Mao: The Unknown Story

by Jung Chang

  13 “reputation is pretty bad”: interviews with Xie Fei, the then Mrs. Liu Shao-chi, 14 Sept. 1994; Li Qiong, Mrs. Yang Fan, mentioned her husband’s letter against the marriage, 17 Apr. 1996; Kuo, W., vol. 3, pp. 520–1. Entertained her jailors: Shi Zhe 1992, p. 219; Zhong Kan, p. 76. “I will get married tomorrow”: Liu Ying, pp. 117–18. Kang in black: interviews with Yenan veterans, 15 & 17 Oct. 1993; Sima Lu 2004, p. 83.

  14 “her past is no problem”: Zhu Zhongli 1989, p. 174; Shi Zhe 1992, pp. 218–21.

  CHAPTER 19 Red Mole Triggers China — Japan War

  1 Chiang did not declare war: Chiang diary, 8 Aug. 1937, Chiang, p. 1144. Japan did not want full-scale war: Ma Zhendu 1986, pp. 214–16, 220–1; CPPCC (Tianjin) vol. 1, pp. 334–6, 360–1. “It was a commonplace”: Abend, p. 245.

  2 –198 Very direct danger to Stalin: cf. CPPCC (Tianjin), vol. 1, pp. 334–6, 360–1; Mirovitskaya 1999, pp. 41ff; Haslam, pp. 88ff. “In summer 1925”: Zhang Zhizhong, pp. 664–5. contact with Soviet embassy — and as mole: interview with two people who had access to ZZZ files, 13 Sept. 1997, 7 Sept. 1998. ZZZ advocates “first strike” in Shanghai: ZZZ cable to Nanjing, 30 July 1937, and Nanjing reply, in Zhang Zhizhong, p. 117; Shi Shuo, p. 90.

  3 –199 Airport incident, Japanese wishing to defuse: Zhang Zhizhong, p. 117; Liu Jinchi, pp. 41–2; Shi Shuo, p. 91; Dong Kunwu, pp. 131–2. ZZZ urged war, Chiang reluctance: telegrams, in Zhang Zhizhong, pp. 121–5; in Second Archive 1987a, pp. 264–5, 287–8; in ZS vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 169–70. ZZZ expanded offensives, all-out war unstoppable 22 Aug.: Zhang Zhizhong, pp. 125–6; Chiang, p. 1150.

  4 Russian aid: Garver, pp. 40–1; DVP vol. 22 (1939), book 2, pp. 507–8, n. 27; Mirovitskaya 1999, pp. 41ff; Vartanov. Russia “perfectly delighted”: FRUS 1937, vol. 3, p. 636 (Bullitt to Washington, 23 Oct. 1937); cf. Haslam, pp. 92, 94. Russians dealing with ZZZ executed: Slavinsky 1999, pp. 123–6; cf. Dimitrov, 7 Nov. 1937 (Stalin to Dimitrov); Tikhvinsky 2000, pp. 136, 154–5 (Stalin to Yang Jie).

  5 Stalin ordered CCP: Avreyski, pp. 282–4; Grigoriev 1982, p. 42.

  6 “Three Kingdoms”: in Li Rui 1989, p. 223. “thank Japanese warlords”: Mao to visiting Japanese, 24 Jan. 1961, Mao 1994, pp. 460–1 (E: Mao 1998, p. 353); also to Japanese Communists, 28 Mar. 1966, Kojima, p. 207. Russia “cannot ignore events in Far East”: Mao to Snow, 16 July 1936, MRTP vol. 5, p. 262. Got Chiang to agree: Huang Xiurong, p. 264; Zhou 1991, p. 377. Ordered Red commanders: many Mao cables, especially the three on 25 Sept. 1937, in Mao 1993a, vol. 2, pp. 57–61 (E: one in Saich 1996, pp. 793–4), also on 12th, 21st, & 29th, in Mao 1993a, vol. 2, pp. 44, 53, 66 (cable of 21st in Saich 1996, pp. 792–3).

