Latins begin openly fighting over, 492
Louis IX’s refortification of, 607
new capital, 538, 547
Outremer’s leading centre for commerce, 547
reinforcements from, for Third Crusade’s second advance on Jerusalem, 502
Richard I’s march from, 458–76, 461
Richard I’s massacre on plains of, 452–4
Saladin’s proposal to Conrad regarding, 487
Saladin’s winter rest in, 395–6
Siege and sack of 651–6 (see also Acre: Great Siege of) surrender of (1187), 354–5
surrender of (1191), 443, 450
Tower of Flies at, 401, 414
transformation of, into fleshpot, 460
Adalia, 220
Adela, countess of Blois, 107
Adelard of Bath, 184
Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy, 35, 39, 43, 56, 69, 76, 78, 81, 83–4
burial of, 84
death of, 82
al-Adid, Fatimid caliph, 267, 273, 275, 277, 279
death of, 280
al-Adil ibn Ayyub, 276, 291, 298, 318, 324, 325, 328, 333–4, 338, 354, 394, 408, 425, 440, 462, 475, 478, 500, 512, 540–1, 552, 554
death of, 554
power in Damascus seized by, 540
Richard I’s communications with, 467, 483, 484–6, 511
Richard I’s suggestion of Joanne’s marriage to, 484–5, 487
series of truces agreed by, 541
truce document delivered to Richard I by, 512
Adrianople, 219, 382
al-Afdal (son of Saladin), 188, 297, 337–8, 344, 350–1, 394, 404, 414, 475, 478, 500, 512, 540, 554
al-Afdal, Egyptian vizier, 22, 71, 89–90, 94, 104–5, 125, 126, 128, 131, 135, 136, 267
Ascalon landing of, 104
Baldwin I’s deal with, 125
Jerusalem seized by, 89
Afghanistan, 668, 677
Afonso Henriques, king of Portugal, 212
Agnes of Courtenay, 237, 299, 304, 323
Aigues-Mortes, 581, 583, 640
Aimery of Limoges, 304–5
Aimery of Lusignan, 538
al-Akharini, 262
Albigensian Crusade, 532
Aleppo, 22, 66, 71, 114, 138, 139, 152–3, 157, 162, 165, 183, 191, 230, 231–2, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 288, 310, 345, 500, 540, 613, 618
Abaq agrees to renewed truce with, 247
Abaq declares loyalty to, 248
al-Afdal’s attempt to seize control of, 554
al-Zahir designated ruler of, 394
Baybars’ regional governor in, 622
court intrigue in, 317
Damascus forms new relationship with, 231
evacuation of, 648
failed expeditions against, 171
Great Mosque in, 230, 263
Mongols advance on, 616
non-Koranic taxes abolished in, 322
Nur al-Din made new emir of, 229
Nur al-Din strengthens fortifications of, 255
offensive by, 163–4
Qutuz takes control of, 620
readied for attack, 233
Saladin’s campaign against, 320–3
Saladin extends authority over, 339
Saladin occupies, 322
Saladin’s plan to extend authority over, 312
Saladin’s stalking of, 292–4
Zangi seizes power in, 190
Alexander the Great, 63, 266, 670
Alexandria, 9, 266–7, 271, 278, 298, 546, 592, 628, 657
Sicilian fleet attacks, 289
Alexius I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 34, 52, 54–6, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 82, 140, 218
ambitions of, 48–50
Bohemond’s crusade and, 143, 144
death of, 172
Alexius Angelus, Prince (later emperor of Byzantium), 529–30
Alfonso VII, king of León-Castile, 212–13
‘Ali, 19–20
‘Ali al-Harawi, 187
‘Ali ibn Wafa, 241
Alice of France, 376, 377, 380, 389–90
Alice, Princess (daughter of Baldwin II), 167–8
Allenby, General Edmund, 673–4, 679
Almería, 213
Alphonse-Jordan of Toulouse, 207
Alphonse of Poitiers, 580–1, 606
Altuntash of Bosra, 232
Amalfi, 7
Amalric, king of Jerusalem, 268, 270–3, 278, 279, 289, 301
illness and death of, 299
Amanus Mountains, 396
Ambroise, 468–9, 472, 473, 474, 491, 497, 503, 509
Anatolia, 22, 27, 74, 220, 281, 316, 420, 541, 645–6
Andrew of Brienne, 403, 407
Andrew of Chauvingny, 384, 432, 482, 510, 512
Andronicus Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 317
Angevin dynasty, 369–70, 377, 378, 386
allegiances switched from, 383
Philip’s return from Third Crusade and, 448–9
Richard I of England ruler of, 383–4
Anjou, 4, 369, 372, 384
House of, see Angevin dynasty
Anna Comnena, 48, 52, 55, 143
Ansariyah Mountains, 257, 294, 396, 545, 641, 645
‘Ansbert’, 454
Antioch, 27, 49, 55, 65, 61–83, 84, 85–6, 90, 137–8, 139, 140, 145–6, 149, 150, 151–3, 157–8, 161, 163, 165, 166, 178, 254, 310, 320, 393, 538, 539, 548, 576
Baybars’ assault on, 636–7
bleak future for, following Edessa conquest, 195
‘crusader state’, 115
extended borders of, 151–2
Holy Lance’s purported role in Battle of, 83
John II’s suzerainty over, 171
long march to, 59
Louis VII reaches, 233
Manuel rides into, 255
in Muslim histories, 112
Nur al-Din’s offensive against, 239
patriarch of, 9
expelled, 117
punitive raids against, 281
rejuvenation of, 252
remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547
Roger of Salerno takes power in, 153–4
Saladin’s 1188
attack on, 396
