by Chris Fowler
Aegina 648
aesthetics 160–2
age differences 160–2
in diet 373–6
in mortuary treatment 702, 898, 905, 932, 939, 990, 1013, 1014, 1029, 1032, 1040
see also children
agent-based modelling (ABM) 45
agriculture see farming
Ai Bunar 158
Aichbühl culture 997
Aichbühl 202
Ain Ghazal 263, 674
Ain Mallaha 178
Aiterhofen 640, 990
Ajdovska Jama cave 929, 944
Ajmana 929, 931, 932
Ajvide 366, 1014
Al Claus 703
Alcalar tombs 815
alcohol 609
Aldenhovener Platte 562
Alentejo region 608, 814, 917–20
Alepotrypa cave 386, 369, 370, 647, 929, 939
Alföld Linear Pottery Culture (AVK) 935, 937
Alfriston 1031
allées couvertes or allée sépulcrales 816, 1030, 1084
Almazaraque 260
Almhov 353
Almizaraque 695, 696
Alpine
foreland 13, 35, 103, 107, 396, 1056, 1064
jade/jadetite 16, 521, 522, 721
lake villages see lake villages, Alpine
region 29, 130, 294, 296, 297, 712, 714, 857, 1038
Alsónyék-Kanizsa-dűlő 929
Altheim 699, 767, 768, 775
Altheim culture 766, 767, 768, 997
Alvastra 438, 1016
amber 657–68, 718
amber beads 658–9, 661–8, 721
Amesbury archer 606, 613–14, 1098
Anatolia 180, 181, 184, 1053
domestic space 261–2
ancestors 43, 167, 221, 276, 453, 463–4, 489, 652, 701, 703, 747, 831, 905, 908, 978, 987, 1009, 1011–12,1033–4, 1040, 1084–5
ancient DNA (aDNA) 142–3, 545, 547, 833, 1078–9
domesticated animals 76, 122, 128, 393, 435, 437, 746, 1054
Iberia 224
LBK 103, 143, 1053–4
south-east Europe, Chalcolithic 76
Sweden (TRB and PWC) 216, 439
see also mtDNA
Anghelo Ruju 973–4
angle de chasse 484
animal husbandry see farming
animals
assemblages 431–4, 747–8
Baltic region 419–20
biographies 749–51
bones
in burials 927–8, 934–5, 936, 942, 943, 995
in caves 905
treatment 806
ceremonial consumption 754–5
classification 748–9
consumption changes 365–7
domestic see cattle; farming; goat; pig; sheep
figurines 623–4, 627–30
kept in caves 396
kept in houses 299
in lake settlements 294
as motifs on amber 658
in rock art 871, 877, 879, 885
sacred 747, 749
scavenging human remains 804, 1028, 1035
secondary produce (milk, wool, labour) 415
shell figurines 647–8
slaughtering 402
and social identity 751–5
and social status 745–56
south-eastern Europe 391–4
spatial division in settlements 302
subsistence practices with 389–90
Ukraine 416–19
wild 36, 81, 398, 401, 418–19, 746–7, 751
badger 419, 746
beaver 419, 439, 1032
boar see wild boar
brown bear 419, 747
in decorations 221, 849, 885, 1006
deer see deer
fox 392, 419, 747, 866
as grave goods 935, 943, 1024
hamsters 130
hares 392, 746
marten 392, 419
mice 130
otter 419, 439
pigmy shrews 130–1
remains 282, 413, 439, 898, 1057
seals 40, 363, 366, 419–20, 1074
spiritualism 936–7
voles 130, 470
wild cat 419
wildfowl 419, 1074
wild horse 416, 419, 439
wolf 419, 747
Anta de la Marquesa 918
Anta Grande de Zambujeiro 814
Antelas 815, 847
Antequera 914–15
anthropomorphic art
breasts 160, 627, 804, 807, 816, 830, 966, 972, 1037–8, 1039
hair 932, 964, 969, 971, 1036
engravings 865–7, 966, 972 see also statue-menhirs; statue-stelae;
figures on vessels 975
figurines 82, 536, 565, 622–5, 627–30, 776, 962–4, 976, 993, 1036, 1076
