Crown & Country: A History of England Through the Monarchy

by Starkey, David

  Coleman, Edward 372

  Cologne 390–1

  Columba, Saint 34

  Commonwealth of Dominions 437, 487, 488, 492

  Commonwealth of England 346, 347–56, 396

  Companions of Honour 479

  Congress of Berlin (1878) 470

  Congress of Vienna (1815) 402

  Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 73, 77

  Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius) 58

  Constantine, Emperor 15

  constitutional ideas: 1014 settlement, Æthelred 69–70, 71; 1016 settlement, Oxford witan 73–4; Anglo-Saxon 21, 50–1, 63, 66, 69–70, 71, 73–4, 75–6, 84–5, 97; Bill of Rights (1689) 394, 395, 452; Church and see Church; Coronation Charter, Henry I 131, 132; limited monarchy 268–70, 277–8; machinery to depose a crowned monarch, lack of 225; Magna Carta 3, 69, 70, 132, 201–2, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 211, 218, 219, 234, 277, 294; Parliament, birth of 209–10 see also Parliament; Petition of Right (1628) 70; Provisions of Oxford (1258) 210, 211; Reform Act (1832) 455–6, 459, 477, 496; Reform Act, Second (1867) 467; William the Conqueror’s coronation and (1066) 104–5

  Constitutions of Clarendon 191

  Conteville, Herliun de 105

  Cooper, Anthony Ashley ‘Tapski’, Earl of Shaftesbury 373, 374, 376, 377

  Cornish rebellion (1496) 276–7

  Cornwall 52, 159, 172, 276–7

  Cornwallis, Lord 439

  Coronation Chair 352, 497

  Coronation of His Most Sacred Majesty King George the Fourth, The (Sir George Nayler) 449

  coronation rituals 88; Alfred the Great 55–6; Charles I 330–1; Charles II 356; Cromwell 35; crowns 27, 38, 46, 62, 88, 126, 235–6, 261, 274, 279, 296, 302, 321, 325, 327–8, 330, 339, 340, 347, 352, 356, 373, 466, 468, 473, 476, 489; Edgar 63–4, 65, 176; Edward I 214; Edward II 221; Edward the Confessor 80, 91; Edward VI 302; Edward VII 473, 474; Edward VIII 483; Elizabeth II 488–90; first coronation of an English queen 46; George I 421; George IV 448–9, 450; Henry I and 130–1; Henry II 172; Henry III 192, 202; Henry VI 249; James II 379; Matilda 164; oath 55, 130–1, 221, 225, 302, 352, 395–6; Prince Charles 496–7; regalia and 26–7, 108, 218, 330–1, 356, 446, 450, 497; Richard II 235–6; Stephen 154; Victoria 466; William II 121; William III 399; William IV 452; William the Conqueror 104–5, 111

  Council of the English Church 38, 111, 159, 183, 187, 187, 190

  Council of Tours (1163) 187–8

  Countances, Walter de 197

  courts of law 9, 50, 51, 52, 68, 73, 90, 114, 118, 119, 169, 184, 190, 191, 217, 218, 345–6, 388, 412, 453

  Covenanters 334, 335, 337, 344, 375

  Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 291, 293, 294–5, 297, 302, 303, 304, 306, 310, 311, 313, 395

  Crécy, battle of (1346) 230–1

  Cromwell, General Oliver 339–53, 355, 360, 362, 363, 373, 374, 376, 410, 414, 497

  Cromwell, Richard 353

  Cromwell, Thomas 57

  crowns 27, 38, 46, 62, 88, 126, 235–6, 261, 302, 327–8, 352, 468; Imperial Crown of England 261, 274, 279, 296, 302, 321, 325, 330, 339, 340, 347, 356, 373, 466, 473, 474, 476; St Edward’s Crown 473, 476, 489; St Stephen Crown of Hungary 88