  7 –202 “The more land Japan took”: in Li Rui 1989, p. 223; cf. Snow 1974, p. 169 (Mao to Snow, 9 Jan. 1965). Japanese “mainly asleep”: Hanson 1939, p. 104 (Lin to Hanson). Lin report in Russia: RGASPI 495/74/97, pp. 1304–5 (Lin to Dimitrov, 5 Feb. 1941, sent on to Stalin). “helping Chiang”: in Li Rui 1989, p. 223; Zhang Xuexin et al., p. 410.

  8 Lin Biao report, 5 Feb. 1941, cit., p. 1304.

  9 –203 Mao urged stop fighting Japan: cables, e.g. on 13 Nov. 1937, in Mao 1993a, vol. 2, pp. 116–17; cf. p. 66. “created the condition for our victory”: Mao to visiting Japanese, 24 Jan. 1961, in Mao 1994, pp. 460–1 (E: Mao 1998, p. 353). Stalin laid down line: Dimitrov, 11 Nov. 1937; Tikhvinsky 2000, p. 151 (Stalin said he had a further meeting with Wang Ming on 18 Nov. 1937). Congress to convene, Wang Ming No. 1 speech: Politburo resolution, 13 Dec. 1937, ZZWX vol. 11, pp. 405–7; Hu Qiaomu, p. 367.

  10 “house-sitting”: in Li Rui 1989, p. 329; Xiao Jingguang, pp. 200–8.

  11 Tried to turn army back: Mao — Zhu telegram exchanges, in Jin Chongji et al. 1993, pp. 437–42. Summary of Politburo meeting: 11 Mar. 1938, in ZZWX vol. 11, pp. 430–65 (E: Saich 1996, pp. 802–12).

  12 –205 Promised not to “interfere”: Mao cable, 8 Mar. 1938, in Mao 1993a vol. 2, p. 190 (E: MRTP vol. 5, p. 254). Participants’ notes confiscated: Wang letter to Mao, 17 Aug. 1950, in Cao & Dai, p. 381. Ren told Russians: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 234ff, 249–50 (Ren report to Comintern, 14 Apr. 1938); cf. Avreyski 1987, pp. 322, 333–4; ZDJC vol. 16, pp. 45–55. Andrianov to Yenan: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 124, 197–200, 229–33; cf. Lurye & Kochik, p. 334 (Andrianov’s career). “thirty divisions”: Dimitrov, 11 Nov. 1937 (Stalin to Wang Ming, 11 Nov. 1937). Moscow criticizes CCP: Mif, p. 100; Nikiforov, pp. 115, 116.

  13 Mao wired for money: Pan Hannian to Wang Ming in Wang to “Moskvin” (Trilisser), Sept. 1937, in Ovchinnikov, p. 10.

  14 Purge of Piatnitsky, Melnikov: Piatnitsky, esp. pp. 78–9, 92, 108, 117, 120–4; Vaksberg, pp. 218ff. Mao dossier: Vaksberg, pp. 220–1, 235, cf. 212ff; cf. Piatnitsky, pp. 133–4.