painted figures 845–6, 908, 972
pendants 971
phalli 160, 464, 807, 866, 906, 1039
‘plaque idols’ 977–8
vessels 622, 625
antimony 702, 703, 716, 717
antler sleeves 415
antler tools 506–7, 508, 943
Anza 386, 392
Anzabegovo 929, 930
Anzabegovo-Vršnik culture 540, 541
Aosta 701
Apulian Tavoliere 185
aquatic resources 370–1, 413, 417 see also lakeside settlements
Arbon-Bleiche 3 111, 292, 298, 302, 303, 753, 1057
archaeoastronomy 913–17
architecture
Anatolia 261–2
Cyprus 83, 264
Greece 257–259
Italy 259–60
see also enclosures; cursus monuments; houses; monuments; palisades; tombs
Arco 701
Arconciel/La Souche 197
Arenal de la Costa 387, 398
Arene Candide 185, 387, 395, 399, 400, 644, 961, 963
Armeau 435
Arnesano 906
Arnhofen 504
arrowheads
Bell Beaker 605, 611, 718
Britain and northern France 732, 1026, 1028, 1032
central Europe 199, 219, 768, 775
Mediterranean area 93, 699, 702, 904, 962, 969
Mesolithic 87, 346
on rock art 841, 850
Scandinavia 352, 354, 881
south-east Europe 73
arsenic 717
arsenical copper 695, 699, 716
art see decoration; anthropomorphic art; rock art; megalithic art
artefacts 15–17
aesthetics 160–2
copper age 162
copying between communities 11
in lake settlements 300
value and social status 75
Ascott-under-Wychwood 372
Aşikili Höyük 674
Asparn-Schletz 199, 994, 1060
astronomy 43, 911–23
enclosures as observatories 776–7
influence on architecture 104–6
Astuvansalmi 881
Aszód-Papi földek 929
Atting-Rinkam 275
aurochs 419–20, 435–6, 753, 806, 933 see also cattle
Ausevik 881, 882, 884
availability phase 217
Avgi 929
awls 678
amphibolite 517, 519, 520, 651
axes or axeheads 201–2
battle axes 115
miniatures shaped in amber 664–7
Britain 222–3
bronze 884
as carvings in rock art 873
copper 676, 678, 681, 683, 701–2
flat 699
deposition 525–7, 807
flint 515–27
functions 522–5
hammer axes (Pločnik) 678–9
hoards 681
Ireland 223
jade 1095
metal 720
miniature 524
polishing 523
social identity 527
southern Scandinavia 217
stone sources 506, 515–27
types 679
Azmak 929, 930
BAC see Battle Axe culture
Backstone Beck 880
Bad Abbach-Alkofen 767, 768
Badbury barrow 873
Baden 677
Baden culture 108, 111
Baden-Württemberg 996–7
Bagnolo 863, 864–5
Baia Hamangia 158
Balaci 681
Balbridie 329, 332, 336, 738
Balearic islands 185
Balfarg Riding School 598, 599
Balkan-Anatolian cultural complex 542
Balkans 158, 161–2, 184, 197
colonization 1052–3
communities 166–9
burials 934–41
farming 184
figurines 624
households 164
routines 449–50
shell exchange networks 651
shells 648
social networks 170
tell settlements 246
Ballaharra 1032
Ballygalley 330
Ballyglass 330, 338
Ballyharry 128
Ballymacaldrack 595
Ballymacdermot 824
Baltic Sea region
amber 657–8, 661, 1105
ceramics 8, 203, 206
isostatic rebound 42
metallurgy 712, 713
shell middens 216
subsistence practices 14, 216, 217–8, 366, 419–20, 439, 660
see also Scandinavia
Baltic Sea 40, 216, 363, 606, 658
Bandkeramik see Linearbandkeramik; Stichbandkeramik
Barbotine pottery 540
Barca 929
Bardal 878
Barkaer 346
barley 122, 126, 294, 390, 391, 395, 420
hulled 204
in the Aegean region 122
in Ireland 128
