The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land

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The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land Page 79

by Thomas Asbridge


  Latins begin openly fighting over, 492

  Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

  new capital, 538, 547

  Outremer’s leading centre for commerce, 547

  reinforcements from, for Third Crusade’s second advance on Jerusalem, 502

  Richard I’s march from, 458–76, 461

  Richard I’s massacre on plains of, 452–4

  Saladin’s proposal to Conrad regarding, 487

  Saladin’s winter rest in, 395–6

  Siege and sack of 651–6 (see also Acre: Great Siege of) surrender of (1187), 354–5

  surrender of (1191), 443, 450

  Tower of Flies at, 401, 414

  transformation of, into fleshpot, 460

  Adalia, 220

  Adela, countess of Blois, 107

  Adelard of Bath, 184

  Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy, 35, 39, 43, 56, 69, 76, 78, 81, 83–4

  burial of, 84

  death of, 82

  al-Adid, Fatimid caliph, 267, 273, 275, 277, 279

  death of, 280

  al-Adil ibn Ayyub, 276, 291, 298, 318, 324, 325, 328, 333–4, 338, 354, 394, 408, 425, 440, 462, 475, 478, 500, 512, 540–1, 552, 554

  death of, 554

  power in Damascus seized by, 540

  Richard I’s communications with, 467, 483, 484–6, 511

  Richard I’s suggestion of Joanne’s marriage to, 484–5, 487

  series of truces agreed by, 541

  truce document delivered to Richard I by, 512

  Adrianople, 219, 382

  al-Afdal (son of Saladin), 188, 297, 337–8, 344, 350–1, 394, 404, 414, 475, 478, 500, 512, 540, 554

  al-Afdal, Egyptian vizier, 22, 71, 89–90, 94, 104–5, 125, 126, 128, 131, 135, 136, 267

  Ascalon landing of, 104

  Baldwin I’s deal with, 125

  Jerusalem seized by, 89

  Afghanistan, 668, 677

  Afonso Henriques, king of Portugal, 212

  Agnes of Courtenay, 237, 299, 304, 323

  Aigues-Mortes, 581, 583, 640

  Aimery of Limoges, 304–5

  Aimery of Lusignan, 538

  al-Akharini, 262

  Albigensian Crusade, 532

  Aleppo, 22, 66, 71, 114, 138, 139, 152–3, 157, 162, 165, 183, 191, 230, 231–2, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 288, 310, 345, 500, 540, 613, 618

  Abaq agrees to renewed truce with, 247

  Abaq declares loyalty to, 248

  al-Afdal’s attempt to seize control of, 554

  al-Zahir designated ruler of, 394

  Baybars’ regional governor in, 622

  court intrigue in, 317

  Damascus forms new relationship with, 231

  evacuation of, 648

  failed expeditions against, 171

  Great Mosque in, 230, 263

  Mongols advance on, 616

  non-Koranic taxes abolished in, 322

  Nur al-Din made new emir of, 229

  Nur al-Din strengthens fortifications of, 255

  offensive by, 163–4

  Qutuz takes control of, 620

  readied for attack, 233

  Saladin’s campaign against, 320–3

  Saladin extends authority over, 339

  Saladin occupies, 322

  Saladin’s plan to extend authority over, 312

  Saladin’s stalking of, 292–4

  Zangi seizes power in, 190

  Alexander the Great, 63, 266, 670

  Alexandria, 9, 266–7, 271, 278, 298, 546, 592, 628, 657

  Sicilian fleet attacks, 289

  Alexius I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 34, 52, 54–6, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 82, 140, 218

