Crown & Country: A History of England Through the Monarchy

by Starkey, David

  Nevertheless, it remains as true as it always was that human beings are not motivated only by money. They may even, as with increasing numbers of our new rich, want to give it away in prodigious quantities. But if the state and civil service won’t recognize this, who will? And who will encourage and honour those who do? And shape, inspire and coordinate their efforts? The answer, surely, is the monarchy.

  And with Charles we have, for the first time since Prince Albert in the nineteenth century or the young George III in the eighteenth, a royal patron who does aspire to ‘direct the voluntary side of social life’; who dares to talk of ‘real intellectual effort and eminence’, and, above all, who puts his money where his mouth is.

  A recent example is the rescue of Dumfries House. The house is that rarest of things: a noble Georgian mansion still furnished with the fixtures and fittings that were designed and made for it by the most eminent cabinetmakers of the day, including the great Thomas Chippendale himself. The state-funded heritage bodies laboured for years but were unable to come up with a solution that would save the house for the nation. Then, at the eleventh hour, and only weeks before a sale that would have dispersed the collection for ever, Charles cut the Gordian knot. And he did so by borrowing £20 million. The security was the assets of one of his charities; and the sum will be paid off by the development of a Scottish Poundbury – a model village, built in the Lowland vernacular style, on a site adjacent to the estate.

  So not only have quangocrat heads been banged together, circles have also been squared and conservation and high culture will be combined with the economic regeneration of a depressed area. Only the prince could have done it. For only he has the necessary combination of social and economic power and imagination to pull it off.

  A leading member of the prince’s staff describes this as ‘charitable entrepreneurship’. And its heart is the core group of charities known as the Prince’s Charities. The prince raises their funding – £110 million each year – and sets their main areas of activity. These include ‘opportunity and enterprise, education, health, the built environment, responsible business, the natural environment and the arts’. Most are leaders in their field; they venture into areas where others dare not and blaze trails that others – in particular, state organizations – follow. The outstanding example is the Prince’s Trust. This helps disadvantaged young people into employment to become worthwhile members of society. Most of its clients have done badly at school, are poor and come from broken homes. But, above all, they are poor in aspiration. The Prince’s Trust uses a wide variety of techniques including individual mentoring to give them confidence to help themselves. Its rate of success is striking and politicians – New Labour and Newer Tories alike – strive to learn from it and emulate it.

  Here, then, is a new kingdom of the mind, spirit, culture and values which is not unworthy of a thousand-year-old throne.

  Index

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  Abell, Thomas 292–3

  Abdication, Act of (1936) 484

  absolute monarchy: as a divine right 302; Charles I and 331, 333; Civil War and 361; Edward II and 221; French model of 269, 274, 367, 378, 379, 438, 440; Henry VIII and 274, 276, 277–8, 293; James I and 328; limited monarchy and, differences between 269–70; Mary I and 310; modern monarchy and 378; Roman 5, 6; William of Orange and 378, 380

  Accession Council 457, 487

  Addison, Joseph 422

  Adela of Blois, Princess 149

  Adelard of Bath 144

  Adeliza, Queen 148, 159

  Adrian IV, Pope 177, 178

  Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia 88

  Ælfgifu, Queen of Northampton 72, 75, 77

  Ælfheah of Canterbury, Saint 72

  Ælfthryth, Queen of Wessex 65

  Æthelbald, King of Mercia 36, 37

  Æthelbald, King of Wessex 45, 46, 58

  Æthelberg, Queen of Northumbria 34

  Æthelberht, King of Wessex 46

  Æthelbert, King of Kent, bretwalda of England 28, 29, 30–1, 32, 33, 34, 37, 55

  Æthelflaed, Queen of Mercia 55

  Æthelfrith, King of Northumbria 33, 34

  Æthelred II ‘the Unready’, King 65–6, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 122

  Æthelred, King of Wessex 46, 47, 50

  Æthelstan, King 60–1

  Æthelweard (ealdorman chronicler) 75

  Æthelwine, Bishop of Durham 110

  Æthelwulf, King of Wessex 42, 45–6, 58

  Agatha, Princess (wife of Edward the Exile) 90, 107

  Agincourt, battle of (1451) 247, 283, 408

  Agricola, General Gnaeus Julius 9, 22

  Aidan of Lindisfarne, Saint 34

  Ailred of Rievaulx, Abbot 168

  Alaric the Goth 11

  Alban, Saint 19

  Albert, Prince 458–9, 460, 461–2, 465, 466–7, 468, 490, 491, 499

  Alcuin of York 40, 41

  Alexander II, Pope 111

  Alexander III, King of Scotland 217

  Alexander III, Pope 178, 186, 187, 190

  Alexandra, Queen 475–6, 480, 488, 497

  Alfred the Great, King xix, 44–5, 46–7, 48–9, 50, 51–9, 60, 62, 63, 74, 114, 115, 119, 287, 429

