.
75 Darter 1888, pp. 51–2.
76 Darter 1888, p. 52.
77 Hampshire Chronicle 18 December 1775.
78 Trial of Sarah Reynolds and Elizabeth Vale, Old Bailey Proceedings online, December 1775, t17751206-82.
79 It is difficult to tell exactly where the body was found, since the two people who searched for it got out of the coach at ‘the top of Broad Street’ and walked an unknown distance before they came to the ditch ‘with a great current of water’, where they paid a passer-by to go down the slope and retrieve the bundle.
80 Trial of Sarah Reynolds and Elizabeth Vale, Old Bailey Proceedings online, December 1775, t17751206-82.
81 They were George Morley and John Burke for highway robbery; William Munro for forgery; Samuel Wilson for counterfeiting coins; William Busby and Francis Burke for returning from transportation before their seven years had expired; and John Wallis, Richard Martin, John Lawler and the woman Frances Warren for burglary. They were all tried and convicted at the Old Bailey on 29 October 1783. Information on the individuals is in Old Bailey Proceedings online, and a full report on the execution is in Jackson’s Oxford Journal 13 December 1783.
82 Jackson’s Oxford Journal 13 December 1783.
83 26 March 1785. Winstanley and Jameson 1999, p. 23.
84 4 April 1785. Winstanley and Jameson 1999, p. 23.
85 Grant 1809, pp. 243–4.
86 Huddesford 1804, p. 153. ‘Jack Hains’ was probably the highwayman John Haines, executed in 1799, whose body was gibbeted on Hounslow Heath.
87 Darter 1888, pp. 24–5. Gallows Tree Common was on the borders of Earley and Shinfield in Berkshire, near Elm Lane. Until 1793 it was the place of execution for Reading. An elm tree was used as gallows and gibbet, but it was struck by Dutch Elm Disease in the 1970s.
88 Howell 1816, p. 816.
89 Jackson’s Oxford Journal 31 August 1782.
90 Ipswich Journal 21 March 1789.
91 Ipswich Journal 21 March 1789.
92 Ashton 1882, p. 453.
93 Halliday 2009, p. 204.
94 29 October 1795. Jameson 2004, p. 215.
95 Wright 1867, p. 497.
96 29 October 1795. Jameson 2004, pp. 215–16.
97 The Gordon Riots took place 2 to 9 June 1780 after Lord George Gordon (1751–93), leader of the Protestant Association, had failed in his attempt to get parts of the Catholic Relief Act of 1778 repealed.
98 4 April 1801. Jameson 2007, p. 25.
99 9 April 1801. Jameson 2007, p. 26.
100 12 October 1792. Jameson 2003, p. 181.
101 Andrews 1938, p. 153.
102 The Times 14 June 1792.
103 Silliman 1810, p. 239.
104 The Heir-at-Law was first performed at the Haymarket theatre in London.
105 13 November 1803. Christie 1929, p. 161.
11: MEDICINE MEN
1 Chapman 1932b, p. 426.
2 Hall 1936, p. 172. Letter written at Beacon’s Gutter, near Liverpool, 14 June 1809.
3 23 March 1779. Winstanley 1983, p. 122.
4 11 March 1791. Jameson 2003, p. 7.
5 15 March 1791. Jameson 2003, p. 8.
6 16 March 1791. Jameson 2003, p. 8.
7 16 February 1807. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/26. Simon Morle of Plainsfield Court died in 1811 and his wife in 1812 (information from David Worthy).
8 18 February 1807. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/26.
9 13 April 1781. Winstanley 1984, p. 125.
10 14 April 1781. Winstanley 1984, pp. 125–6.
11 Culpeper’s Complete Herbal, enlarged edn (London
), 1814, p. 130.
12 22 May 1779. Winstanley 1983, p. 139.
13 29 January 1800. Andrews 1934, p. 8.
14 Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/3. This was Dr Alyster Forbes of Nether Stowey (information from David Worthy).
15 In 1800 this became the Royal Company of Surgeons of London (later ‘of England’). The barber-surgeons developed from barbers, who added bloodletting to their hair-cutting and shaving services.
16 Markham 1990, p. 55. Penelope Benwell would in 1808 marry the Reverend John Hind. Her diary entry is 1 January 1805.
17 Beale 1891, p. 57.
18 West 1977.
19 Beale 1891, p. 58.
20 Beale 1891, p. 58.
21 Beale 1891, p. 58.
22 In Britain physicians are nowadays referred to as ‘doctors’ or ‘GPs’ (general practitioners).
23 3 November 1776. Winstanley 1981, p. 83. He was Jack Wharton.
24 8 November 1776. Winstanley 1981, pp. 86–7.
25 8 April 1809. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/32.
26 20 June 1782. Winstanley 1998, p. 52.
27 The surge in influenza deaths came in the second and third weeks of June 1782.
28 Hall 1936, p. 51. Letter of 18 November 1807 written at Upholland.
29 27 March 1800. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/4. William Weymouth was the sexton (information from David Worthy).
30 6 April 1790. Jameson 2001, p. 248.
31 15 January 1795. Jameson 2004, p. 115.
32 14 December 1800. Jameson 2006, p. 261.
33 Hereford Journal 18 October 1815.
34 Hereford Journal 18 October 1815.
35 7 June 1791. Jameson 2003, p. 33.
36 13 May 1797. Jameson 2005, p. 149.
37 Chapman 1932a, p. 144. Letter dated 21 January 1805.
38 Beale 1891, p. 58. This was in August 1788.
39 Knight 1904, p. 51.
40 Johnston 1857, pp. 284–5. This poem was first published in 1807 as ‘Resolution and Independence’.
41 18 September 1803. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/17.
42 18 September 1803. Somerset Archives and Local Studies ABTL/2/17. Holland’s problems continued and were most likely dental in origin.
43 15 May 1779. Winstanley 1983, p. 137.
44 Ringsted 1774, pp. 11–12.
45 Simond 1817, pp. 329–30.
46 2 November 1799. Jameson 2006, p. 161.
47 21 September 1777. Winstanley 1981, 165.
48 22 September 1777. Winstanley 1981, 166.
49 7 July 1791, in Lincolnshire. Andrews 1935, p. 371.