  ambitions of, 48–50

  Bohemond’s crusade and, 143, 144

  death of, 172

  Alexius Angelus, Prince (later emperor of Byzantium), 529–30

  Alfonso VII, king of León-Castile, 212–13

  ‘Ali, 19–20

  ‘Ali al-Harawi, 187

  ‘Ali ibn Wafa, 241

  Alice of France, 376, 377, 380, 389–90

  Alice, Princess (daughter of Baldwin II), 167–8

  Allenby, General Edmund, 673–4, 679

  Almería, 213

  Alphonse-Jordan of Toulouse, 207

  Alphonse of Poitiers, 580–1, 606

  Altuntash of Bosra, 232

  Amalfi, 7

  Amalric, king of Jerusalem, 268, 270–3, 278, 279, 289, 301

  illness and death of, 299

  Amanus Mountains, 396

  Ambroise, 468–9, 472, 473, 474, 491, 497, 503, 509

  Anatolia, 22, 27, 74, 220, 281, 316, 420, 541, 645–6

  Andrew of Brienne, 403, 407

  Andrew of Chauvingny, 384, 432, 482, 510, 512

  Andronicus Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 317

  Angevin dynasty, 369–70, 377, 378, 386

  allegiances switched from, 383

  Philip’s return from Third Crusade and, 448–9

  Richard I of England ruler of, 383–4

  Anjou, 4, 369, 372, 384

  House of, see Angevin dynasty

  Anna Comnena, 48, 52, 55, 143

  Ansariyah Mountains, 257, 294, 396, 545, 641, 645

  ‘Ansbert’, 454

  Antioch, 27, 49, 55, 65, 61–83, 84, 85–6, 90, 137–8, 139, 140, 145–6, 149, 150, 151–3, 157–8, 161, 163, 165, 166, 178, 254, 310, 320, 393, 538, 539, 548, 576

  Baybars’ assault on, 636–7

  bleak future for, following Edessa conquest, 195

  ‘crusader state’, 115

  extended borders of, 151–2

  Holy Lance’s purported role in Battle of, 83

  John II’s suzerainty over, 171

  long march to, 59

  Louis VII reaches, 233

  Manuel rides into, 255

  in Muslim histories, 112

  Nur al-Din’s offensive against, 239

  patriarch of, 9

  expelled, 117

  punitive raids against, 281

  rejuvenation of, 252

  remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547

  Roger of Salerno takes power in, 153–4

  Saladin’s 1188

  attack on, 396

  scholars gather in, 184

  Siege of, first, 61–74

  Siege of, second, and Battle of, 74–82

  famine during, 76–7

  Tancred takes command of, 137

  Tancred takes up regency of, 120

  Antiochus, 63

  Apamea, 153, 157, 166, 240, 242, 243

  Aqaba, 159, 279, 324–5

  Gulf of, 324

  Aqtay, 594, 606, 612

  Aquitaine, 207, 257, 372, 376–7, 384

  Arabia, 19, 160, 325

  Arabian Peninsular, 18, 19, 281

  Arabic numerals, 666

  Arab–Israeli conflict, 677, 678

  Aragon, 649

  al-Arish, 306, 324

  Armenia, 421, 541, 559, 614, 635

  Armenians, 23, 60, 66, 104, 137

  marriage between Greeks and, 177–8

  Arnulf of Chocques, 87, 92, 103–4, 117, 127

  patriarch designate of Jerusalem, 103

  reinstatement of, 120

  Arqa, 86, 87, 148, 150

  Arsuf, 90, 116, 117, 123, 632, 633

  Baldwin I finds safety in, 132–3

  Battle of, 466–76

  significance of, 474–6

  Forest of, 466

  Saladin orders demolition of, 423

  Artah, 139, 141, 259

  Battle of, 142

  Arthur, King, 374

  Artois, 447

  Artuqids, 157, 237

  Asad, Hafez, 678

  Asadiyya, 276

  Ascalon, 104, 105–6, 117, 120, 125, 128, 130, 133, 135, 236, 251–2, 268, 306–7, 393, 453, 501, 502

  Richard I’s insistence on keeping, 511

  Richard I’s plan to seize, 479

  Richard I’s rebuilding of, 492, 496, 511

  Sala
din’s razing of, 477, 478, 480

  submission of, 354

  al-Ashraf, 540, 554, 561

  al-Ashraf Khalil, 652–5

  Ashtara, 344,

  Ashur, Sa‘id, 677

  Asia Minor, 16, 22, 26, 34, 47, 50, 55, 74, 112, 218, 219, 257, 339, 382, 420, 531, 614, 627