  Alfred Ætheling 76, 77, 87

  Aliens Act (1705) 411

  Amalia, Princess Dowager 368

  America 3, 12, 162, 398, 412, 414, 424, 429, 434–9, 441, 442, 444, 455; Boston Tea Party (1773) 436; Constitution 3, 23; Continental Congress 12, 436, 437, 438; French fight British in 399, 414; Stamp Act, 1765 and 434–5; Scottish trade with 412; War of Independence (1175–83) 419, 437–9, 441, 442, 455

  Angevin Empire 151, 159, 173, 193, 195, 197, 212, 246

  Angles 18, 20, 29, 55, 60, 61

  Anglo-Normans see Normans

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The 5, 18, 58, 59, 60–1, 62, 64, 69–70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77–8, 79, 82–3, 84–6, 90, 91, 93, 103, 104, 105, 107, 119–20, 122, 124, 126, 128–9, 131, 146, 153, 167–8, 172

  Anglo-Saxons 12–97, 136–7, 210; arms, importance of 23–4; aristocracy 63, 66, 110, 114–15, 131, 164, 197, 236; birth of Anglo-Saxon monarchy 26–7; burial sites 25–6; chose/‘elect’ kings 24, 32; Christianity, conversion to 28–32, 58; consensual monarchy 24, 104–5; cynehelm (helmet of the people) 27; English Common Law 21, 132, 256; eradicate Romanized Britain 4, 20–1, 28; feudalism 114–15, 119, 442; Fürstengräber (‘princely graves’) 24–5; language 5, 19, 21, 59; law 32, 70, 73, 92, 232, 393; pagan 27–32, 33, 35, 36; political system 21, 50–1, 63, 66, 69–70, 71, 73–4, 75–6, 84–5, 97; Saxon Conquest see Saxon Conquest; society 21, 22–4; wealth increases extremes of rich and poor 24–5; witan (council) 47, 50, 56, 58, 66, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 82, 85, 87, 104, 117, 130

  Anjou 102, 103, 117, 135, 151, 152, 157, 177, 194, 195, 196, 199, 246

  Anjou, House of xii-xiii, 151–2, 157, 165–6, 170, 171, 172, 173–274

  Anne, Queen 388, 389, 391–2, 398, 399, 405–10, 411, 412, 413–15, 416, 471

  Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury 127–8, 131, 133, 146, 281

  Antoinette, Marie 438

  Appeal from the Country to the City, An 373–4Apollinaris, Sidonius 14

  Aquitaine 178, 194, 195, 246

  Arthur I of Brittany, Duke 197

  Arthur, King 227, 229, 282, 285, 286, 462

  Arthur, Prince of Wales (son of Henry VII) 275, 277, 280

  Articles of Accusation (1327) 225, 226

  Ashingdon Minster 72

  Asquith, Herbert 477

  Asser 46, 56–7

  Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (‘Defence of the Seven Sacraments’) (Henry VIII) 287, 295

  Athaulf, Visigothic King 20

  Athelney 48–50, 51, 53

  Attainder, Act of 381

  Attlee, Clement 486

  Augustine (Italian monk) 30, 31, 32, 34, 37

  Augustus, Emperor 7<
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  Aurelianus, Ambrosius 19

  Badestone, Lord 231

  Baldwin V of Flanders, Count 46, 77, 102

  Baldwin, Stanley 483, 484

  Balliol, John 217, 218

  Balmoral Castle, Scotland 483

  Bank of Amsterdam 364, 403

  Bank of England 402–3, 424

  Bannockburn, battle of (1314) 224, 229

  Barbarica conspiratio (‘The Conspiracy of the Barbarians’) 10, 15

  Barnet, battle of (1471) 265

  barons: Edward I and 214, 215, 216; of the Exchequer 143, 144; Henry II and 175, 196; Henry III and 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212; John and 199, 200–1, 202, 203; Magna Carta and 201–2, 209; Norman 121, 132, 156, 157, 199; birth of Parliament and 209–12; required to demolish unlicensed castles, ‘Treaty of Winchester’ 175; Stephen and 156, 157, 166

  Barry, Charles 462

  Bashir, Martin 494

  Basset, Ralph 146

  ‘bastard feudalism’ 256–7

  Bath 19, 62–4, 65, 160, 176–7

  Bath peace conference (1140) 160

  Bayeux Tapestry 79, 86, 91, 106

  BBC 482–3

  Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Warwick 250

  Beaufort, Edmund 250

  Beaufort, Margaret 262, 272, 273, 275

  Becket, Thomas 174–5, 180–1, 184, 185–92, 193, 194, 212, 244

  Beckford, William 433

  Bede 4, 12–13, 17–18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 56, 58, 60, 104, 134

