The New Class War

by Michael Lind

  12. Gregory Clark and Neil Cummins, “Surnames and Social Mobility” and “Intergenerational Mobility in England, 1858–2012. Wealth, Surnames, and Social Mobility,” accessed via “England’s Social Classes Slow to Evolve,” www.lse.ac.uk, October 29, 2013. Their research was included in Clark and Cummins, The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).

  13. Anthony P. Carnevale, Megan L. Fasules, Michael C. Quinn, and Kathryn Peltier Campbell, Born to Win, Schooled to Lose: Why Talented Students Don’t Get Equal Chances to Be All They Can Be, Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce report, 2019.

  14. UNCTAD, “Annex Table 24. The World’s Top 100 Non-Financial MNE’s, Ranked by Foreign Assets, 2016.”

  15. George Davis, “Boards Aren’t as Global as Their Businesses,” Harvard Business Review, October 28, 2014.

  16. Nate Silver, “Education, Not Income, Predicted Who Would Vote for Trump,” FiveThirtyEight.com, November 22, 2016.

  17. Martin Rosenbaum, “Local Voting Figures Shed New Light on EU Referendum,” BBC News, February 6, 2017.

  18. Edna Bonacich, “A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market,” American Sociological Review 37, no. 5 (October 1972), pp. 547–59.

  19. Gavin Wright, Sharing the Prize: The Economics of the Civil Rights Revolution in the American South (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).

  CHAPTER TWO: HUBS AND HEARTLANDS

  1. For earlier versions of the argument in this chapter, see Michael Lind, “The Coming Realignment: Cities, Class, and Ideology After Social Conservatism,” Breakthrough Journal, no. 4, Summer 2014; and Michael Lind, “Cities without Nations,” National Review, September 26, 2016.

  2. Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Saskia Sassen, “The Global City: Introducing a Concept,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 11, no. 2 (Winter/Spring, 2005).

  3. Greg Rosalsky, “What the Future of Work Means for Cities,” NPR, Planet Money, January 15, 2019; David Autor, “Work of the Past, Work of the Future,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 25588, February 2019.

  4. Richard Florida, “The High Inequality of U.S. Metro Areas Compared to Countries,” CityLab.com, October 9, 2012.

  5. William H. Frey, “The Suburbs: Not Just for White People Anymore,” New Republic, November 24, 2014.

  6. Richard Alba, “The Likely Persistence of a White Majority,” The American Prospect, January 11, 2016; Stephen J. Trejo, “Who Remains Mexican? Selective Ethnic Attrition and the Intergenerational Progress of Mexican Americans,” in David L. Leal and Stephen Trejo, eds. Latinos and the Economy: Integration and Impact in Schools, Labor Markets, and Beyond (Springer, 2010).

  7. Michael Cembalest, “Pascal’s Wager,” Eyes on the Market: Energy Outlook 2018, Annual Energy Paper, J. P. Morgan, April 2018, p. 32.

  8. William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold” speech, July 8, 1896.

  9. Adam Nossiter, “France Suspends Fuel Tax Increase That Spurred Violent Protests,” New York Times, December 4, 2018.

  10. Damien Cave, “It Was Supposed to Be Australia’s Climate Change Election. What Happened?” New York Times, May 19, 2019.

  11. David Autor, David Dorn, Gordon Hanson, and Kaveh Majlesi, “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 22637, September 2016, rev. December 2017.

  12. Drew DeSilver, “Immigrants Don’t Make Up a Majority of Workers in Any U.S. Industry,” Pew Research Center, March 16, 2017.

  13. Lynn Stuart Parramore, “America’s New Servant Class,” AlterNet, March 6, 2014.

  14. Liz Sadler, “90 Percent of City Nannies Paid Off the Books,” New York Post, March 10, 2010.

  15. “Immigration and New York City: The Contributions of Foreign-Born Americans to New York’s Renaissance, 1975–2013,” This Americas Society/Council of the Americas, April 10, 2014.

  16. Eric Kaufmann, Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration, and the Future of White Majorities (London: Allen Lane, 2018).

  17. David Goodhart, The Road to Somewhere: The Populist Revolt and the Future of Politics (London: Hurst, 2017).

  18. Quoctrung Bui and Claire Cain Miller, “The Typical American Lives Only 18 Miles from Mom,” New York Times, December 23, 2015.

