Stalin, Volume 1
Page 179
land-owning establishment in, 11, 16, 97, 188–89
Marxism in, 42–45, 54, 74, 78, 79, 93, 137
modernity in, 92, 94, 97, 119, 129
nationalism in, 118–19, 125
navy of, 73, 75
in onset of Great War, 144–45, 146–49
peasants in, see peasants, Russian
political elite in, 65, 70–71, 92, 93, 95, 128–29, 136, 223
political terrorism in, 59–61, 74, 88, 89, 94, 99, 101, 115, 134
population of, 175
proletariat in, see proletariat, Russian
right wing in, 98–102, 118, 122, 126, 157
Romanov tercentenary celebration in, 126–28, 129, 132, 134
socialism in, 41, 176
State Council of, 82–83, 129, 134, 179
suffrage in, 82, 94, 97, 109, 113
in Triple Entente, 140, 147
universal conscription in, 155–56
uprisings of 1905–6 in, 3, 81–87, 92
Westernization of, 56
Russian army, 13, 15–16
Bolshevik agitators in, 198
collapse of, 248, 252
in Constituent Assembly election, 244
demobilization of, 258
desertions from, 172, 197
February Revolution and, 169, 172, 175
food shortages of, 164, 166
material shortages of, 156, 162
mutinies in, 163, 200
nationalist splintering of, 202
1917 offensive of, 196–200, 204, 212, 219, 224
Order No. 1 and, 181–82, 200
Order No. 2 and, 182
Provisional Government’s destruction of, 181
radicalization of, 223–24
Stalin exempted from, 155
see also Red Army
Russian Association of the Social Science Research Institute, 706
Russian Messenger, 198
Russian navy, 11, 224
in Constituent Assembly election, 244
demobilization of, 258
February Revolution and, 172, 175
Russian Orthodox Church, 13, 14
see also Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDRP), 45, 51, 52, 76, 98, 107, 114, 118, 130, 259
1st Congress of (Minsk), 44–45
2nd Congress of (London), 78, 79, 80, 201
3rd Congress of (Tammerfors), 80–81
4th Congress of (Stockholm), 102–3
5th Congress of (London), 108, 112, 113
antiterrorism policy adopted by, 113–14
Bolshevik-Menshevik split in, 78, 79–81, 103, 108, 114, 122–23, 124, 137
Central Committee of, see Central Committee
Prague conference of, 122–23, 124, 132, 154
see also Social Democrats, Russian
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDRP), Caucasus branch of, 50–51
bad blood between Stalin and, 52, 53, 78
Menshevik-Bolshevik split in, 78, 80, 81, 114
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR; Soviet Russia):
Armenia invaded by, 395
autonomous national republics and, 371
British trade agreement with, 391–92
central executive committee of, 476
China and, 404–5
and creation of Soviet Union, 475
diplomatic relations, 391–92
economy of, see economy, Soviet
famine of 1921–22 in, see famine of 1921–22
founding of, 251, 350
4th Congress of, 580
Kronstadt rebellion and, 383–84, 387
and Mongolian independence, 404–5
Muslims in, 368–69
in Polish War, see Polish-Soviet War (1919–20)
in Rapallo Treaty with Germany, 445–46, 473, 509, 560, 561, 599
Stalin’s work on constitution of, 266
Tambov rebellion and, 380–82
trade monopoly of, 483, 484
Turkestan annexed by, 388
Ukraine and, 386, 475–76
winter of 1920–21 in, 379–82
see also Bolshevik regime
Russian State Bank, 238–39
Tiflis robbery of, 113–14
“Russia’s New Ruler” (Davis), 610
Russification, 348
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 73, 75, 76, 81, 109, 134, 167, 185
Russo-Ottoman War, 66
Rustaveli, Shota, 10, 16
Ruzsky, General, 171–72
Ryazanov, David, 389