  Bellême, Robert of, Earl of Shrewsbury 137–8, 141, 176

  Benedict, Saint 62, 63

  Beorhtric, King of Wessex 42

  Beorn, Earl 81

  Beornwulf, King of Mercia 42

  Beowulf 25–6

  Bertha, Queen of Kent 29, 30, 31, 33

  Berwick-on-Tweed, battle of (1640) 336

  Bigod, Hugh, Earl of Norfolk 169

  Bill of Rights (1689) 394, 395, 452

  Biscop, Bishop Benedict 13

  Black Death 232, 236, 242

  Blenheim, battle of (1704) 398, 408, 411

  Bluetooth, Harold 66, 69

  Boer War (1880–81) 474

  Boethius 58

  Boleyn, Anne 288, 289, 290–1, 293, 294, 298, 304

  Bonaparte, Napoleon 446, 447–9, 452

  Bond of Association (1584) 318

  Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury 207

  Boniface, Saint 36

  boroughs, establishment of English 54–5

  Boston Tea Party (1773) 436

  Bosworth, battle of (1485) 273–4, 281

  Boudicca, Queen 8

  Bouvines, battle of (1214) 200

  Brémule, battle of (1119) 138–9, 140, 147

  Brétigny, Treaty of (1360) 232

  Bride’s Ale Revolt (1075) 113, 114

  Bridgnorth Castle 137–8, 139, 156, 175–6

  Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of Money (Josiah Child) 363–4

  Bristol Castle 162

  Britain: Anglo-Saxon 12–97; Empire 357–462; modern 465–500; Norman xii, xx, 19, 50, 59, 68, 69, 72, 77, 79, 81, 83, 86, 91–2, 93, 94, 96–7, 101–72, 199, 216, 229, 231, 232, 243, 251, 256, 278, 378; Roman 3–12; union of England and Scotland 322–9, 419–13, 415, 416, 428, 450 see also England; Scotland; Wales

  Britannia (Roman Britain) 4, 5–12, 15, 20–1, 28, 33, 36, 43, 50, 53, 64

  British Council of the cities 12

  Brito, Richard 192

  Britons 33

  Brittany, Alan, Count of 158

  Brittany 103, 117, 158, 194, 195, 199, 266, 270, 273, 275

  Bruce, Robert the 217, 220, 223–4

  Brunanburgh, battle of (937) 60, 61, 67

  Buchanan, George 323, 325, 327

  Buckingham Palace, London 451, 467, 472, 477, 478, 483, 485, 486, 492

  Bunting, Hugo 214–15

  Burgh, Hubert de, 1st Earl of Kent 203, 204, 207

  Burghal Hidage 54

  burhs (fortified settlements) 54–5, 59, 73, 84, 90

  Burke, Edmund 442–3, 446, 449, 454

  Burnet, Gilbert 396

  Byng, Admiral 439

  Byrhtnoth 67

  Byzantium 26, 27

  Cade, Jack 252

  Caerleon, Dr Lewis 272–3

  Caernarfon Castle, Wales 213, 216

  Caesar, Julius 6–7, 349

  Calvinism 368, 399, 400

  Cambridge University 291, 292

  Canada 431, 432, 434, 474, 482

  Canterbury 29, 31, 33, 37, 81, 131, 154, 184, 187, 192, 193, 194, 267 see also under individual archbishop of

  Carausius 14

  Carlos II, King of Spain 406

  Caroline of Ansbach, Queen 421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 432, 445–6, 448, 453, 496

  Cassivellaunus 6–7

  Catherine of Aragon, Queen 282, 283, 284, 286–7, 288, 289, 292, 294, 295, 298, 304

  Catherine of Braganza, Queen 148, 369–70, 375

  Catherine of Valois, Queen 247, 248, 250

  Catuvellauni 7, 8

  Cecil, Sir William 312–13, 314, 315, 316, 318–19, 321–2

  Celts 15, 33, 34–5, 140

  Cenwulf, King of Mercia 41, 42, 49, 58

  Chamberlain, Joseph 471

  Chamberlain, Neville 485

  charitable works 479–80, 497–500

  Charlemagne, Emperor 39, 40, 42, 46, 58

  Charles I, King xix, 85, 261, 330–9, 340, 341, 342–7, 350, 351, 355, 359, 360–1, 367–8, 371, 377, 384, 392, 440

  Charles II, King 79, 148, 347–9, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360–3, 364, 365, 366–7, 369–70, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 384, 393, 400, 422, 440, 450