scholars gather in, 184
Siege of, first, 61–74
Siege of, second, and Battle of, 74–82
famine during, 76–7
Tancred takes command of, 137
Tancred takes up regency of, 120
Antiochus, 63
Apamea, 153, 157, 166, 240, 242, 243
Aqaba, 159, 279, 324–5
Gulf of, 324
Aqtay, 594, 606, 612
Aquitaine, 207, 257, 372, 376–7, 384
Arabia, 19, 160, 325
Arabian Peninsular, 18, 19, 281
Arabic numerals, 666
Arab–Israeli conflict, 677, 678
Aragon, 649
al-Arish, 306, 324
Armenia, 421, 541, 559, 614, 635
Armenians, 23, 60, 66, 104, 137
marriage between Greeks and, 177–8
Arnulf of Chocques, 87, 92, 103–4, 117, 127
patriarch designate of Jerusalem, 103
reinstatement of, 120
Arqa, 86, 87, 148, 150
Arsuf, 90, 116, 117, 123, 632, 633
Baldwin I finds safety in, 132–3
Battle of, 466–76
significance of, 474–6
Forest of, 466
Saladin orders demolition of, 423
Artah, 139, 141, 259
Battle of, 142
Arthur, King, 374
Artois, 447
Artuqids, 157, 237
Asad, Hafez, 678
Asadiyya, 276
Ascalon, 104, 105–6, 117, 120, 125, 128, 130, 133, 135, 236, 251–2, 268, 306–7, 393, 453, 501, 502
Richard I’s insistence on keeping, 511
Richard I’s plan to seize, 479
Richard I’s rebuilding of, 492, 496, 511
Sala
din’s razing of, 477, 478, 480
submission of, 354
al-Ashraf, 540, 554, 561
al-Ashraf Khalil, 652–5
Ashtara, 344,
Ashur, Sa‘id, 677
Asia Minor, 16, 22, 26, 34, 47, 50, 55, 74, 112, 218, 219, 257, 339, 382, 420, 531, 614, 627
Baybars’ attack on, 645
Crusade of 1101
crosses, 107
First Crusade’s armies amass in, 52
First Crusade crosses, 56–61
Greek recapturing of, 27
Kilij Arslan II’s ambitions in, 317
in Muslim histories, 112
Second Crusade crosses, 216
western, 218, 305
Askanian Lake, 53, 55
Assassins, 2, 156, 241, 245, 294–6, 495, 645
atabegs, 135n
al-Atharib, 152, 165
Aubery Clements, 440
Augustus Caesar, 48, 670
Austria, 551
Ayas the Tall, 456
Ayn al-Daulah, 272, 274
Ayn Jalut, 327, 328
Battle of, 616–19
Ayyub ibn Shadi, 192, 230, 248, 275–6
Ayyubid dynasty/empire, 275, 339–40, 514, 647
conflict limited by, 611
decline of, 589, 622
intelligence system of, 416
post-Saladin fate of, 540–1
strategy of, in 1192, 499–501
al-Azimi, 28, 112
Baalbek, 192, 230, 246, 249, 292, 309, 619
al-Babayn, 270
Baghdad, 20, 26, 66, 112, 191, 321, 615
Great Seljuq Sultanate of, 22
relief force raised by, 72
Tughrul appointed sultan of, 21
Baghras, 170, 396
Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, 286–7, 396–7, 407, 408, 410, 414, 422, 431, 434, 439, 452–3, 485
during Richard I’s march from Acre and Battle of Arsuf, 464, 465, 466, 470, 471, 475
on Saladin’s final illness, 514
during Third Crusade’s second advance on Jerusalem, 505, 506–7
Baldric of Bourgueil, 109, 110
Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Boulogne), 45–6, 52, 60–1, 69, 116–17, 118–36, 146, 148–9, 150–1, 154–6, 157, 575
Acre besieged by, 124
anointed first king of Jerusalem, 120
autocratic rule of, 174
Caesarea attacked by, 123–4
council of arbitration called by, 150
declared new ruler of Jerusalem, 119
fake death of, 133
Fatimid raiding party attacks, 122
flight of, from Ramla, 132
forceful governance displayed by, 126
general council convened by, 149
Genoese fleet and, 122–3
illness and death of, 160
last years of, 159–60, 162
Maudud and Tughtegin’s lightning assault on, 155
Sidon besieged by, 125
Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Bourcq), 119, 146–7, 149, 150–1, 158, 166, 172, 243
Antioch’s losses recouped by, 167
autocratic rule of, 174
Battle of Harran and, 138–9
captive, 139, 146, 167
count of Edessa, 138
daughters of, 173
death of, 168, 173
Jerusalem crown assumed by, 163
tax cuts by, 183
Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 173, 243, 245–6, 247, 251–3, 254, 255
death of, 256–7
invasion of Nile region threatened by, 268
Theodora marries, 254
Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, 299–305, 306, 310–14, 318–19, 323, 368
choice of new heir to, 328–9
death of, 332
early reign of, 303–4
leprosy suffered by, 301–3, 326, 331
rift between Guy of Lusignan and, 329, 332
Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 303, 328–9
death of, 342
Baldwin, archbishop of Caesarea, 124
Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, 372, 424
Baldwin of Carew, 472
Baldwin of Flanders (later Emperor), 527, 531–2
crowned sovereign of Romania, 530
Baldwin of Ibelin, 323, 342
Balearic Islands, 200
Balian of Ibelin, 350, 356–7, 358, 360, 361, 492, 512
Baltic, 197, 211, 212, 213, 533, 541
Livs of, 532
Banyas, 167, 193, 234, 253, 260, 270, 289, 290
siege of, 299
Barada River, 234
Baraka, 626, 646, 647
barid (postal system), 625
The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land Page 79