Stalin, Volume 1
Page 178
Orthodox Christianity, 99, 118, 119–20, 125, 129, 351
Oryol, Battle of, 330, 331, 357
Osinsky, Valerian, 659
Ossetia, Ossetians, 15, 496, 688
Ostrovsky, Alexander, 620
Otto, Ernest, 709
Ottoman empire, 1–2, 49, 59, 66, 82, 110, 258, 343, 365
Armenian genocide in, 150
Balkans and, 141
in Great War, 150
partitioning of, 367
Russian expansion and, 12, 13, 15, 51
Young Turk Revolution in, 131–32, 172
Our Differences (Plekhanov), 42
Our Lady of Kazan Cathedral, 126, 127, 128
Our Lady of St. Theodore, 127
“Our Tasks in the East” (Stalin), 369
Owen, Robert, 39
Pale of Settlement, 12, 44, 99, 100, 112, 200, 249, 455
Panchen Lama, 401
Panina, Sofia, 439
pan-Islamism, 386–87, 502
Paole Zion party, 456
Pares, Bernard, 94
Paris Commune (1871), 232, 233, 318
fiftieth anniversary of, 391
Parliament-2, Operation, 502
Passau, Germany, 35
Path to Socialism and the Worker-Peasant Alliance, The (Bukharin), 727
Patricide, The (Qazbegi), 23–24
Paul I, tsar, 89, 90
Pavlovich, Dmitri, Grand Duke, 163
Pavlov, Ivan, 37
Pavlova, Anna, 127
Pavlovsky Guards, 169
peasants, Russian, 11, 37–38, 42, 43, 93, 100, 409
Bolsheviks’ initial lack of interest in, 237, 426
collectivization and, see collectivization
communes of, 41–42, 65–66, 95, 96–97, 189–90, 299, 430, 449, 567
Communists as viewed by, 474, 548–49, 570, 611, 625, 655, 675
in Constituent Assembly election, 243–44
food shortages of, 165
as ignorant about farming best practices, 449–50
land seizures by, 189–90, 220–21, 239, 296, 420–21, 449
Lenin’s poor understanding of, 299–300
as market for industrial goods, 570, 664, 681
NEP and, see New Economic Policy
party membership among, 426
proletariat supported by, 205
rebellions by, 67, 75, 84, 132, 135, 224, 379–80, 388–89, 393–94, 405, 410, 470, 575
Stalin and, 103, 320, 568–69; see also collectivization
Stolypin and, 95, 96
and winter of 1920–21, 379–82
see also agriculture, Russian; kulaks
peasants, Russian, grain requisitions from, 447, 662–66, 669–72, 679–80, 682, 684–85, 686, 698, 700–701, 705, 709–13, 721, 722, 727
“extraordinary measures” and, 697, 705, 709–10, 712, 713, 722
hoarding by, 649, 659, 664, 665, 666, 668, 669, 680, 700, 711, 712
protests, 707, 708–9, 722
replaced by tax in kind, 376, 380, 382, 388–89, 393, 405, 449
People’s Cause, 237
People’s Will, 60
Pereprygin, Alexander, 155
Pereprygina, Lidiya, 155
Perm, 314, 403
Persia, see Iran
Persian empire, 12
Persian language, 12, 344
Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, 366–67
Pestkowski, Stanisław, 264, 270, 349, 368
as Stalin’s assistant, 228–30
Petain, Philippe, 197
Peter I “the Great,” tsar, 56–57, 88
Peter II, tsar, 88
Peter III, tsar, 89
Petersburg Soviet, 81–82, 84, 85–86
Peterss, Jekabs, 287, 346, 374–75, 502
Petliura, Symon, 353
Petrichenko, Stepan, 383
Petrograd, 159, 173, 214, 235, 298
“Bloody Sunday” massacre in, 73–74, 126, 164
Bolshevik evacuation of, 259–61
Bolshevik headquarters in, 186–87, 190, 191, 203, 215
Cheka in, 382
food shortages in, 270
German advance on, 259, 271
soldier-sailor uprising in, 202
Stalin in, 117, 121–22, 132–33, 186, 190
“storming” of Winter Palace reenacted in, 338–39
strikes and protests in, 81–82, 144, 164, 166, 167, 382–83, 410
troops stationed in, 168
Vyborg district of, 186–87, 204
White army advance on, 330