  CHAPTER 20 Fight Rivals and Chiang — Not Japan

  1 Xinjiang as pick-up point for Russian arms: Comintern cable, 3 Nov. 1936, in Yang Kuisong 1995, p. 224.

  2 –208 Mao assigned Western Contingent: CCP to Comintern, 13 Nov. 1936, in Yang Kuisong 1995, p. 227; Titov, vol. 2, pp. 326–7. Contradictory orders: Xu Xiangqian, p. 373. “last drop of blood”: 22 Feb. 1937, in Zhu Yu, pp. 272–3; cf. Xu Xiangqian, pp. 365–6. Heart-rending photo: in Gansu Archive. Survivors: RGASPI, 495/74/294, p. 19 (CCP, 9 Apr. 1937, in Dimitrov to Stalin, 13 Apr. 1937); VKP vol. 4, pp. 1117–18 (Dimitrov to Stalin, 17 June 1937); cf. Dallin & Firsov, pp. 109–10, n. 14; Dimitrov, 26 Nov., 2 Dec. 1936, 13 Apr. 1937. Titov, vol. 2, pp. 325–30. Kuo-tao denounced: Politburo resolution, 31 Mar. 1937, ZZWX vol. 11, pp. 164–8 (E: Saich 1996, pp. 755–8). Moscow order to keep him in Politburo: 22 Mar. 1937, Titov, vol. 2, pp. 333–4; Avreyski, pp. 267–9.

  3 Burying survivors alive: Sima Lu 1952, pp. 78–9.

  4 “torments … master-minded by Mao”: Zhang Guotao, vol. 3, pp. 414–17 (E: Chang Kuo-tao, vol. 2, pp. 501ff, 563); Ye Zilong, p. 48.

  5 Kuo-tao in Wuhan: CCP letter to Dimitrov, 19 Apr. 1938, RGASPI, 495/2/267, pp. 19–27; CCP expulsion order (18th) and announcement to Party members (19th), ZZWX vol. 11, pp. 492–5. Statement by Wang Ming et al., 28 Apr. 1938, in Jiang Xinli, pp. 381–6.

  6 Post-defection: Yang Zilie, pp. 352–4; Tong Xiaopeng, vol. 1, pp. 165–7; Cai Mengjian, pp. 20–5; Jiang Xinli, p. 421; Titov vol. 2, pp. 344ff. “200 were buried alive”: Report to Chiang, 10 July 1938, in ZS vol. 5, no. 4, p. 475. Moscow endorses expulsion: 11 June 1938, in Titarenko, p. 283 (E: Kuo, W. vol. 3 p. 410); ZDJC vol. 16, pp. 56–8. Comintern purge ends, Mao off hook: Piatnitsky, p. 454; Vaksberg, pp. 252–8. “under the leadership headed by Mao”: outline of Wang Jia-xiang speech for the Politburo meeting of 14 Sept. 1938, and for the subsequent 6th plenum, in WHY, 1986, pp. 68–71; cf. Kampen 1987, pp. 712–16; Kampen 2000, pp. 93–6; Avreyski 1987, pp. 334–5; Titov, vol. 3, pp. 245–6. Xu Zehao, pp. 296–305. Wang Ming summoned from Wuhan: Xiao Jingguang, p. 233; Zhu Zhongli 1995, pp. 99–100; Zhou Guoquan et al., p. 351; Huang, J., p. 116.

  7 Mao re-establishes No. 1 position: Hu Qiaomu, p. 367; Mao 1993b, vol. 2, pp. 90–1; Xu Zehao, pp. 305–8. Strung plenum out: Mao 1993b, vol. 2, pp. 90–5; footnote to Wang Jia-xiang speech, WHY, 1986, p. 68; Zhou 1991, pp. 419–20; Wang Xiuxin, pp. 230–6; Peng 1998, pp. 205–6; Xu Zehao, p. 308.

  8 Opponents left town: Zhou 1991, p. 420; Wang Fuyi, p. 332; Zhou Guoquan et al., p. 361. Mao: “Chinese nation has stood up” under Chiang: Mao report, 12–14 Oct. 1938, in ZZWX vol. 11, p. 561, also pp. 560, 596, 606, 612–13, 642 (E: MRTP vol. 6, pp. 487, 461); cf. Titov, vol. 2, pp. 267ff. Identical words in 1949: 21 Sept. 1949, in Mao 1993–9, vol. 5, p. 342 (E: Kau & Leung, p. 5).