movement to Britain 127, 128
naked 396
Barnhouse 334, 470, 599
Barranc d’en Fabra 260
Barrow Hills 1031
Barsebäck 3 665
baskets 454, 506, 564, 841
Battle Axe culture (BAC) 348, 351–3, 355
flat graves 1013–14
see also middle Neolithic B
Battonya 640, 644–5
Bauma Serrat del Pont 387, 396
Baume d’Oulen 387, 400
Baume Ronze 387
Bautahøj 818
Bazoches 801
beads
amber 658–9, 661–8, 721
animal tooth 1014
clay 564
copper 674, 712, 941, 942, 944
fossil shell 1024
limestone 937, 942, 943, 944
metal 720
spondylus shell 642–50, 943, 989
variscite 815
Beaker pottery see Bell Beaker pottery
beer 609
Beaurieux, Aisne Valley 202, 996
Beckton 333
Bečmen 681
Bedburg-Garsdorf 435
Beek-Kerkeveld 492
Beijing 777
Bejsebakken 612
Bélesta 387
Belgium 126, 219–20, 1079
Bell Beaker culture 719
burials 611–12, 614
expansion 1098–9
pottery see Bell Beaker pottery
rock art 882–3
settlements 612–13
Bell Beaker metal 717
Bell Beaker Phenomenon (BBP) 605
archipelago 606–8
expansion 678
mobility 613–14
Bell Beaker pottery 114, 115, 581, 605–6, 609–10, 678, 694, 718
in burials 611–12
Ben Lawers 880
Benta Valley 1104
Berettyóújfalu-Herpály 244–5, 929, 936
Bergerac 488
Bernburg 640, 649
Beşenova Veche 929, 931
Beusterburg 767, 801
Bickse-Galagonyás 929, 936
Big Men societies 323
Biggar Common West 591, 594–5
bioarchaeological evidence 411–12
Bischheim culture 201–2
Bjärstamon 350
Bjerggårde 806
Björnsholm 345
Black Sea 40, 42, 639
Black Sea coast 417, 539, 935, 939, 944, 1059, 1097
Blackpatch 500
blade cores 492
blade production 483–8, 490–1
Blagotin 386, 393, 929, 930
Blandebjerg 579
Blasthill 592, 593
Blicquy culture 484
boats 41
Bocca Lorenza/Gurnitz 698
Bodrogkeresztúr complex 943
Bodrogkeresztúr-Kutyasor 929, 937
bog deposition 1017
bog surface wetness (BSW) 30–4
Boghead 335
Bogø 819
Bohemia 559
Bohemian cups 607
Boleráz pottery 111, 677
Boleráz-Cernavoda III 76
Bollbacken 350, 1015–16
Bømlo/Hespriholmen 522
bones see individual species (e.g. human bones); see also skulls
Bonu Ighinu culture 972
Borgeby 1013
bornite 703
Bosnia 72–3
Botoš 648, 929, 936
Bouco-Payrol 703
Bougon 1027, 1030
Boulder Borno 1 863, 864
boulders, rock art 865
bovids see cattle
Boyne Valley 877
Bozejewice 276
bracers 611
Breitenloo 292
Briar Hill 799, 805
Britain 222–3
anthropomorphic art 1038–9
axehead sources 517, 524
axehead deposition 525–6
Bell Beakers 607, 608, 610
bracers (wristguards) 611
causewayed enclosures see Britain, enclosures; causewayed enclosures
chambered tombs 822–5, 827–8
copper 717
dairying 441–2
deforestation 38
diet 40
domesticated plants and animals 127–8, 365, 373, 440–2, 1074–5
enclosures 795, 797, 800–1, 804–5, 806, 1075, 1085–6
fluvial activity 38
houses 13, 327–39
Mesolithic–Neolithic transition 221–3, 440
long barrows 464
monument complexes 465, 472 see also henges
mortuary practices 223, 610, 1027–9, 1031–2, 1035, 1084
movement of plants and animals from the continent 127–8, 222, 440
passage graves 472
petrology 516–17
pits 335, 730–741
plants 440–1
pottery 469, 586–99
settlement occupation 334–7, 736–7
rock art 872–4, 879–81, 886
tin ore 712
villages 334