women’s bread march in, 165, 167
see also Leningrad
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 170, 182, 198, 202, 206, 247
Bolshevik control of, 212–13, 218–19
central executive committee of, see Soviet central executive committee
Duma replaced by, 181
Military Revolutionary Committee of, see Military Revolutionary Committee
October Revolution as coup against, 223
Provisional Government and, 181–82, 191
Trotsky as chairman of, 212–13
see also Moscow Soviet
Petrovskaya, Stefania, 121
Petrovsky, Hryhory “Grigory,” 390, 579, 596, 613
Piłsudski, Józef, 333, 345, 352, 377, 379, 562, 617, 622
in move to right, 600–601
in 1926 coup, 589, 600, 622
in Polish-Soviet War, 353–55, 364–65
Plehve, Vyacheslav von, 100
Plekhanov, Georgi, 42, 43, 45, 78, 80, 711
Pnevsky, Nikolai, 668
Poincare, Raymond, 445
Pokrovsky, Serafim, 636–37
Poland, Poles, 98, 119, 157, 249, 258, 271, 315, 344, 349, 377, 406, 478, 522, 556, 557, 560, 588, 605
in aftermath of Great War, 352
Belorussia and, 616–17
France and, 558, 589, 623
German occupation of, 243, 283, 352
in Great War, 355
as independent nation, 238, 342–43
in Locarno Pact, 561–62
and new threat of war with Soviet Union, 622–23
Piłsudski’s coup in, 589, 600, 604, 622
Romania and, 590, 616
Soviet Russia in treaty with, 392
Soviet Union’s relationship with, 589
Ukraine and, 352, 353–54, 616–17
police, tsarist, 49, 61, 69, 85, 130, 164
disbanding of, 180, 223
inadequacy of, 103–4
Stalin arrested by, 48–49, 52
Stalin files of, 49, 52, 76
see also okhranka
Polish Corridor, 315, 363, 364, 509, 621
Polish Revolutionary Committee, 360, 361, 365, 377
Polish-Soviet War (1919–20), 352–65, 376–79, 406
Stalin on, 354–55, 357, 358
Stalin’s role in, 361–63, 365, 377–78
politburo (political bureau), 322, 330, 390, 391, 423, 424, 426, 428, 430, 582, 585, 607, 615, 652, 730
British general strike and, 598–99
collectivization and, 675–76
German Communist coup aided by, 511, 515
as key to Stalin dictatorship, 596
and Lenin’s impending death, 492–93
Lenin’s relationship with, 413, 415, 484, 489
Russian majority in, 656
special cipher unit of, 433–34
Stalin dictatorship and, 687, 699–700
Stalin’s resignation offers to, 508, 607, 614
as top policy-making body under Lenin, 4
28–29
Trotsky and, 414–15, 488, 520, 522, 615
Zinoviev’s expulsion from, 607
Polkovnikov, Georgy, 216
Popov, Dmitri, 277–78
Populists, Populism, 38, 42, 43
Port Arthur (Lushun), China, 71, 73, 111
Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 75, 81
Poskryobyshev, Alexander, 375–76, 705
Potemkin, workers’ seizure of, 74
Potëmkin, Prince, 90
Prague, RSDRP conference in, 122–23, 124, 132, 154
Pravda:
anti-Trotsky articles in, 564
Kamenev as editor of, 190–91
Lenin’s “April Theses” published in, 191
on Lenin’s illness, 492
Provisional Government policy attacked by, 199
Provisional Government’s seizure of, 203
Stalin as editor of, 193
Stalin’s articles in, 177, 266, 267, 555, 564, 639
Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny, 205, 390, 412, 423, 497, 507, 566, 695
press:
Lenin’s censorship of, 237, 245
see also specific publications
Princip, Gavrilo, 143, 149, 268–69
Principles of Organization (Kerzhentsev), 435
private traders (NEPmen), 299–300, 568, 571–72, 605, 616, 649, 662, 665, 666, 695, 730
Prokofyev, Sergei, 620, 621, 678
