Saladin’s post-illness return to, 337
Second Crusade retreats from, 235
Second Crusade targets and besieges, 233–5
surrender of, to Mongols, 618
Tughtegin takes power in, 135
union between Cairo and, 298
Zangi aims to conquer, 191–2
Zangi lays siege to, 192–3
see also Syria
Damascus expedition, 199
Damietta, 278, 298, 552, 555–61, 562, 592, 594, 600, 601, 602, 604, 606, 628
Louis IX’s assault on, 585–8
Dandalo, Enrico, doge of Venice, 528–9
Danes, 212, 403
Daniel the Abbot, 122
Dante, 670
Dar al-Harb, 25
Dar al-Islam, 25
Darum, 278, 354
Richard I conquers, 496
Dead River, 465
Dead Sea, 159
Destroit, 464
Dirgham, 267, 269
Disraeli, Benjamin, 672
Divine Comedy (Dante), 670
Diyar Bakr, 157, 193, 237, 258, 321, 333, 338, 406, 499
Dog River, 135
Doukas family, 530
Duqaq of Damascus, 22, 66, 71, 119, 135
Durazzo, 144–5
Edessa, 60, 61, 69, 141, 146–7, 150, 151, 154, 161, 230–1, 233, 370, 500, 663
agrarian and commercial resources of, 146
Antioch effective overlord of, 146
‘crusader state’, 115
dismemberment of, 236–7
Eugenius’s lack of clarity over, 205
rebuilding programme in, 226
Zangi attacks and conquers, 194–5, 225–7
Edward I of England (formerly Lord Edward), 640, 651
Baybars’ assassination plot against, 644
Louis IX’s second crusade continued by, 641, 643–4
Egypt, 1, 19, 21, 22, 23, 56, 89, 134–6, 183, 238, 265–75, 425, 552–62
abolition of Fatimid caliphate in, 280, 339
al-Adil assumes full control of, 540
al-Kamil installed as regional emir in, 540
al-Salih Ayyub secures position in, 574
audit of revenue of, 283
Bahriyya mamluk regiment flees, 612
Baldwin I’s ambitious raiding campaign into, 159–60
Baldwin I’s counter-attack on, 134
Battles of Ramla and, 128–34
Baybars assumes authority in, 621
dominant position lost by, 546
Louis IX accepts blame for setbacks to, 607
Louis IX’s assault on, see Louis IX: Crusade of
Mamluks in, see Mamluk dynasty
non-Koranic taxation of trade abolished in, 278
Pharos’ Lighthouse in, 267
Qutuz proclaimed ruler of, 616
Raymond III’s truce with, 332
Richard I favours attack on, 502–3
abandoned, 510
Saladin’s return to, 297
Saladin’s rule of, see Saladin
Saladin thrown a lifeline by continued prosperity of, 499
Shi‘ite caliph established in, 266
spiral of chaos in, 267
struggle for control in, on al-Kamil’s death, 573
Uthman appointed ruler of, 338
see also Nile
Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 674
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 207, 217, 376, 385, 389
Henry of Anjou marries, 369
Raymond and, 233
Ellenblum, Ronnie, 312
Emma (daughter of Arnulf of Chocques), 127
End of Days, 5, 19
England, 208, 323, 369, 372, 378, 386, 388, 526, 534, 555
Anglo-Saxon, 8
civil war in, 198
crusading tax in, 385
Innocent III seeks to broker peace deal between France and, 526
Richard I becomes king of, 383
Richard I’s time in, 375
see also Edward I; Henry II; Henry III; Richard I
Enlightenment, 670, 671
Ephesus, 220
Eschiva of Tiberias, Lady, 301, 346
Étampes, 215
Eugenius III, Pope, 201, 202–6, 211–14 passim, 216
in Paris, 217
Quantum praedecessores encyclical of, 202–3, 204–6, 210
Euphrates River, 20, 60, 138, 317, 320, 321, 500, 628, 648
Eustace Garnier, 127
Everard of Brienne, 403, 405, 407
Excalibur, 374
al-Fadil, 276, 279–80, 287, 297–8, 333, 334, 336, 354, 363, 392, 514
Fakhr al-Din, 566, 568, 586, 588, 589–90, 593–5, 596
Famagusta, 429
Farrukh-Shah, 292, 295, 298, 317, 318
Fatima, 20, 21
Ferrand, 408
Fertile Crescent, 20
Field of Blood (Ager Sanguinis), 164–5, 166, 172, 178, 225, 243, 310
Fifth Crusade, 533–5, 550–62, 614
Egypt targeted by, 552–4
indecision paralyses, 558–9
lost momentum of, 554–5
response to preaching of, 533–4
scurvy among, 556
First Crusade, 33–104, 51, 108–15, 197–8, 199, 200, 203, 202–3, 208, 658
act of Christian aggression, 4
advance on and besieging of Jerusalem by, 89–96
first direct assault, 94
Antioch’s famine during, 76–7
apparel, armour and weaponry of knights in, 42n
Arabic poets commemorate, 113
Asia Minor crossed by, 56–61
assault on Jerusalem by, 96–103, 111
aftermath of, 103–7
recorded casualties in, 102
return to Europe after, 106–7
Baghdad sends huge relief force during, 72
Battle of Dorylaeum during, 57–9
cannibalism during, 84
disjointed beginnings of, 40
Firuz’s betrayal and, 72–3
Franks suffer illness and malnourishment during, 68–9
group discussion determines direction of, 57
Historia commemorating, 109, 111
histories of, 108–13
Islam’s response to, 111–14
lack of water during, 59
Latin Christendom stunned by success of, 108