  Baybars’ attack on, 645

  Crusade of 1101

  crosses, 107

  First Crusade’s armies amass in, 52

  First Crusade crosses, 56–61

  Greek recapturing of, 27

  Kilij Arslan II’s ambitions in, 317

  in Muslim histories, 112

  Second Crusade crosses, 216

  western, 218, 305

  Askanian Lake, 53, 55

  Assassins, 2, 156, 241, 245, 294–6, 495, 645

  atabegs, 135n

  al-Atharib, 152, 165

  Aubery Clements, 440

  Augustus Caesar, 48, 670

  Austria, 551

  Ayas the Tall, 456

  Ayn al-Daulah, 272, 274

  Ayn Jalut, 327, 328

  Battle of, 616–19

  Ayyub ibn Shadi, 192, 230, 248, 275–6

  Ayyubid dynasty/empire, 275, 339–40, 514, 647

  conflict limited by, 611

  decline of, 589, 622

  intelligence system of, 416

  post-Saladin fate of, 540–1

  strategy of, in 1192, 499–501

  al-Azimi, 28, 112

  Baalbek, 192, 230, 246, 249, 292, 309, 619

  al-Babayn, 270

  Baghdad, 20, 26, 66, 112, 191, 321, 615

  Great Seljuq Sultanate of, 22

  relief force raised by, 72

  Tughrul appointed sultan of, 21

  Baghras, 170, 396

  Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, 286–7, 396–7, 407, 408, 410, 414, 422, 431, 434, 439, 452–3, 485

  during Richard I’s march from Acre and Battle of Arsuf, 464, 465, 466, 470, 471, 475

  on Saladin’s final illness, 514

  during Third Crusade’s second advance on Jerusalem, 505, 506–7

  Baldric of Bourgueil, 109, 110

  Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Boulogne), 45–6, 52, 60–1, 69, 116–17, 118–36, 146, 148–9, 150–1, 154–6, 157, 575

  Acre besieged by, 124

  anointed first king of Jerusalem, 120

  autocratic rule of, 174

  Caesarea attacked by, 123–4

  council of arbitration called by, 150

  declared new ruler of Jerusalem, 119

  fake death of, 133

  Fatimid raiding party attacks, 122

  flight of, from Ramla, 132

  forceful governance displayed by, 126

  general council convened by, 149

  Genoese fleet and, 122–3

  illness and death of, 160

  last years of, 159–60, 162

  Maudud and Tughtegin’s lightning assault on, 155

  Sidon besieged by, 125

  Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Bourcq), 119, 146–7, 149, 150–1, 158, 166, 172, 243

  Antioch’s losses recouped by, 167

  autocratic rule of, 174

  Battle of Harran and, 138–9

  captive, 139, 146, 167

  count of Edessa, 138

  daughters of, 173

  death of, 168, 173

  Jerusalem crown assumed by, 163

  tax cuts by, 183

  Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 173, 243, 245–6, 247, 251–3, 254, 255

  death of, 256–7

  invasion of Nile region threatened by, 268

  Theodora marries, 254

  Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, 299–305, 306, 310–14, 318–19, 323, 368

  choice of new heir to, 328–9

  death of, 332

  early reign of, 303–4

  leprosy suffered by, 301–3, 326, 331

  rift between Guy of Lusignan and, 329, 332

  Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 303, 328–9

  death of, 342

  Baldwin, archbishop of Caesarea, 124

  Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, 372, 424

  Baldwin of Carew, 472

  Baldwin of Flanders (later Emperor), 527, 531–2

  crowned sovereign of Romania, 530

  Baldwin of Ibelin, 323, 342

  Balearic Islands, 200

  Balian of Ibelin, 350, 356–7, 358, 360, 361, 492, 512

  Baltic, 197, 211, 212, 213, 533, 541

  Livs of, 532

  Banyas, 167, 193, 234, 253, 260, 270, 289, 290

  siege of, 299

  Barada River, 234

  Baraka, 626, 646, 647

  barid (postal system), 625

 

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