  9 –213 Liu shared Mao strategy: Liu 1996, vol. 1, pp. 241ff; Xie Youtian, p. 222; cf. Wang Ming, pp. 72–6; Titov, vol. 3, pp. 260–1; Huang, J., pp. 128ff. Mao imposed new policy, kept it secret: Luo Rui-qing article, in Luo Diandian 1987, p. 102; Mao 1991, vol. 2, pp. 537–40 (E: MRTP vol. 6, pp. 545–7); Wang Shoudao, pp. 200, 213; orders in ZZWX vol. 11, pp. 760–9 (E: Saich 1996, pp. 841–4).

  10 Kang switches allegiance: Shi Zhe 1992, pp. 209–13, 220; Sima Lu 1952, p. 73; Huang, J., pp. 125ff;
Byron & Pack, pp. 145–50.

  11 –214 Wang Ming return to Yenan: Zhou Guoquan et al., p. 357; ZR vol. 16, pp. 325–8; Sima Lu 1952, p. 123. Peng: Mao “wise leader”: Wang Yan et al., p. 202. Chou conversion to Mao: Chou dated to May 1939 in a speech in Nov. 1943, Jin Chongji et al. 1990, p. 563. Mao only told Moscow in June 1939: Anderson & Chubaryan, pp. 21–2 (extract of CCP Report to Comintern, June); cf. Titov, vol. 3, pp. 297ff.

  12 –215 Karmen films Mao: Karmen 1941, pp. 109–15. Lin Biao in Russia: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 358–63, 369. Mao’s brother to Russia: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 363ff. Tse-min on Wang: RGASPI, 514/1/1044, pp. 95–101 (Zhou Den [Mao Tse-min] report, “After Becoming Acquainted with Some Important Party Documents,” 6 Dec. 1939); Titov, vol. 3, p. 375 (Tse-min report, 22 Jan. 1940); cf. Hu Qiaomu, p. 367.

  13 Wang Dan-zhi interview, June 1995.

  14 On Po and others: RGASPI, 514/1/1044, pp. 13–29; VKP vol. 4, pp. 1129–39 (Tse-min report, 26 Aug. 1939, “On the Errors of Cdes. Po-Ku, Li-De [Braun] and Others in the Leadership of the Party and the Red Army”); Titov, vol. 3, p. 375 (22 Jan. 1940).

  15 Chou to Russia: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 386ff; Tikhvinsky 1996, pp. 341ff., 523–5; Dallin & Firsov pp. 111–25 (Chou reports in Moscow, early 1940); RGASPI 514/1/1006, pp. 48–9 (Chou grilled by KGB’s Mordvinov, 4 Mar. 1940). Tse-min on Chou: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 376–7; cf. 368ff. Braun accused: Tse-min report, 26 Aug. 1939, cit.; Braun 1982, p. 263; VKP vol. 4, pp. 1144–51 (Braun report, “On My Errors in Work in China,” 22 Sept. 1939); Titov, vol. 3, pp. 386–7 (Chou report to Comintern, early Jan. 1940).

  CHAPTER 21 Most Desired Scenario: Stalin Carves up China with Japan

  1 Chen Tu-hsiu poem: in YHCQ, 1994, no. 6, p. 81.

  2 –217 Chiang concern: DVP vol. 22, book 1 (1939), p. 649 (to Panyushkin, 25 Aug. 1939); cf. DVP vol. 22, book 2 (1939), pp. 57–8, 64; Mirovitskaya 1999, pp. 63–4. Mao enthusiastic: China Weekly Review, 20 Jan. 1940, pp. 277–8 (Mao to Snow, 26 Sept. 1939); Snow in (London) Daily Herald, 21 Oct. 1939; Snow 1973, pp. 446–8; Mao 1993, pp. 146–51. Hails Russia’s seizure of eastern Finland: Titov, vol. 3, p. 411 (Mao secret directive, 25 June 1940). Compares China to partitioned France: restricted circular in ZZWX vol. 12, p. 542. Demarcation line: Yangtze: Mao instruction on the strategy of development for N4A, 19 Jan. 1940, in ZZWX vol. 12, p. 238 (E: Benton 1999, p. 741); Mao to Politburo, 11 Sept. 1940, in Mao 1993b, vol. 2, p. 205.

