Barin, 193
Barons’ Crusade, 573–4, 580
Bartholomew, Peter, 77–8, 83–4
trial by fire of, 87
visionary ravings of, 86–7
Basel, 209
Basil of Ani, 422
Basilius, 174
Baybars, 2, 606, 612–13, 618, 620–39, 641–7, 665, 670
Antioch sacked by, 636–7
appointed commander, 619
becomes sultan, 621
illness and death of, 646
war against Franks by, 630–7
Beatrice of Edessa, 237
Beaufort, 397, 398
Beaulieu, Fulk’s monastery at, 12
Bedouins, 23
Beirut, 125, 319, 320, 354, 412, 416, 433, 448, 538, 649, 656
Jean of Ibelin awarded lordship of, 539
remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547
Beit Nuba, 481, 488
Third Crusade’s first retreat from, 489–91, 499
Third Crusade’s second retreat from, 507–9
Belen Pass, 64
Belgium, 672
Belus Hills, 152, 163, 240, 243
Belus River, 404, 408, 461, 549
Belvoir, 396
Berengaria, Princess, 389, 390, 429, 435
Richard I marries, 429
Berke Khan, 574–5, 627
Bernard of Clairvaux, 168–9, 196, 200–1, 206–9, 212–4 passim, 215, 217, 368
Bernard, patriarch of Antioch, 138, 147
Berry, 377
Bertrand of Moncontour, 47
Bertrand of Toulouse, 148, 149–50
death of, 154
bestiality, 412
Bethlehem, 121
al-Kamil surrenders, 569
Church of the Nativity in, 120
Bethsan, 318–19, 326
Bible:
Commandments, 14
New Testament, 14, 110
Old Testament, 14–15, 110
Revelation, 111
Bilbais, 268, 270, 271–2
bin Laden, Osama, 668, 677, 679
Biqa valley, 304, 309
al-Bira, 628, 629, 631
Blachernae, Palace of, 50
Black Mountain, 187
Blanche of Castile, 578, 582, 607
Blondel, 516
Bohemond II of Antioch, 166, 167
Bohemond III of Antioch, 245, 256, 259, 323, 344–5
Nur al-din releases, 260
Saladin’s truce with, 322
surrender of, 259
Bohemond IV of Antioch, 539
Bohemond VI of Antioch, 616, 618, 635, 636, 642–3
Bohemond VII of Antioch, 649, 650
Bohemond of Taranto, 44–5, 46, 48, 50, 52, 57–9, 63, 69, 70, 73–4, 75–6, 80–1, 82–4 passim, 85–6, 116–17, 137, 142, 146, 147
Anatolian Turks capture, 117
appearance of, 44
Battle of Harran and, 138–40, 166
Constance marries, 143
Crusade (1106–8) of, 142–5
death of, 145
elected army commander-in-chief, 79
Firuz’s betrayal and, 72–3
fleeting later historical records of, 145
Godfrey’s wishes concerning, 118
Boniface of Montferrat, 528, 529
Book of Contemplation (Usama ibn Munqidh), 179–
Book of Holy War (Kitab al-Jihad), 113
Bosphorus Strait, 50, 52, 219, 530
Bosra, 232
Bouqia, 171, 257, 259, 545
Bourzey, 396
Brindisi, 565
British Library, 174
Bursuq of Hamadan, 157–8, 159
Bush, George W., 668, 679
Byzantium, 6, 16, 26, 34, 36, 103, 117, 143
Antioch’s reconquest secured by, 63
crusade failed by, 74–5
First Crusade and, 47–56
focus of civilisation, 48
Islam’s quarrelsome respect for, 27
Jerusalem captured from, 19
Manuel takes control of, 216
re-emerged force in Near East, 254
Roger of Sicily’s expansionist policies threaten, 216
Sicily’s tension with, 216
see also Constantinople
Caesarea, 90, 117, 127, 354, 464, 632, 633, 643
Baldwin I’s 1101
attack on, 123–4
Louis IX’s refortification of, 607
Saladin orders demolition of, 423
Cairo, 21, 251, 266, 267, 271, 273, 618, 278, 279, 559, 594
al-Azhar mosque in, 624
hostility between Damascus and, 283
Mamluks in, see Mamluk dynasty
military garrison in, 277
Saladin extends authority over, 339
union of Damascus and, 298
Calixtus II, Pope, 172, 199, 200
Capetian dynasty, 198, 369–70, 377
Richard I’s post-Crusade campaigns against, 516
see also France; Philip II Augustus of France
Carolingians, 6–7
conquest campaigns sponsored by, 15
decline of, 9
Carpinel, Geldemar, 118, 127, 129
carrier pigeons, 297, 416, 625
Castile, 564
catapults, see siege engines, projectile-launching
Cathars, 521
Albigensian Crusade launched against, 532
Cave de Sueth, 318, 324
Cecilia of France, 143, 154
Chahine, Youseff, 678
Châlons-sur-Marne, 215, 218
Chalus, 516
Chanson d’Antioche, 110–11
Charlemagne, 6, 8, 376
Godfrey’s lineage to, 45
Charles of Anjou, 581, 606, 627, 640, 641
Charles the Hammer, 19
Chastel Neuf, 260
Chavli of Mosul, 146, 147
Children’s Crusade, 533, 534, 536
China:
Islam reaches, 19
northern, Mongols subjugate, 614
Christendom:
continued unabated commerce between Islam and, 331
drive to rejuvenate, 10
Fourth Lateran Council discussion of, 535
Latin, establishment of, 8
secular world’s influence on, 10
see also Christianity
Christianity:
all-embracing nature of, 10–11
challenges to, around 1200, 520
coexistence of Muslims and followers of, see Outremer: life in
