Clarks: Made to Last
Page 38
Bryant, Thomas 10
Bryant & May 24
Buckingham, Reverend 138
Buenos Aires 117
Buffalo 165
Bull, John 14, 15
Bullmead warehouse, Street 224, 225, 232, 278–9, 347
Burma (now Myanmar) 118, 184
Burt, Maurice 190–93, 240–41
Burt, Patricia (née Andrews) 192–3, 240
Burton Group 293
Bushacre factory, Weston-super-Mare 297, 298, 307
butadiene 173
Butlin, Honor (née Impey) 217
Butlin, John 217
C. & J. Clark
established in 1825 1, 13
headquarters in Street 1, 3, 237, 239, 329, 337, 345, 359, 360
a Quaker company 1, 4, 241, 257, 325, 353
structure 4, 208–9
archives 6, 235, 236
start of partnership (1833) 19–20
capital in the business 20
sales for first six months of partnership 20
product quality 29, 57, 59, 83, 87, 128, 134, 136, 158, 165, 195, 234, 280, 292, 299, 302, 303, 306, 313, 327, 357
productivity 31, 34, 43, 81–2, 132, 169–70, 229, 230, 279
stock accounts 34, 93
overdraft with bank 35
and corn business 37–8, 40
investors 39, 40–41, 62, 64–5
price lists 41, 57, 84, 99
and Crimean War 53
fittings/sizes 5, 59, 176, 179, 255, 279, 354
styles 59, 99, 116, 160–61
mismatches between output and sales 60–61, 93–4
financial crisis (1860–63) 62–6
William succeeds the partners 32, 66
rapid turnaround under William 67
loan repayments 68, 80
number of lines produced 82
property owned by Clarks 90
sole agencies 98
becomes a private limited company (1903) 94, 108
first foray into retailing 108–11, 114
proud of its American influences 116
non-family senior staff issue 113, 116, 135, 203
centenary year of founding 130
response to recession 134
patriarchal, paternal tradition 134
acquires Lane & Robinson 141
Peter Lord Ltd set up 142
overseas trips of members of the board 144–6
‘Clarks’ registered as a trademark (1920s) 150
wartime government contracts 155
annual reports 169, 200, 203, 212, 270, 274, 300, 306, 308, 309, 327, 339, 346, 349
expansion 166–73, 200–203, 209, 213, 217, 229–30, 244
survey of Somerset schoolchildren 179
‘Style Centre’ 180
Overseas Division (OD) 184, 188–90
125th anniversary (1950) 193, 240
social responsibility 3, 206–8, 268, 281
threat from British Shoe Corporation 211
unbranded shoe market 211, 212
graduate trainees 221, 259, 275, 350, 352
management consultants 222–5, 232–4, 243, 303, 307–8
factories closed down 4, 226, 242, 264, 265, 280, 296–7, 299, 303, 333, 338–9, 343
Unbranded Division 229, 232
150th anniversary 239–42, 240, 242
acquisition of K Shoes 266–70, 269
loss of £1.2 million (1982) 270
gulf between manufacturing and retailing 273, 294
retailing arm forms a complicated web of shops 274–5
launch of first Clarks shops (1984) 276–8, 277
board changes 282, 287
a third of all shoes sold by Clarks bought in (by 1990) 297
Portuguese adventure 297–9
new management structure (from 1992) 305–6
share of British footwear industry 306, 327
Extraordinary General Meeting (1992) 308–14, 319
nearly sold to a financial consortium (1993) 4, 228, 314–24
Extraordinary General Meeting (1993) 315
factory outlets sold to MEPC 329
Bolliger succeeds Parker 346
a wholesale and retail branded business 346
worldwide sales 352
see also Clarks factory, Street; technology; workforce
C. & J. Clark America Inc. 284
C. & J. Clark Continental Ltd 272
C. & J. Clark International 293
C. & J. Clark Properties 311
C. & J. Clark Retail Ltd 208–9, 229, 244, 250, 270, 295
C7 format 358