wild species, role in subsistence 440–1, 747
Brittany
axeheads 202, 518, 524, 527, 815
long mounds 815
menhirs 527, 815
megalithic art 829, 860, 1036, 1039
Mesolithic burials in shell middens 221
monument complexes 43
passage graves 815
statue-menhirs 1038
stone rows 828
tombs 221
Brixlegg 201
Brochtorff Circle 970–1
Brockley 522
Brodzany-Nitra phase 943
Bronze Age
expansion 1093–6, 1099–108
pile dwellings 298–9
pits 730
rock art 858–9, 882–4
Broom Heath 736–7
Bruchsal-Aue 799, 805, 806, 996
Brunn am Gebirge-Wolfholz 556
Brunn-Wolfholz 278
Brześć Kujawski 640
Büdelsdorf 799, 803
Bu
g-Dniester culture 203, 204, 416
Bukovic 387, 397
Bulgaria 161, 391, 1076, 1103
cemeteries 491, 641, 934–5, 941, 945
Copper Age 73–4, 170, 675, 681
crops 390–1
figurines 622
house models 629
spondylus shell ornaments 646–7
tells 237
Bundsø/Lindø 579, 1018
Burgäschi/Ost 292
burials 337–9, 1084–5
age differentiation 168, 702, 898, 928, 932–3, 990–1, 1014, 1029, 1032, 1040
Atlantic France 221–2
Britain 223
in caves 898–901, 902–4, 906–8, 962, 992, 1036
Chalcolithic/Copper Age 167–9, 683–5, 694, 939–45, 961–2, 977
in chambered tombs (entombment) 19, 814–28, 830–3, 962, 970, 1040
disarticulated 831, 962, 970, 998, 1008, 1027
disturbance 1012, 1030
individual/intact burial 830–1, 1008, 1009–10, 1012, 1026
collective/multiple/successive burial 816, 830, 962, 970, 998, 1008–9, 1026–7, 1030, 1040
re-arrangement of bones 822, 831, 962, 1011, 1026–7
removal of bones 1008, 1011, 1012, 1027, 1084
of children 88, 455, 611, 898, 900, 932–3, 936, 941, 942, 943–4, 960, 1013, 1040
of cremated remains 92, 216, 350, 464, 465, 610, 799, 900, 934, 938, 944, 991, 1015, 1027–8, 1029
Scandinavia 1015
single burial deposits 1032
in ditches 782, 784
double burials in graves 936, 1013
re-arrangement of bones 1013–14
removal of bones 1014
around houses 960, 992
within houses 181–2, 976
at enclosures 776, 805, 993, 996, 998, 1015–16, 1034–5
excarnation/exposure before burial 782, 805, 975, 996, 1028, 1031, 1040
disarticulation before burial 804–5, 1031 see also human bone
flexed 263, 610, 931, 934–6, 939, 941, 942, 944–5, 1032
fragmentation 991–4
gender differentiation 12, 610–11, 936–7, 942, 946, 962, 990–1,1101, 1104
grave goods see grave goods
Greece 258
Iberian peninsula 972–9
integrity of bodies 1023
Italy 260, 960–9
LBK 988–94
Lengyel culture 201
Levant region 263
under long barrows or long mounds (unchambered) 1026, 1031
Low Countries 220
Maltese islands 970–1
mass burial 977, 991–2, 994
Mediterranean 181–2
Michelsberg culture 202
in mines 1036
multiple burials in graves 220, 221, 702, 931, 943, 989, 996, 1032
north western Europe 1023–41
northern Europe 1005–19
personhood 988–1000
position of body in grave 937–8, 941, 942, 944–6, 1026
presentation of bodies 1023–4
representation of bodies 1024, 1036–9
rock art in 883
in rock-cut tombs 962, 971
under round barrows (unchambered) 1007, 1032, 1085
Sardinia and Corsica 971–2
secondary burial 258, 537, 563, 831, 898, 992, 998, 1009, 1012, 1015
single burials in graves 971, 989–90, 1013, 1024–6, 1029, 1031–2, 1040
south eastern Europe 927–48