  19. Haya Stier and Amit Kaplan, “Are Children a Joy or a Burden? Individual- and Macro-Level Characteristics and the Perception of Children,” European Journal of Population, 2019.

  20. D’Vera Cohn, Gretchen Livingston, and Wendy Wang, “Public Views on Staying at Home vs. Working,” chapter 4 in “After Decades of Decline, a Rise in Stay-at-Home Mothers,” Pew Research Center, 2014, p. 26.

  21. Lisa Pickoff-White, Ryan Levi, “Are There Really More Dogs Than Children in S.F.?” KQED News, May 24, 2018.

  22. Derek Thompson, “The Future of the City Is Childless,” Atlantic, July 18, 2019.

  23. Kenneth F. Scheve and Matthew J. Slaughter, “Labor Market Competition and Individual Preferences Over Immigration Policy,” Review of Economics and Statistics 83, no. 1, February 2001, pp. 133–45.

  24. Jens Hainmueller and Daniel J. Hopkins, “The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes Toward Immigrants,” American Journal of Political Science, November 2014; Elias Naumann, Lukas F. Stoetzer, and Giuseppe Pietrantuono, “Attitudes Towards Highly Skilled and Low-Skilled Immigration in Europe: A Survey Experiment in 15 European Countries,” European Journal of Political Research 57, no. 4, 2018, pp. 1009–30; Phillip Connor and Neil G. Ruiz, “Majority of U.S. Public Supports High-Skilled Immigration,” Pew Research Center, January 22, 2019. According to Pew, even among those who want less overall immigration, half or more support more skilled immigration in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, France, Sweden, Austria, and Spain; the only exceptions are the Netherlands, Israel, and Italy.

  CHAPTER THREE: WORLD WARS AND NEW DEALS

  1. John Bates Clark, The Control of Trusts (New York: Macmillan, 1901), quoted in Michael Lind, Land of Promise: An Economic History of the United States (New York: HarperCollins, 2012), p. 213.

  2. Joshua B. Freeman, Behemoth: A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2018), p. 93.

  3. Quinn Slobodian, Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018).

  4. Robert D. Atkinson and Michael Lind, Big Is Beautiful: Debunking the Myth of Small Business (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018).

  5. Sheri Berman, The Primacy of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

  6. Howard J. Wiarda, Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great “Ism” (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996).

  7. J. E. S. Hayward, “Solidarist Syndicalism: Durkheim and Duguit,” Sociological Review, July 1960 (Part I) and December 1960 (Part II); M. J. Hawkins, “Durkheim on Occupational Corporations: An Exegesis and Interpretation,” Journal of the History of Ideas 55, no. 3, July 1994, pp. 461–81.

  8. Philippe C. Schmitter, “Still the Century of Corporatism?” Review of Politics 36, no. 1, January 1974, p. 103.

  9. Paul Hirst, The Pluralist Theory of the State: Selected Writings of G. D. H. Cole, J. N. Figgis, and H. J. Laski (New York: Routledge, 2016); S. T. Glass, The Responsible Society: The Ideas of Guild Socialism (London: Longmans, 1966). For an attempt to revive English pluralism under the name of “associative democracy,” see Paul Hirst and Veit Bader, eds., Associative Democracy: The Real Third Way (London: Frank Cass, 2001).

  10. Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperial Thought, 1895–1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960).

  11. J. M. Winter, “Military Fitness and Civilian
Health in Britain During the First World War,” Journal of Contemporary History 15, no. 2, April 1980, p. 212.

  12. Gunther Mai, Das Ende des Kaiserreichs: Politik und Kriegsführung im Ersten Weltkrieg, 3rd ed. (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch, 1997), p. 105, quoted in Herbert Obinger and Klaus Petersen, “Mass Warfare and the Welfare State—Causal Mechanisms and Effects,” British Journal of Political Science 47, p. 218.

  13. Larry G. Gerber, “Corporatism in Comparative Perspective: The Impact of the First World War on American and British Labor Relations,” Business History Review 62, no. 1, Spring 1988, pp. 93–127, p. 99.

  14. Marc Allen Eisner, From Warfare State to Welfare State: World War I, Compensatory State Building, and the Limits of the Modern Order (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), p. 309.