col. pl. 15
Cadburys 4, 24, 57, 89, 220, 320
Cairo 184
Caledonian Airways 288
California Last construction 164
Callaghan, James 225
Cambodia 354
Cambridge University 205, 231, 238, 261
Cameron, David 357
Canada 18, 32–3, 56, 202–3, 221, 352
Canterbury, New Zealand 56
Cape Town 98
car industry 133
Cardiff University 350
Carnegie Mellon Business School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 250
Carr’s of Carlisle 24
Carter, Howard 137
Carvela shoes 333
Castelo de Paiva, Portugal 298
Castle Cary, Somerset 171, 209, 307
Catcott, Somerset 10
Cave & Son 98
CCNA see Clarks Companies North America
Cegmark International 284
celebrities 5, 137, 174, 181–2, 181, 182, 187, 193, 241–2, 278, 302
col. pls. 6–7, 13, 14
celluloid 155
Central Somerset Gazette 130, 147–8
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) 118, 187
Chalet, The, Millfield School, Street 80
Chalice Hill, Glastonbury 8
Chalmers, Judith 241
Chamberlain, Neville 156
chamois leather 2, 14, 26–7, 61
Chanel 262
Character Shoes Ltd 197
Chariots of Fire (film) 247, 253
charities 3, 353
Charles, HRH The Prince of Wales 271
Charlton, Robert 39
‘Chase’ 250
Cheeseman, Dudley 334
Chelsea at Nine (television series) 216
Chelsea Boot 218
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire 180
Chicago Shoe Fair (1949) 186
child evacuees 156–7
Children’s Enamel Seal Ankle Straps 41
children’s footwear
showcards col. pl. 5
Clarks’ dominance 4–5, 358
footgauge 5, 45, 176–9, 358
col. pls. 8, 11, 16
design policy col. pls. 10, 11
Clarks’ first range of children’s shoes 29
cheaper line urgently needed 136
children’s shoe production 151
children’s sandals 151, 159–60
Clarks Ireland Ltd 166
‘Play-ups’ made in Shepton Mallet factory 168
a Shepton Mallet factory dedicated to children’s shoes 170
Pedescope 176
every child in Street has feet measured 177
survey of Somerset schoolchildren 179
stocking all width fittings 179
teenage market 180, 199, 274
fitting areas 180, 234
in New Zealand 203
school shoes 227, 243
new design policy 255, 256
‘The Foot N0.1’ brochure 290
pressure on children’s division 290
number of styles (1980s) 290
Kalcher’s influence 291–2
children’s shoes central to Clarks’ business 292, 358
Harrods’ children’s shoe department 302
Parker on 338
range for crawling babies 344
Clarks universally recognised for measuring children’s feet properly 354
back-to-school market 358
children’s range of clothes 262–3
Child’s ‘Dress Anklet’ 82
China 4, 282, 308, 339, 346, 350, 354
Chong Hok Shan 308
Christian Science movement 126, 127
Chung Nam Group 308
Chupplee 184
Church, Dudley 196
Church of England 11
see also Anglican Church
Church’s 177
C.I.C. Engineering Ltd 209, 226, 227
Cica Blades range col. pl. 13
Cincinnati 165, 299
Citroën 261
City shoes 218
Civil Justice Review Advisory Committee 314
C.J.C. Savings Bank 122
Clarendon Code 10
Clark, Alfred (1885–1941) 210
Clark, Alfred S. (1828–1900) 12, 54, 56, 64, 74, 75
Clark, Alice 3, 110, 123
tuberculosis 80, 108, 126
shareholdings 108
campaigns for women’s suffrage 119, 123
personnel management 119, 126
Closing Room 119
and Day Continuation School 123, 124, 125
studies at London School of Economics 126
and Christian Science movement 126, 127
and dispersal of company profits 126–7
resigns her Quaker membership 127
Roger Clark on 127
death 128
her estate 127, 128
Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century 125–6
Clark, Amy Jane 32, 33
Clark, Ann (née Coaxley) 10
Clark, Annie 33
Clark, Bancroft see Clark, William Bancroft
Clark, Caroline (née Pease) 170
Clark, Cato (Catarina) (née Smuts) 140, 149, 205
Clark, Cyrus 149, 331
Clark, Cyrus (1801–66) 15, 28
partner with cousin in wool and tanning business 2, 13, 14
sheepskin business 1, 2, 14
James apprenticed to 1, 2, 14–16, 19
and James’s slipper business 16–17
in partnership with James 2, 12, 13, 19–20
and Quaker principles 22, 26
and financial problems 35, 37, 38–9
attitude to alcohol 35
corn business 37–8, 40
personality 38
considers emigrating to Australia 39
on meeting the Queen and Prince Albert 41–2
and innovation in the company 47
loses a son due to typhoid 50
his house, Elmhurst 54, 54, 63
financial withdrawals for own benefit 54–5, 63, 64
commitment to quality 57, 59–60
William succeeds 32, 67
death (1866) 2, 71
acrimonious battle over his will 2, 71–8
Clark, Daniel 149, 242, 250, 263, 269
education 238
joins Clarks 238
visits Russia and Ukraine 201
in charge of Strode Components 209
managing director of Clarks Ltd 228, 229
chairman of C. & J. Clark Ltd 3, 238, 239, 240
personality 238
reiterates key values 241
Fiennes on 260
runs the company at a dispiriting time 265, 266, 270
and K Shoes 267, 268–9
and non-family managers 280
and resourcing abroad 280, 282
reminds family of its charitable commitment 281
stands down as chairman 287–8
Bancroft’s letter thanking him 288
and Henry Moore 305
treasurer of Bristol University 313
Extraordinary General Meeting (1992) 313
on Bid Committee 314
Extraordinary General Meeting (1993) 322–3, 324
stands down as non-executive director 326
research and writing 326
Clark, Edith 33
Clark, Edward 48
Clark, Eileen 149
Clark, Eleanor (daughter of James) 33
Clark, Eleanor (née Stephens) 31, 32, 33, 52, 54, 72, 100, 149
Clark, Fanny 33
Clark, Florence 33
Clark, Frances (Fanny) (née Sturge) 12, 92
Clark, Francis Joseph (Frank) 33, 113, 113, 114, 115, 119, 146, 286
education 94
forms partnership with William (1889) 94
largest shareholder in the company 108
and costings 115
chairman of Clarks 3, 132, 137
on Tor brand 132–3
death 141
Clark, Giles 140
Clark, Gloria 331
Clark, H. Brooking 167
Clark, Hadwen 141
Clark, Helen Priestman (née Bright) 78, 80, 107, 110, 130, 149
Clark, Hilda 108, 110, 128
Clark, Hugh 115, 150, 174, 331
education 114
joins Clarks 114
and John Walter Bostock 113, 114
war service 114
manager of the Machine Room 116
head of sales 114, 141, 143, 152, 159, 182
and lease on Mitre House 141
and purchase of Walwyns 142
Clarks’ first national advertising campaign 151
and Bebe Daniels 153–4
retirement from the Board 161
Bancroft on 162
interest in advertising and publicity 182–3
joins Rohan 293
non-executive director at C. & J. Clark Ltd 293
Clark, J. Anthony (Tony) 149, 231
made a director 141
on the superiority of American machinery 165
a member of ‘the Holy Trinity’ 170, 171
a ‘people person’ 170
a liberal Quaker 170–71
becomes a main board director 206
managing director of C. & J. Clark 215
meeting with Levison 215–16
commissions McKinsey & Co. 222–3
chairman of Clarks 3, 229, 285
reports drop in profits (1972) 232
on Boston Consulting Group reports 232
on Peter Clothier 235
rare interview 237–8
retirement 238
death 285
Bancroft on 285