  3 Dimitrov to Mao, Oct. 1939, in Titarenko 1986, pp. 284–5 (E: Web/Dimitrov); cf. RGASPI, 514/1/1042, p. 8; Nikiforov, pp. 124–5; Titov, vol. 3, pp. 346–8; RGASPI, 514/1/1042, p. 7 (Mordvinov to Dimitrov, 13 Nov. 1939).

  4 –218 Mao report, 22 Feb. 1940: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 412–14. Money to Mao: Dimitrov, 23 Feb. 1940; Dallin & Firsov, p. 122; Anderson & Chubaryan, pp. 258–9 (Dimitrov to Voroshilov, 1 Feb. 1940). Radio to Mao: Shi Zhe 1991, pp. 201–3.

  5 Takahashi, p. 213.

  6 Collaboration with Japanese intelligence: Yin Qi 1996a, pp. 91ff.; Yin Qi 1996b, pp. 198ff.; Iwai, pp. 80ff.; interview with Seiichi Koizumi, 8 Apr. 1999; Yick.

  7 “our Party’s tactic”: Sima Lu 1952, pp. 210–11.

  8 Ovchinnikov, p. 95 (Vladimirov in Ilyichev to Dimitrov, 6 May 1944).

  9 Why Japan left Reds in peace: interview with Prince Mikasa, 2 Mar. 1998. Zhu and Peng plan to attack Japanese, Mao veto: Wang Yan et al., pp. 208–9; Peng 1998, pp. 227–8. Zhu detained: Jin Chongji et al. 1993, pp. 484–92.

  10 Mao hopes Japanese get to Chongqing: Snow 1974, p. 169 (to Snow, 9 Jan. 1965). Peng launches Operation without Mao permission: ZDJC vol. 16, pp. 368–70 also p. 320; Peng 1981, p. 236 (E: Peng, p. 438); Peng 1998, p. 232; Li Rui 1989, p. 223; Van Slyke. Japanese on Operation: CPPCC (Tianjin) vol. 1, pp. 574–5; Japan Self-Defence Agency, pp. 309–10.

  11 –221 Chou cables Mao: Zhou 1991, p. 465; Revolutionary Military Museum, pp. 488–91. Mao to punish Peng: Peng 1981, pp. 239–40 (E: Peng, pp. 442–5); Wang Yan et al., p. 287. Chiang trade-off: Chiang, pp. 1605–8. (Many documents on New 4th Army Incident in Benton 1999, pp. 754–818.)

  12 –222 Mao turns down offer: Huang Xiurong, p. 437. Panyushkin: Panyushkin, p. 101. Mao cables to Moscow: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 418–22. Second deadline: South Anhui Incident Committee, pp. 81–2. “bully him”: Mao to Chou, 3 Nov. 1940, in Central Archive 1982, pp. 38–9; also p. 75. 7 Nov. cable: in Dallin & Firsov, pp. 128–30;. cf. ibid. pp. 126–8 (Dimitrov to Stalin, 23 Nov. 1940 re Mao); cf. Panyushkin, p. 115, Titov, vol. 3, pp. 441ff.

  13 –223 Molotov’s agenda for Berlin: DVP vol. 23, book 2, part 1 (1940–1941), p. 32. Molotov told Hitler: DVP vol. 23, book 2, part 1 (1940–1941), p. 71; Sontag & Beddie, pp. 246–7. “Russian sphere of influence”: Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, vol. 11, pp. 512–13 (Ott to Ribbentrop, 11 Nov. 1940); cf. Slavinsky 1995, pp. 67ff. “recognising and accepting”: “Draft Outline for the Adjustment of Japanese-Soviet Diplomatic Relations,” Japanese Foreign Ministry, Archives of the Gaiko Shiryokan, Tokyo, File B100–JR/1, 2.100–23 (E: quoted in Hosoya in Morley 1980, p. 52; cf. ibid., pp. 23–4). Stalin to Chuikov: Chuikov 1981, pp. 56, 58.