Muslim envoys discuss negotiated settlement during, 71
numbers involved in, 42
‘People’s Crusade’ and, 41, 48, 52
propitious timing of, 22
purgative rituals during, 69
retrospective interpretations of, 39
return to Europe after, 106
Siege (1st) of Antioch during, 61–74
Siege (2nd) and Battle of Antioch during, 74–82
Siege of Nicaea during, 52–6
in Syria, 62–88
Urban instigates, 10, 33–9, 202
First World War, 673, 674, 675
Firuz, 72–3
fitz-Fulk the Leper, Robert, 157, 165–6
Flanders, 212
Flori, Jean, 474
Fontevraud, 384
Fourth Crusade, 525–32
Constantinople and, 529–32
Doge Dandalo commutes debt of, 528
diversions from, 527–32
excommunication of, 529
financial shortfall hits start of, 528
initial manpower shortages for, 528
Innocent imposes minimum terms of service in, 525
laity largely shapes, 526
preaching of, 525
Venice deal and, 527–8, 531
Fourth Lateran Council, 535
France, 6, 39, 143, 144, 173, 215, 323, 369, 373, 378, 382, 384, 527, 533, 555, 649, 667, 673
call to cross in, 372
courtly life and chivalry in, 372
crusading tax in, 385
derivation of name of, 6
fighting aristocracy of, 43
Inno
cent III seeks to broker peace deal between England and, 526
involvement of, in Second Crusade, see Louis VII; Second Crusade
involvement of, in Third Crusade, see Acre: Great Siege of; Philip II Augustus; Third Crusade
Islam reaches, 19
Michaud on, 672
polities in, 7
Roman ecclesiastical authority consolidated in, 9
Urban seeks to extend papal influence to, 35
Urban’s message to, 41
see also Capetian dynasty; Louis VII of France; Louis IX of France; Philip II Augustus of France
Francia, 6
Frankfurt, 209, 213, 215
Frederick I of Germany (Barbarossa) (‘Red Beard’), 303, 367, 369, 381–2, 416, 420–2
cross taken by, 381
death of, 421–2, 426
see also Germany
Frederick II of Germany and Sicily, 522, 550–1, 556, 558, 562–72, 580
al-Kamil agrees terms with, 569
anointed emperor, 559–60
crown rights to Germany and Sicily removed from, 577
Crusade of, 562–71
death of, 572
excommunications of, 567, 572, 579
Gregory IX calls for crusade against, 572
Gregory IX excommunicates, 567, 572
Gregory IX lifts excommunication of, 571
illness spreads through army of, 566
Jerusalem entered by, 570
Jerusalem recovered by, 569
return to Italy by, 571–2
weakened authority of, in Palestine, 568
see also Hohenstaufen dynasty/empire
Frederick of Swabia, 381, 421, 424
Freiburg, 209
Frisia, 381, 403
Fulcher, of Chartres, 56, 109, 118–19, 121, 129–30, 177, 183
Fulk V of Anjou, king of Jerusalem, 173, 174, 185, 193, 379
Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 4–5, 6–7, 11
monastery established by, 12
pilgrimage embraced by, 13
salvation sought by, 5, 12
Fulk of Neuilly, 525, 527
Fustat, 266, 269, 278, 279, 298
Gabriel, Archangel, 17
Galeran, bishop of Beirut, 576, 577–8, 580
Galilee, 117, 154, 260, 318, 342, 344, 345, 346, 393, 548
Baldwin I divides, 127
Ibn Jubayr’s description of, 181
Muslims raid, 127
Raymond’s plan to seize lordship of, 342
Saladin invades, 326
Saladin’s winter campaign in, 396
Sea of, 136, 310, 313, 408
strategic, political and economic significance of, for Ayyubid realm, 330
Tancred reinstated as lord of, 150
Gallipoli, 382
Garnier of Nablus, 471
Garnier of Rochefort, 469
Gascony, 12
Gaston IV of Béarn, 12
Gauclem Faidit, 373
Gaul, north-eastern, Franks take control of, 6
Gaza, 171, 251, 354, 575
Gazelle (warhorse), 129, 132
Geddington, 372
Genghis (Chinggis) Khan, 613
Genoa, 7, 182, 213, 298, 436, 547, 627–8, 649, 650, 652, 666
fleet from, 95, 122, 124, 147, 149, 394
St Lorenzo Cathedral in, 124
Geoffrey of Lusignan, 400, 405, 436, 437, 478
Georgia, 321, 541, 614
Gerard of Ridefort, 344, 346, 354
death of, 406
Gerbod of Windeke, 131, 133
Germany, 6, 45, 198, 215, 216, 369, 381, 534, 551, 615, 649, 667
call to cross in, 372
Empire of, 550
fighting aristocracy of, 43
internal rivalry racks, 198
involvement of, in Second Crusade, see Conrad III; Second Crusade
ongoing power struggle in, 526
polities in, 7
pressure on Rome from, 198
Rome’s acrimonious dispute with, 208
see also Frederick I of Germany; Frederick II of Germany; Hohenstaufen dynasty; Teutonic Knights; Welf dynasty
Gerold, patriarch of Jerusalem, 568, 570, 572
Gervase of Bazoches, 127
Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks), 108–10, 111
Gibbon, Edward, 670
Gilbert of Lacy, 257
Gillingham, John, 375, 454, 490
Gisors, 380
Godfrey of Bouillon, 45–6, 50, 57, 86, 92, 97–8, 99–100, 106, 111, 116–18, 160, 575, 670, 672
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