  15. Robert Kuttner, Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism? (New York: W. W. Norton, 2018), pp. 31–32.

  16. Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends Toward Corporatist Intermediation (London: SAGE, 1979).

  17. Jukka Pekkarinen, Matti Pohjola, and Bob Rowthorn, Social Corporatism: A Superior Economic System? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 37.

  18. Nelson Lichtenstein, Labor’s War at Home (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 233.

  19. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Letter to Edgar Newton Eisenhower, November 8, 1954.

  20. Robert Griffith, “Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Corporate Commonwealth,” American Historical Review 87, no. 1, February 1982, pp. 87–122.

  21. Elizabeth Sanders, Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State 1877–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

  22. Galbraith introduced the term in American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952).

  23. William Forbath, “The Labor Movement Never Forgets?” Law and Political Economy, February 12, 2019.

  24. John Chamberlain, The American Stakes (New York: Carrick & Evans, 1940), pp. 27–32.

  25. Chamberlain, The American Stakes, p. 114.

  CHAPTER FOUR: THE NEOLIBERAL REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE

  1. James Q. Wilson, The Amateur Democrat: Club Politics in Three Cities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

  2. Theodore Lowi, “The Public Philosophy: Interest Group Liberalism,” American Political Science Review 61, March 1967, pp. 5–24; and Theodore Lowi, The End of Liberalism (New York: Norton, 1969).

  3. Nicholas Lemann, “Interest-Group Liberalism,” Washington Post, October 21, 1986.

  4. Alan Blinder, “Is Government Too Political?” Foreign Affairs, November/December 1997.

  5. Quoted in Aaron Timms, “The Sameness of Cass Sunstein,” New Republic, June 20, 2019; Cass Sunstein, How Change Happens (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019).

  6. James S. Henry, “The Price of Offshore Revisited,” Tax Justice Network, July 2012, cited in Robert Kuttner, Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism? (New York: W. W. Norton, 2018), p. 230.

  7. Jane Gravelle, “Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion,” Congressional Research Service, January 2015, cited in Kuttner, Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism?, p. 228.

  8. Kuttner, Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism?, p. 227.

  9. Quoted in Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, “How Do Populists Win?” Project Syndicate, May 31, 2019.

  10. Stephen S. Roach, “Outsourcing, Protectionism, and the Global Labor Arbitrage,” Morgan Stanley, November 11, 2003.

  11. Richard Dobbs et al., “The World at Work: Jobs, Pay, and Skills for 3.5 Billion People,” McKinsey Global Institute, January 2012.

  12. Susan Lund, James Manyika, Jonathan Woetzel, Jacques Bughin, Mekala Krishnan, Jeongmin Seong, and Mac Muir, “Globalization in Transition: The Future of Trade and Value Chains,” McKinsey Global Institute, January 2019. Source of statistics: “Country Comparison: GDP Per Capita (PPP),” The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html, accessed September 24, 2019.

  13. Michael Spence, “The Restructuring of the World,” Project Syndicate, September 27, 2018.

  14. Kevin B. Barefoot and Raymond J. Mataloni Jr., “U.S. Multinational Companies: Operations in the United States and Abroad Preliminary Results from the 2009 Benchmark Survey,” Survey of Current Business, November 2011; David Wessel, “U.S. Firms Keen to Add Foreign Jobs,” Wall Street Journal, November 22, 2011.

  15. Delia D. Aguilar, “Introduction,” in Delia D. Aguilar and Anne E. Lacsamana, eds., Women and Globalization (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2004), pp. 16–17, cited in Hester Eisenstein, Feminism Seduced: How Global Elites Use Women’s Labor and Ideas to Exploit the World (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2009), p. 17.

  16. David H. Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson, “The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade,” Annual Review of Economics 8, October 2016, pp. 205–40; Daron Acemoglu, David Autor, David Dorn, Gordon H. Hanson, and Brendan Price, “Import Competition and the Great U.S. Employment Sag of the 2000s,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 20395, August 2014.

  17. Michael W. L. Elsby, Bart Hobijn, and Aysegul Sahin, “The Decline of the U.S. Labor Share,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall 2013.