  14 Chuikov’s other role: Chuikov 1971, p. 278.

  15 Order to Mao, 25 Nov.: Dallin & Firsov, pp. 127–8 (dating: ibid., p. 126); cf. Titov, vol. 3, pp. 443–5.

  16 Mao reached conclusion: Mao circular, 25 Dec. 1940, in Central Archive 1982, p. 117.

  CHAPTER 22 Death Trap for His Own Men

  1 Xiang Ying mocking Mao: Kuo Hua-lun, vol. 3, p. 276 (E: Kuo, W., vol. 3, p. 520, cf. p. 526). Xiang group the only N4A south of Yangtze: N4A History Committee, pp. 534ff.; Li Liangzhi, pp. 54–9; cf. Benton 1999, pp. 511ff. Mao told Xiang to decamp on 24 Dec. 1940, in Central Archive 1982, p. 116.

  2 –225 Chiang designated North Route: Chiang order, 10 Dec., in South Anhui Incident Committee, p. 94, cf. p. 84. Mao confirmed it: Mao to Xiang, 29 Dec., in Central Archive 1982, p. 124. Mao changes route: Mao to Xiang, 30 Dec., in Central Archive 1982, p. 125. Chiang not told: cable, 3 Jan. 1941, in South Anhui Incident Committee, p. 102. Xiang reply to Chiang which never arrived: Li Liangzhi, p. 211. All contacts to Chiang via Mao: from mid-1940, Huang Xiurong, p. 436; Jin Chongji et al. 1993, p. 487. Nationalists began to “exterminate” Reds on 6 Jan.: ZDZ vol. 37, p. 33. Mao pretended he had not heard from Xiang 6th–9th: Mao to Liu, 9 Jan. 1941, in Central Archive 1982, p. 130.

  3 Mao to Chou, 13 Jan. 1941, in Li Liangzhi, p. 211.

  4 –226 N4A HQ appeals to Mao: cables, in Central Archive 1982, pp. 131ff. Xiang’s cable of 10th to Chiang again suppressed: in Li Liangzhi, p. 211. Mao informed Chou only on 11th: Mao cable in Central Archive 1982, p. 135; Chou first raised it with Nationalist General Ku, in a tone more of sorrow than of anger, at 9–11 pm on 11th, cable in ZS vol. 5, no. 2, p. 541; also Tong Xiaopeng, vol. 1, p. 224. Mao toned down level of crisis on 12th: compare Mao to Chou that day with N4A HQ to Mao on 10th, in Central Archive 1982, pp. 137, 132.

  5 13th: Chou serious protest; Chiang had already stopped killing: Chou two cables to Mao on 13th, ibid., pp. 140, 142–3.

  6 –227 Mao cranked up PR campaigns: orders, ibid., pp. 138ff. “overthrow Chiang”: Mao to Peng, 23 Jan. 1941, in Li Liangzhi, p. 295, plus many other cables, ibid., pp. 294–7. Chou saw Russian ambassador, who suspected Mao: Panyushkin, pp. 113ff; cf. Mirovitskaya 1999, pp. 64–6; Tikhvinsky 2000, p. 628 (Chou — Panyushkin, 15 Jan. 1941). Mao appeals to Moscow for all-out civil war: Titov, vol. 3, pp. 461–2; Dimitrov, 16 Jan. 1941; Panyushkin, pp. 129–30; cf. RGASPI, 495/74/317, p. 75. Dimitrov reaction: Dimitrov, 18 Jan. 1941; cf. Avreyski, pp. 384–5. Stalin annoyed: Dimitrov, 21 Jan. 1941. Ye Ting: RGASPI, 495/1/942; cf. ibid., 495/154/353, p. 3.