Rykov, Alexei, 236, 328, 394, 464, 480–81, 482, 483, 498, 513, 516, 534, 538, 563, 566–67, 596, 613, 619, 633, 652, 654, 676, 685–86, 707–8, 721, 723
as alternative Soviet leader, 730–31
as chairman of USSR Council of People’s Commissars, 540, 657, 658, 686
and grain shortages, 721–22
NEP and, 685, 728–29
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 714, 715, 716–17
Shakhty affair and, 687–88, 698
Stalin and, 658, 686–87, 699–700
in succession power struggle, 563, 564
Ryndin, Kuzma, 653
Ryndzyunskaya, Marina, 427, 435
Safarov, Georgy (Voldin), 346, 387
Sagirashvili, David, 177, 225–26, 233
Said-Galiev, Sahib Garei, 345–46, 371
St. Germain, Treaty of (1919), 316
St. Petersburg, see Petrograd
St. Petersburg Imperial University, 91
Saint-Simon, Count Henri de, 39, 40
Sakhalin Island, 75, 590
Samara, 291, 326
Sarajevo, 142–43
Saratov, 91–92, 95, 381
Savenko, A. I., 88
Schlieffen, Alfred, Count von, 145
Schlieffen Plan, 145, 147, 310
Schweitzer, Vera, 155, 173
secretariat, 423–5, 430, 434
Sedov, Lev, 538
Sedova, Natalya, 533, 541, 593–94, 677
self-determination, 343, 346–48, 351, 419
Serbia, 141–44, 148–49, 150, 173
Serebryakov, Leonid, 390, 423, 463
Serebryakova, Galina, 565, 581, 585
serfs, serfdom, 8, 11, 15, 16, 57
emancipation of, 16, 23, 37–38, 41, 42, 59, 60, 726
Sergei, Grand Duke, 61
Sergeyev, Artyom, 466–67, 593
Sering, Max, 409, 420–21
Sevastopol naval base, 271
Seventeenth Amendment, U.S., 83
show trial in, 702–4, 709, 711, 734
Stalin and, 689, 691, 694, 698, 709, 711, 714–15, 733
Sevres, Treaty of (1920), 316, 367
Shakhty, alleged sabotage in, 687–96, 699
Shanghai, 629–30
Shaposhnikov, Boris, 378
Shchurovsky, Vladimir, 720
Shchusev, Alexei, 543
Sheridan, Clare, 459
Shklovsky, Viktor, 380
Shlyapnikov, Alexander, 190, 222, 300, 346, 385
Shostokovich, Dmitry, 620
show trials, 464
Lenin’s call for, 439–40
in Shakhty affair, 702–4, 709, 711, 734
Shulgin, Vasily, 173
Shumyatsky, Boris, 404
Siberia, 15, 41, 68, 97, 132, 244, 270, 372, 381, 402, 403, 447
Communist Party in, 680–81, 683, 684
Siberia (cont.)
Japanese invasion of, 343–44
Lena goldfields massacre in, 125–26, 135
&
nbsp; Stalin’s 1928 trip to, 661–66, 668, 674–75, 676, 679, 684, 739
Stalin’s exiles to, 9, 53, 133, 152–53, 173
Simbirsk, 356
Since Lenin Died (Eastman), Stalin’s response to, 572–73
Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 72
Sklyansky, Yefraim, 262, 327–28, 394, 511, 542
Skorutto, Nikolai, 703–4
Skrypnyk, Mykola, 346, 387, 497, 503
Slepkov, Alexander, 545–46
Small Biography of a Big Man, A, 500
Smetona, Antanas, 618
Smilga, Ivar, 328, 358, 359
Smirnov, Alexander, 449
Smirnov, Ivan, 306, 390, 404
Smirnov, Vladimir, 320
Smith, Adam, 39, 40
Smolensk, 355, 358
Smolny, 216, 226, 228
Smolny Institute, 215
Snesarev, Andrei, 301–4
Sobinov, Leonid, 127
Sobol, Raisa, 608
Sochi, Stalin’s holidays in, 596, 598, 601–2, 613, 633, 636–37, 720
Sochi affair, 698
Social Democrats, 9, 151, 195, 336, 397, 550
Social Democrats, Austrian, 43
Social Democrats, Caucasus, 103, 113
bad blood between Stalin and, 52, 53, 78
Social Democrats, Georgian, 37, 49, 50, 67, 77–78, 98, 395, 735
Social Democrats, German, 41, 43, 78–79, 113, 129, 201, 272, 318, 323, 378, 510, 515, 525–26, 550, 617–18, 704
Social Democrats, Hungarian, 324
Social Democrats, Latvian, 103
Social Democrats, Polish, 103