Constantine’s conversion to, 6, 8
Dominicans within, 521
Europe converted to, 8
European, Islam and, on eve of Crusades, 26–9
Franciscans within, 521
heresy within, 520–1
horrors of damnation evoked by, 11
Islam’s poll tax on, 18
Islam seen as ‘refinement’ of, 18
Nestorian, 614
paganism in Roman empire displaced by, 8
punishments for sex between Muslims and followers of, 178
Urban’s dire warning concerning, 33
warrior saints celebrated by, 15
weapons come to be blessed by, 15
see also Christendom
Cilicia, 60, 69, 137, 138, 139, 142, 145, 167, 317, 539, 633
Cistercian order, 206
Cîteaux, 206
Clement IV, Pope, 639, 640
Clermont, 33, 35, 110
Cluniac movement, 11
Cluny, 11, 206
Cologne, 381
Conon de Béthune, 373
Conrad III of Germany, 208–9, 214–17, 218–21 passim, 233, 235–6, 303
crusading precedent set by, 214
wounding of, 220
Conrad, constable of Germany, 131, 134
Conrad of Montferrat, 393–4, 395, 398, 403, 407, 410, 412, 430, 449, 451, 484, 492–3, 528
assassination of, 495–6
Guy’s riv
alry with, 435–6, 448, 493
Jerusalem crown offered to, 494
Jerusalem throne and, 435–6, 448, 493
‘king elect’, 436
Richard I’s parley with, 492
Richard I’s right to command acknowledged by, 456
Saladin’s attempt to exploit rift between
Richard I and, 487
Saladin’s contact with, 487
Saladin seeks diplomatic re-engagement with, 501
telling advantages of, over Richard, 492
ultimatum of, to Saladin, 495
Constance of Antioch, 167–8, 173, 245, 252
death of, 304,
Constance of France, 143, 145
Constantine the Great, 5–6, 8, 48, 90
Constantinople, 5, 19, 26, 48–9, 52, 107, 382, 546
exorbitant taxation in, 34
exposed to attack, 216
Fourth Crusade’s offensive against, 529–32
massacre in, 317
patriarch in, 9
see also Byzantium
Convent of Our Lady, Saidnaya, 187
Copts, 23, 104, 266
Coxon, 60
Cresson, 344
Crusade of 1101, 107–8
Asia Minor crossed by, 107
crusade, etymology of, 372
crusader castles, 544–6
Crusader States, 161, 537
creation of, 115–62
discussion of crisis facing, 172
in early 13th century, 537; see also Outremer: in 13th century
instability in, following Field of Blood, 167
martial expertise provided by, 170
Military Orders focus on protection of, 170
northern, watershed in history of, 142
see also Antioch; Edessa; Jerusalem; Outremer; Tripoli
Crusades:
bias in scholars’ interpretations of, 3n
causes and outcomes of, 658–64
chronology of, 685–7
consequences of, in medieval world, 664–8
in eastern Mediterranean, 665–6
in Western Europe, 667–8
debate fuelled by, 2
etymology concerning, 40, 669
in history, 680–1
indulgences for participation in, 40, 199, 204, 211, 524, 525, 534, 579
justification for, 15
legacy of, 657–81
longer shadow cast by, 668–80
Arab Nationalism and Islamism, 677–9
later medieval and early-modern perceptions, 670–1
modern Islam and, 674–5
modern parallelism and, 675–80
in Western history and memory, 671–4
modern conflicts equated with, 2
overview of, 1–2
prayer-book treasure from, 174–5, 185
salvation offered by participation in, 10, 38, 40, 42–3, 200, 520, 523, 659, 661
see also Albigensian Crusade; Barons’ Crusade; Crusade of 1101; Crusader States; Damascus expedition; First Crusade; Second Crusade; Third Crusade; Fourth Crusade; Fifth Crusade; Frederick II of Germany and Sicily: Crusade of; Louis IX of France: first crusade of; Louis IX of France: second crusade of; Venetian crusade
Cumans, 612
Cursat, 636
Cyprus, 69, 103, 252, 255, 304, 429–30, 436, 494, 513, 531, 568, 576, 657
imperial rights asserted over, 572
Jerusalem’s crown shifts to, 574
Louis IX’s staging post, 581, 584
Daimbert of Pisa, Archbishop, 116–17, 118, 120
Baldwin of Boulogne outmanoeuvres, 119
deposing of, 120
Damascus, 19, 21, 22, 66, 71, 114, 134–6, 183, 231–2, 233–5, 244–51, 288, 500, 451, 558, 574, 568, 589, 613, 624, 648
al-Adil seizes power in, 540
Aleppo forms new relationship with, 231
Baybars’ regional governor in, 622
building programme in, 261
cave shrines near, 250
Court of Justice in, 261
Duqaq takes, 22
Galilee the greatest threat to, 330
Grand Umayyad Mosque in, 113, 250, 291, 514
hostility between Cairo and, 283
kings march on, 234–5
al-Mu‘azzam installed as regional emir in, 540
Nasir al-Din’s target, 334
new suburb of, 261
Nur al-Din’s target, 244, 246
Qutuz takes control of, 620
Saladin extends authority over, 339
Saladin’s occupation of, 290–2
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