  7 Tikhvinsky 2000, p. 628 (Chou — Panyushkin, 15 Jan. 1941).

  8 Dimitrov blamed Mao: Dallin & Firsov, p. 135 (Dimitrov to Mao, 4 Feb. 1941, and to Stalin, 6 Feb. 1941); cf. Dimitrov, 4, 5 & 6 Feb. 1941. Order, 13 Feb.: Dimitrov, 12 Feb. 1941. Mao cable that day: to Dimitrov, in Dallin & Firsov, pp. 137–41; contrast with Mao to Dimitrov, 1 Feb. 1941, ibid., p. 136. Mao unusual le
tter to sons: 31 Jan. 1941, Mao 1984, pp. 166–7. This and some other Mao letters to his sons in Usov 1997, pp. 109ff; three An-ying letters to Mao intercepted in NA, HW17/55 (ISCOT 297, sent 29 July 1944), HW17/66 (ISCOT 1359, sent 2 May 1945), HW17/67 (ISCOT 1475, sent 28 Nov. 1945); An-ying letters (to others) in Romanov & Kharitonov, pp. 159ff.

  9 –228 Xiang death: killer Liu Houzong’s own account, in LD, 1981, no. 2, pp. 81, 96; Xu & Tang, pp. 613–19. Mao condemns Xiang: Resolution, Jan. 1941, in ZZWX vol. 13, pp. 31–4 (E: Saich 1996, pp. 956–8); cf. Panyushkin, pp. 123–4. Russian heat on Chiang: Chuikov 1981, pp. 76, 78–9; Panyushkin, p. 127; Titov, vol. 3, p. 466; DVP vol. 23, book 2, part 1 (1940–1941), pp. 350ff. Chiang, p. 1667. Pressure from US: Currie, “Notes …,” cit. Currie report to Roosevelt: FRUS 1941, vol. 4, pp. 81–5; cf. Snow 1972, pp. 236–7. Carlson: Ickes, vol. 2, pp. 327–8; Wang, A., p. 328.

  10 British ambassador: Panyushkin, pp. 117, 129; Hayter 1974, p. 51. Casualties: Mao cable, 1 Feb. 1941, in Mao 1993a, vol. 2, p. 622; Ye Ting letter, Feb. 1941, in South Anhui Incident Committee, p. 211. Chiang had not set a trap: ibid., pp. 388–419; Li Liangzhi, pp. 232–45. Chiang and Reds kept quiet about clashes before: Ta Kung Pao editorial, 10 Mar. 1941, in GS vol. 3, pp. 257–60; Wang Yan et al., p. 205.

  11 –230 Hemingway on Chou: Morgenthau Diary vol. 1, p. 458 (letter to Morgenthau, 30 July 1941). Snow article: “Reds Fought off Chiang’s Troops 9 Days in China,” NY-HT, 22 Jan. 1941; cf. Thomas, pp. 239, 373, n. 39; Farnsworth, pp. 375–8. Hemingway on Reds: Morgenthau Diary vol. 1, p. 460 (to Morgenthau, 30 July 1941). Dissuaded from publishing by Currie: ibid., p. 461 (Hemingway to Morgenthau, 30 July 1941). Currie: Sandilands, pp. 107ff; Persico, p. 378 (“friend,” not spy); ZS vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 533ff.

  12 –231 Verbal message: Currie, “Notes …,” cit., p. 2. Report to Roosevelt: FRUS 1941, vol. 4, pp. 81ff, 83. Chiang asked Kremlin to intervene: Tikhvinsky 2000, pp. 629–32 (Ambassador Shao Li-tzu to Lozovsky, 29 Jan. 1941). Mao referred to Chiang as “rebel”: 1 Feb. 1941, Mao 1993a, vol. 2, p. 623.