  18. Konstantin Kakaes, “The All-American iPhone,” MIT Technology Review, June 9, 2016.

  19. Intan Suwandi, R. Jamil Jonna, and John Bellamy Foster, “Global Commodity Chains and the New Imperialism,” Monthly Review, March 2019.

  20. Chance Miller, “Phone X Said to Cost Apple $357 to Make, Gross Margin Higher than iPhone 8,” 9to5mac.com, November 6, 2017.

  21. United States Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, “Subcommittee to Examine Offshore Profit Shifting and Tax Avoidance by Apple Inc.,” March 20, 2013.

  22. Nick Hopkins and Simon Bowers, “Apple Secretly Moved Parts of Empire to Jersey After Row Over Tax Affairs,” Guardian, November 6, 2017.

  23. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth Of Nations, Book VI, Chapter II, “Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society,” Part II, “Of Taxes,” Article II, “Taxes Upon Profit, or Upon the Revenue Arising from Stock,” Project Gutenberg ebook of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ebook #3300, accessed October 3, 2019, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm#chap11.

  24. Smith, An Inquiry, Book I, Chapter IX, “On the Profits of Stock.”

  25. Peter Mair, Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy (London: Verso, 2013), p. 1.

  26. Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C. Schmitter, “From National Corporatism to Transnational Pluralism: Organized Interests in the Single European Market,” Politics and Society, June 1, 1991.

  27. David Skelton, “Government of the Technocrats, by the Technocrats, for the Technocrats,” New Statesman, November 16, 2011; James Mackenzie, Diana Khyriakidou, “A Tale of Two Technocrats: Paths Diverge for Greece and Italy,” Reuters, February 3, 2012.

  28. David A. Kaplan, The Most Dangerous Branch: Inside the Supreme Court’s Assault on the Constitution (New York: Crown, 2018).

  29. Ran Hirschl, Towards Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 1, 15, 214.

  30. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

  31. Theda Skocpol, Rachael V. Cobb, and Casey Andrew Klofstad, “Disconnection and Reorganization: The Transformation of Civic Life in Late-Twentieth-Century America,” Studies in American Political Development 19, Fall 2005, pp. 137–56. See also Theda Skocpol, Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma P
ress, 2003).

  32. Ben Stein, “In Class Warfare, Guess Which Class Is Winning,” New York Times, November 26, 2006.

  CHAPTER FIVE: THE POPULIST COUNTERREVOLUTION FROM BELOW

  1. Matthew Goodwin, “Why National Populism Is Here to Stay,” New Statesman, October 3, 2018.

  2. Lee Drutman, “What Donald Trump Gets About the Electorate,” Vox, August 18, 2015.

  3. Matt Karp, “51 Percent Losers,” Jacobin, November 14, 2018.

  4. Thomas B. Edsall, “We Aren’t Seeing White Support for Trump for What It Is,” New York Times, August 28, 2019.

  5. “Germany’s Green Party Finds a Haven in Heidelberg,” DW.com, July 24, 2017.

  6. Vernon Briggs, “Illegal Immigration and the Dilemma of American Unions,” History News Network, March 7, 2011.

  7. U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, “Legal Immigration: Setting Priorities” (Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, 1996); U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, “Becoming an American: Immigration and Immigrant Policy” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, 1997).

  8. Quoted in Rhonda Fanning, “What Barbara Jordan & Current GOP Rhetoric Have in Common,” Texas Standard, February 16, 2016.

  9. Erik Ruark, “Misuse of Barbara Jordan’s Legacy on Immigration is Wrong, No Matter Who Does It,” NumbersUSA, January 17, 2019.

  10. Vernon M. Briggs Jr. Immigration and American Unionism (ILR Press, 2001).

  11. Phillip Connor and Jens Manuel Krogstad, “Immigration Might Be Out of Favour but ‘Outmigration’ Is Even More Unpopular,” World Economic Forum, December 12, 2018.

  12. Monthly Harvard CAPS / Harris Poll June 2018, cited in Jeff Faux, “Trump Is Laying a Trap for Democrats on Immigration,” The Nation, April 2, 2019.

  13. Lee Jones, “Labour’s Brexit Capitulation Is the End of Corbynism,” Brexit Blog, London School of Economics, July 17, 2019.

  14. The Editors, “Against Trump,” National Review, January 22, 2016.