Clark, James 15, 320, 323–4
born in Street (1811) 2
education 14
apprenticed in his brother Cyrus’s sheepskin business 1, 2, 14–16, 19
produces sheepskin slippers and socks 2, 16–18, 361
col. pl. 1
partnership with Cyrus 2, 12, 13, 19–20
and Quaker principles 22, 26, 38, 51–2
his house, Netherleigh 31, 33, 54, 304
first marriage 31–2
attitude to alcohol 35
opposition to his brothers’ corn business 37–8, 40
personality 38
and innovation in the company 47
loses a son due to typhoid 50, 51
financial withdrawals for own benefit 54–5, 63, 64
commitment to quality 57, 59–60
William succeeds 32, 67
and wrangling over Cyrus’s will 71–8
forms partnership with William (1873) 80
retirement 80, 94
death of first wife 100
second marriage 100
increasingly religious 101
death (1906) 101
Clark, James Edmund 33
Clark, Jan 149, 205, 229, 242, 244, 245, 269, 282, 283–5
Clark, Jane (née Bryant) 10–11
Clark, John H. 287
Clark, John, I 10
Clark, John, II 10
Clark, John, III 10
Clark, John, IV 10, 11
Clark, John Aubrey 12, 54, 57, 58, 74
Clark, John Bright 3, 98, 103, 105, 110, 119, 139, 171
education 103
worldwide busi
ness tour with Roger 103, 104
health 103
shareholdings 108
costings department 114
Hugh succeeds as head of sales 114
on Tor brand 128–9, 132
response to recession 134
non-family members issue 135
vice-chairman of Clarks 137
Boot & Shoe Manufacturers’ Federation 137–8
personality 138
Good Friday working issue 138–9
death (1933) 139
Clark, Joseph, I
birth (1762) 11
lives all his life in or around Street 11–12
builds Hindhayes 12, 12
marriage 12
health 12
a Quaker preacher 1–2, 12–13
covenants to assist James in his apprenticeship 15–16
death (1831) 12, 20
Clark, Joseph, II
a yeoman farmer 2, 12
corn business 37–8, 40
and wrangling over Cyrus’s will 74
Clark, Joseph Henry 50
Clark, Lancelot (Lance) 149, 186, 242, 258, 269, 280, 285, 300
education 204
and Bancroft 204
particular interest in how shoes are made 204
Wallabees 204
hosts 150th anniversary celebrations in London 241
and sports shoes 249
and advertising 254
determined to bring the company up to date 256
managing director of Clarks Ltd 265, 271, 272
and K Shoes 267
Cotton replaces 272
leaves the company but remains a non-executive director 293
proposed as chairman in letter to Tindale 301
Extraordinary General Meeting (1992) 308, 312–13
a member of the ‘Gang of Four’ 308
open letter signatory 316
Extraordinary General Meeting (1993) 321–2
replaced by Ben Lovell 343
Clark, Mabel 33
Clark, Mary (née Metford) 11
Clark, Nathan 149, 286, 288, 300, 331
war service 184, 185
creates the Desert Boot 5, 175, 184–6
in charge of Overseas Division 188, 189–90
works at Halliday’s in Ireland 189
Bancroft’s criticism 189–90
Clark, Pauline 322
Clark, Ralph 209, 210, 239, 242, 269, 287, 303–4, 305, 312
Clark, Richard 205, 287, 303, 308, 313, 316, 321, 323–4, 326, 354
Clark, Roger 110, 139, 141, 149, 175, 286, 316, 343
education 103
at Clark, Son & Morland 103, 104
health 103
worldwide business tour with brother 103, 104
meets and marries Sarah 103, 104–7
interests 103–4
on James’s death 100
shareholdings 108
becomes company secretary 119
on Strode School 125
on William’s funeral 130
vice chairman of Clarks 137
in mourning 140–41
chairman of Clarks 3, 141
chairman of Avalon Leather Board Company 147
and Bebe Daniels 153–4
attitude to appeasement 156
and child evacuees 156