Proletarian Revolution, 512
Proletariat, Stalin’s articles in, 177
proletariat, Russian, 25, 40, 42, 43–44, 54, 115, 169, 349
“Bloody Sunday” massacre of, 73–74
Bolshevik agitation among, 186
Communists’ shaky standing among, 426–27
“dictatorship” of, 203, 225, 232, 337
as increasingly unhappy with Soviet regime, 695–97
Lena massacre of, 125–26, 135
mass arrests of, 164
1905–6 uprisings of, 73–74, 76, 92, 104, 130, 132, 167
peasant support for, 205
Shakhty affair and, 696
strikes and protests by, 43–44, 48, 67, 73, 74, 79, 81–82, 84, 85–86, 125–26, 144, 164, 166, 167, 382–83, 410, 517–18, 570
trade unions demanded by, 385
unemployment among, 548
Proletariatis Brdzola, 348
Proshyan, Prosh, 278
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 99–100, 129, 281, 295
Protopopov, Alexander, 167–68
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 39
Provisional Government, 174, 177–78, 183, 213, 223, 224, 230, 242, 259, 272, 280, 296, 298, 338–39, 383, 453
Bolshevik coup feared by, 208
Bolsheviks charged with treason by, 202–3
as bourgeois institution, 176
and breakdown of order, 180–81
Cadet defection from, 202
collapse of, 216, 217, 218
constitutionalism and, 175–76, 178–80
Duma and, 179–80
grain monopoly of, 298–99
Great War and, 187, 194–95, 196–200
land redistribution resisted by, 189
mass resignation of, 209
Menshevik support of, 195
1917 offensive launched by, 196–200
Order No. 1 of, 181–82, 200, 297
Order No. 2 of, 182
Petrograd Soviet and, 19, 181–82
plenary powers transferred to, 178
police and okhranka abolished by, 180, 223
in relocation to Winter Palace, 213–14, 216, 217, 219–20
right wing and, 182–83
as socialist, 176
Stalin and, 190, 205
see also Kerensky, Alexander
Provisional Revolutionary Committee, 383, 384, 393, 402
Prussia, 5–6, 58, 83–84, 95
Pskov, 173
Purishkevich, Vladimir, 99, 163, 182–83
Pushkin, Alexander, 417
Putilov Works, 164
Putin, Spiridon, 413
Pyatakov, Grigory “Yuri,” 237, 351, 440, 605, 614, 615
Lenin’s Testament and, 499
Pyatnitsky, Osip, 526
Qazbegi, Aleksandre, 23–24
Qing dynasty, 4, 64, 66, 401
Qoqand, 254, 255
Qoqand Autonomy, 254–55, 373
Rabinovich, Isaak, 620
Rabinovich, Lazar, 703, 704
Radchenko, Stepan, 44n
Radek, Karl, 188, 249, 250, 258, 275, 315, 318, 358, 365, 367, 376–77, 390, 407, 464, 492, 495, 510, 560, 678–79
Radunski, Iwan, 286
Rails Are Buzzing, The (Kirshon), 699
Rákosi, Mátyás, 325, 525
Rakovski, Cristian (Stanchev, Kryasto), 476, 478, 496, 497, 503, 572, 645–46, 650, 651, 656, 677, 692
Ramishvili, Isidor, 51, 267, 399
Ramishvili, Noe, 78
Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 445–46, 473, 509, 560, 561, 599
Raskolnikov, Fyodor (Ilin), 302, 306, 366, 393
Rasputin, Grigory, 159–60, 167, 168
murder of, 163, 182
Rathenau, Walther, 445–46
Red Army, 266, 268, 277, 286, 289, 293, 343, 366, 451, 642, 688
Azerbaijan captured by, 395
Bukhara assault by, 373–74
in clashes with Romania, 360
combat unreadiness of, 557, 604, 619, 621, 622, 638
commissars in, 339, 351
in Crimea, 379
demobilization of, 344, 426, 436
food shortages and, 649, 662
former tsarist officers in, 297–98, 306, 309, 314, 319–21, 329, 339–40, 351, 356–57, 393, 574–75
Georgia invaded by, 397, 398
industrialization and, 574, 587
in military cooperation agreement with Germany, 446, 561, 587, 617–18, 621, 638, 704–5