Social Democrats, Russian, 50–51, 82, 98, 102, 125, 129, 135, 242–43, 244, 458, 464
Social Democrats, South Caucasus, 53
socialism, 3, 39, 40, 176, 190
right-wing embrace of, 210–11
in Russia, 41, 132, 231
as Stalin’s life mission, 9, 31
see also specific parties
Socialism and Political Struggle (Plekhanov), 42
Socialism in One Country (Stalin), 532
“Socialism in One Country” (Stalin), 555
Socialist Herald, 393, 489, 553, 555
Socialist Party, Polish, 137
Socialist Revolutionaries of Ukraine, 244, 245
Socialist Revolutionary Land Decree, 239–40
Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs), 79, 98, 103, 113, 117, 133, 135, 137, 176, 185, 187, 195, 196, 198, 212, 217–18, 221, 234–35, 239–40, 242–44, 246, 381, 382, 392, 393, 439
see also Left Socialist Revolutionaries
Society of Old Bolsheviks, 453
Sokolnikov, Grigory (Brilliant, Gersh “Garya”), 257, 271, 320, 376, 475, 486, 567, 614, 710, 712, 716, 739
as alternative Soviet leader, 729–31
background of, 451, 457
on capitalism, 565–66
economic reforms of, 452, 566, 568, 569, 583
as finance commissar, 451, 452, 565, 729
at 14th Congress, 581–82
on industrialization, 659–60
Kamenev and, 713–14
market socialism as envisioned by, 729–30
NEP and, 564, 577, 579
and plan to oust Stalin as general secretary, 714
possibility of planned economy rejected by, 729–30
removed from finance commissariat and politburo, 585, 730
and succession power struggle, 564, 577, 729
in Turkestan, 451–52
Sokolov, Nikolai, 200
Soldier, 216
Soldier of the Revolution, 305
Soltangaliev, Mirsayet, 345–46, 368–69, 371, 372, 502–4, 716
Solvychegodsk, 116, 121
Somme, Battle of the, 150, 152, 162
Sosnovsky, Lev, 680–81
South Caucasus, see Caucasus
South Caucasus Federation, 479, 480, 496, 497
Southern Manchurian Railway, 111
South-West Africa, Herrero rebellion in, 151–52
Souvarine, Boris, 520
Soviet central executive committee, 200, 215, 221, 226, 233, 235, 236, 247, 257, 260, 262–63, 264–65, 268, 273–74, 285–86, 423, 429, 535
Soviet republics, Stalin’s opposition to independence of, 386, 388, 390
Soviet Russia, see Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
Soviet Union:
border states and, 556, 732
Britain and, 558, 617–18, 622, 623, 624, 631–33, 634–35
British general strike supported by, 588, 598–99, 613
China and, 617, 623, 625–33, 651, 655
Constitution of, 513, 540
economy of, see economy, Soviet
food shortages in, 164–65, 189
foreign policy of, 558, 698–99
foreign recognition of, 553, 558
foreign trade of, 599, 632, 709, 720, 733–34
formal inauguration of, 485–86
France and, 560, 645, 646, 693, 733
German nonaggression pact with, 587, 588
German relations with, 558, 559–61, 611, 623, 638–39, 692, 704
goods shortages in, 654–55
grain exports of, 662, 665, 667
grain imports by, 568, 720
grain shortages in, 641, 649, 654–55, 659, 661–66, 669–72, 679–80, 682, 684–85, 686, 698, 700–701, 705, 709–13, 721, 722, 727–28
Great Depression and, 733–34
industrialization in, 517, 565–66, 571, 574, 582, 583, 587, 605, 625, 638, 659, 662, 663, 664, 672, 686, 694, 695, 698, 710, 722, 725, 733
Japan and, 517, 590, 621–22, 632
Lenin’s plan for, 476–77, 478, 485–86, 496
Locarno Pact and, 562
1923 strikes in, 517–18
oil exports of, 709
Stalin’s role in creation of, 419, 475, 478, 486; of war with Romania, 622–23
tsarist debts repudiated by, 611, 616, 623, 645
U.S. relations with, 611–12