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 292, 295, 305

  Charles VI, King of France 247, 250

  Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’) 427–8

  Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor 46

  Charles, Prince of Wales 491, 493–4, 495–500

  Charlotte of Hanover, Princess 446

  Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen 433, 443

  Chatham dockyard 431

  Chippendale, Thomas 499

  chivalry 139–40, 141, 149, 159, 170, 195, 197, 227, 228, 234, 462, 478

  Chlorus, Constantine 15

  Chronicle (Adam of Usk) 243

  Chroniques (Jean Froissart) 228, 230–1

  Church: Anglo-Saxon conversion to Christianity 28–32, 58; Queen Anne and 406, 407; Archbishop of Canterbury as head of 38; birth of English 29–33; ‘canon’ law 181, 184, 190; Celtic and Roman Christianity clash within Anglo-Saxon Britain 34–5; Charles and Camilla wedding, role in 495; Charles I and 333–4, 335, 337, 339, 340, 341; Charles II and 356, 361, 362, 366, 368; church building 66, 86, 204 see also under individual church name; Church of England 293, 299, 300, 309, 314–15, 319, 321, 322, 327, 330, 333, 362, 368, 370, 371, 376, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385–6, 387, 396, 420, 483, 495, 496; Civil War and 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455; Clarendon Code 362, 367, 368; clerical jobs filled by clergyman/‘criminous clerks’ 182, 189–90, 191; Constitutions of Clarendon 191; Convocation 293–4, 377; Council of Tours, 1163 187–8; Councils of the English Church 15, 34, 38, 40, 111–12, 159, 162, 164, 184; Covenanters 334, 335, 337, 344, 375; Easter 80, 399; Edict of Nantes (1598) 383, 386; Edward VI and 302, 303, 304, 306; Elizabeth I and 314–15, 319, 321–2; English monarch as Supreme Head of English Church/ Henry VIII breaks with Rome 295–9, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 333, 337, 355, 360, 370, 378, 379, 395, 396, 397; Exclusion Bill Crisis and 370, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381; George I and 420; Henry I and 130, 131, 140; Henry II and 180, 181–92, 193; Henry III and 204, 206, 207, 208; Henry VIII and 283, 284, 287–99, 300, 301, 302; influence reaches height within England during reign of Stephen 158–9, 183–4; James I and 326–7, 330; James II and 370, 376, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385; John and 199–200, 201; Magna Carta and 20; Mary I a
nd 309, 310, 311; monasteries 13, 29, 34, 35, 36, 43, 62–3, 65, 89, 109, 110, 120, 121, 165, 181, 184, 187, 190, 207, 228, 296–7, 299; Normanisation of English 111–12; Offa and 38; pagan Anglo-Saxons and 27–32; Prince Charles and 495, 496, 497; Protestant Reformation 287, 299, 301, 303, 306, 334, 340, 360, 399, 493; Protestantism 287, 299, 301–28, 331–4, 340, 342, 360, 361, 362, 367, 368, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391, 394, 395, 396, 400, 406, 408–11, 421, 445, 452; Puritans 326, 327, 333–4, 337, 339, 341, 344, 351, 443, 473; Richard III and 239; Roman 15, 29, 30, 31; Stephen and 155–6, 158, 159, 163, 170, 183–4; structure of English worked out 32–3; Supremacy, Act of Royal (1534) 295–9, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 333, 337, 355, 360, 370, 378, 379, 395, 396, 397; Test Act, 1673 and 370–1, 384–5, 386; William II and 121, 127–8, 129; William the Conqueror and 111–12

  Church of England 293–9, 309, 314, 319, 321, 322, 323, 327, 330, 333, 362, 368, 370, 371, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385–6, 387, 396, 420, 483, 495, 496 see also Church

  Churchill, John, Lord, Duke of Marlborough 391–2, 398, 402, 407, 408, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 421, 427

  Churchill, Sarah 391–2, 398, 407, 413, 414

  Churchill, Winston 433, 484, 485, 486

  Civil List 402, 425

  Civil War (1642–51) 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455

  Civil War, Second (1648–49) 345–6

  civil wars 5, 7, 75, 77, 82, 85, 92, 93, 154–72, 175, 176, 183, 195, 201, 203, 205, 206, 212, 224–5, 234, 252, 254–5, 280, 316, 324, 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455

  Clare family 129

  Clarence House 451

  Clarendon Code 362, 367, 368

  Claudius, Emperor 7, 8, 30

  Clement VII, Pope 289

  Clive of India, Robert, 1st Baron Clive 431

  Cloth of Estate 395

  Clotilda, Queen 28

  Clovis, King 28, 29

  Cnut, King 69, 71–4, 75, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 114, 132, 165

  Cobham, Richard Temple, Viscount 426–7

  Cogidubnus, King 8

  coinage 38–9, 40, 54, 63, 71, 79, 88, 145–7, 166–7, 246, 352, 429