nomenklatura of, 436
OGPU and, 574–75
party members in, 344, 574
peasants in, 297, 344
Poland invaded by, 361
political commissars in, 298, 320, 339, 351
political departments in, 436
provisioning of, 299
in reconquest of Ukraine, 386
reform of, 574
Stalin in call for strong discipline in, 320
Stalin’s rejection of military experts in, 297
Stalin’s use of, for political education, 436–37
Tambov rebellion and, 394
Trotsky’s demand for discipline and expertise in, 297
tsarist arms acquired by, 332–33
in Tsaritsyn, 302, 305
in Turkestan, 372–74
Urga captured by, 403
Red Army Political Administration, 557
Red Cavalry (Babel), 359
Redens, Stanisław, 314
Red Guards, 213, 216, 219, 233, 240, 242, 252, 256, 303, 339
Red Guards, Hungarian, 325
Red Hundreds, 77, 81
Red Moscow, 337
Red Star, 451
Red Terror, 287–88, 373, 405
Reed, John, 201, 220, 246, 367
Reisner, Larissa, 366
Renan, Ernest, 37
Revolution and Culture, 468
Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, 286, 307–9, 328, 335, 436, 557
Trotsky as head of, 286, 341, 516, 537
Revolutionary Tribunal, 381–82
Reza Khan, 346, 391
Rhineland, demilitarization of, 315
Rhodes, Cecil, 71
Ricardo, David, 40
/> Riezler, Kurt, 275, 282, 283
Riga, German capture of, 206, 208
Riga, Treaty of (1921), 392
Right Socialist Revolutionaries, 273, 279, 285, 396, 440
Rochau, August von, 6
Rodzyanko, Mikhail, 157, 166, 168, 169, 171, 178, 207
Romania, 316, 343, 344, 352, 556, 604, 605
Bessarabia annexed by, 378–79
in clashes with Red Army, 360
fascism in, 589–90
in Great War, 162
Hungarian invasion of, 325
Poland and, 590, 616
and threat of war with Soviet Union, 622–23
Romanov, Mikhail Fyodorovich, 127
Romanov family, 88–89, 280, 281
tercentenary of rule by, 126–28, 129, 132, 134
Roosevelt, Theodore, 75, 139
Rosenberg, Alfred, 340
Rostov, 271
Rote Fahne, Die, 515
Rothschild brothers, 51, 115
Roy, Manabendra Nath, 367–68, 625, 633
Rozanov, V. N., 576, 738
Rozengolts, Arkady, 306
Rudzutaks, Janis, 511, 534, 596, 607, 641–42
Rukhimovich, Moisei, 327
Russell, Bertrand, 151
Russia, revolutionary:
border provinces of, 183
Russia, revolutionary (cont.)
civil liberties in, 183–84, 186
food shortages in, 240, 298–99
lack of central authority in, 238
language and class in, 175, 187
Muslims in, 183–84
nationalist splintering of, 202, 238
socialism in, 231
violence and anarchy in, 239–40, 242
see also Bolshevik regime; Bolshevik Revolution; February Revolution; October Revolution; Provisional Government
Russia, tsarist:
agriculture in, see agriculture, Russian
aristocracy in, 57–58, 69, 84
autocratic political system of, see autocratic system, Russian
Britain and, 108–9, 110, 135, 136, 140
in Crimean War, 59, 91
economy of, 141, 161–62
education system in, 66–67, 74
expansionist policies of, 1, 3, 12, 66, 67–68, 71, 111, 127, 140, 145, 556
February Revolution in, see February Revolution
food shortages in, 165, 189
foreign debt of, 66, 69
foreign policy of, 6, 71–73, 108–12, 129, 139, 144
geographical extent of, 1, 11, 56, 68, 342
grain exports of, 67, 662, 709
Great Reforms in, 29, 59–60, 66, 85
in Great War, 150, 156–57, 162, 166, 206–7, 212, 219, 224, 231, 296, 312, 316–17
industrialization in, 65, 67, 69–70, 91, 92, 141, 645
Japan and, 72–75, 109, 111–12
Jews in, 12, 129