war scares in, 619–20, 621–25, 635–36, 639, 649, 659, 664, 668, 721, 736, 737
Western technology needed by, 558–59, 667–68, 693, 705, 732–33
world revolution and, 555–56
Spandaryan, Suren, 106, 124, 155, 173
Spark, 393
Spartacus League, 272, 323
Spiridonova, Maria, 246, 274–76, 278–79
SR Trial, The (film), 440
Stalin (Barbusse), 1
Stalin, Iosif (Jughashvili):
aggrandizement of, 334, 341, 390, 424, 469, 532
ambition of, 21, 38, 54–55, 463, 469
appointed party general secretary, 411–12, 424, 481, 486, 530
arts as interest of, 620–21
as autodidact, 21, 30, 117, 676
background of, 2, 8, 9–10
Bolshevik takeover of Georgia urged by, 396–97
charm of, 465, 603, 736
childhood of, 17, 20–28, 735
as class-warfare zealot, 306–7, 308–9, 345, 444, 681, 688, 698, 710–11, 732, 734
competitiveness of, 331
cunning of, 4, 424, 427, 465, 502, 532, 537
false humility of, 600, 659
federalist agenda of, 346, 349–51
as food affairs director for South Russia, 270, 300–310
get-things-done style of, 54–55, 124, 307, 335, 341, 462, 465, 468, 597, 739
grudges held by, 9, 591
illnesses of, 17, 20, 398–99, 602, 738
imperiousness of, 9
imprisonments of, 116, 117, 121–22
intellect of, 7
internal ex
iles of, 9, 53, 116, 121, 122, 133, 152–55, 173
“Koba” as nickname of, 24, 52, 598
Lenin and, see Lenin-Stalin relationship
Marxist-Leninist worldview of, 10, 88, 93, 107, 137, 307, 341, 419–20, 427, 462, 470, 622, 676, 699, 731, 737
military ignorance of, 297, 306
military posts resigned by, 365
as nationalities commissar, 228, 238, 251, 254, 264, 266, 349, 368, 429, 456
1928 Siberian trip of, 661–66, 668, 674–75, 676, 679, 684
organizational skills of, 4, 55, 390, 424, 425
Orthodox faith of, 28
paranoia of, 597–98, 723, 736
pessimism of, 407–8
physical ailments of, 20–22, 465–66, 602–3, 633, 661, 720
poetry by, 33–34
on Polish-Soviet War, 354–55, 357, 358
political skills of, 7, 422, 424–25, 739
as propagandist, 48, 115, 177, 187, 193, 225, 259, 305–6, 462
religious disenchantment of, 36–37
schooling of, 21, 25–26, 28
self-centeredness of, 155, 468
self-improvement as goal of, 4, 7, 10, 21, 117
self-pity of, 474, 508, 528, 591, 595, 614, 619, 647, 657, 659, 735–36
as seminary student, 2, 26–27, 30–38, 44–47
Stalin, Iosif (Jughashvili) (cont.)
siege mentality of, 591–92, 597, 659, 736
socialism as life mission of, 9, 31
in succession power struggle, 416–17, 522–25, 532–34, 540, 555, 563–64, 572–73, 577, 578, 580, 582, 584, 586, 590–91, 597, 604, 605–6, 614–15, 636–37, 638, 639, 641–44, 646–48, 653–54, 655–56, 713, 735, 736
in Tiflis, 8–9, 22, 113–14, 121, 125, 267–68, 399, 600
touchiness of, 116, 597
vanity of, 362
vengefulness of, 597–98, 615–16, 715–16, 719, 723, 731, 736
as voracious reader, 32, 36–37, 45, 47–48, 116, 117, 153, 155, 463, 536, 669
womanizing of, 3, 8, 121, 155
Stalin, Iosif, dictatorship of, 419–20, 422–71, 527, 586, 652
alternatives to, 727–32
apparatchiks in, 426, 430, 431–32
Bukharin’s opposition to, 472, 474, 513, 731
14th Party Congress debate on, 580–84
general secretary post as key step toward, 425–26
informant networks of, 441
Kamenev’s view of, 512–14
Lenin’s death and, 539
opposition “conspiracies” against, 603–4
peasants and, see collectivization; peasants, Russian
politburo and, 426, 596, 687, 699–700
Rykov and, 658
Stalin’s ambivalence toward, 595–96
triumph of, 659–60
Trotsky and, 472, 486, 487, 532, 613–14