  Crusades 123, 133, 152, 196–7, 206, 209, 210, 214

  Cullinan Diamond 474, 476

  Culloden, battle of (1746) 428

  Curthose, Robert 116–17, 120, 121, 123, 124, 133, 134, 135

  Cuthred, King of Kent 41

  cynehelm (helmet of the people) 27, 38, 46

  Danegeld 67, 73, 77, 108

  Danelaw 70, 92

  Darnley, Henry, Lord 322

  David I, King of Scotland 150, 156, 164, 166, 169, 170, 176

  De Bello Gallico (The Gallic War) (Julius Caesar) 6

  De Reditu Suo (‘On his Return’) (Namatianus) 11

  De Revières, Baldwin 156

  de Say, William 169

  Declaration of Breda, The (1660) 355, 361, 362

  Declaration of Independence, American (1776) 438

  Declaration of Indulgence (1672) 367, 370

  Declaration of Indulgence (1688) 386–7

  Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) 442

  Decretum (Gratian) 184

  Deerhurst priory, Gloucestershire 242

  Delhi Durbar 476

  Denmark 18, 43, 66–7, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 88, 95, 108, 117, 331, 388, 391, 439

  Denny, Sir Anthony 89

  Despenser, Hugh 224, 225

  Dettingen, battle of (1743) 429

  Diana, Princess 484, 493–4, 495

  diarchy 172

  Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy, The (Sir John Fortescue) 268–70

  Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth 468

  Dimbleby, Jonathan 493–4

  Dimbleby, Richard 489–90

  Disraeli, Benjamin 469, 470

  divorce 481, 482; Charles and Diana 494, 495–6; George VI 448; Henry VIII 288–95, 293, 294–5, 300, 304, 370; Mordaunt case 468

  Domesday Book 50, 108, 117–19

  Donald III Bane, King 124, 125

  Dover, Treaty of (1670) 366–7

  Dover Castle 106

  Drake, Sir Francis 429

  Dudley, Edmund 281

  Dumfries House 499

  Duncan, King of Scotland 91

  Duncan II, King of Scotland 124

  Dunstan, Saint 62, 63, 64

  Durham 107–8, 110, 112, 121, 123, 127

  Durham Castle 107–8

  Durham Cathedral 112

  Dutch Republic 360, 363–4, 365–6, 367, 369, 374, 376, 377, 378, 380, 386, 389, 390, 394, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407–8, 412, 414, 420

  Dutch Revolt 367

  Dyck, Anthony van 331

  Dyrham, battle of (571) 19

  Eadbert, King of Kent 41

  Eadred, King 60, 61

  Eadsige, Archbishop of Canterbury 80, 81

  Eadwig, King 61–2

  Ealdgyth, Queen 94

  ealdorman 49, 50–1, 52, 55, 58, 63, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75

  Ealdred, Archbishop of York 90, 103, 104, 105, 107, 112

  East Anglia 26–7, 33, 34, 36, 37, 42, 44, 46, 47, 56, 58, 74, 80, 88, 109, 168

  Easter 28, 34, 52, 80, 303–4, 399–400

  Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Bede) 4, 12–13, 17–18, 58

  Ecgfrith, King of Mercia 38, 40, 41

  Edgar the Æthling 71, 71, 90, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 123, 124, 125, 132, 133, 176–7

  Edgar I, King of Scotland 125

  Edgar, King 62, 63–4, 65

  Edgehill, battle of (1642) 347

  Edict of Nantes (1598) 383, 386

  Edinburgh Castle 450

  Edington, battle of (878) 52–3

  Edith, Queen (wife of Edward the Confessor) 80, 81, 85, 93

  Edith-Matilda, Queen (wife of Henry I) 132–3, 136, 141, 148

  Edmund I, King 60–1, 62

  Edmund II, King 70, 71, 72, 90

  Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 252, 253, 254

  Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster 243

  Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 234

  Edward I, King 213–20, 221, 227, 228, 242, 243, 256, 349

  Edward II, King 213, 217, 221–6, 228, 238, 244, 246, 264

  Edward III, King 45, 213, 225, 226–33, 234, 235, 236, 244, 247, 252, 266

  Edward IV, King 254, 255, 257, 263–8, 270, 495

  Edward V, King 262, 263, 264–5, 266, 270–2, 275, 277

  Edward VI, King 298–307, 308, 311, 395

  Edward VII, King 459, 466, 471–6, 480, 483, 488, 492, 497–8

  Edward VIII, King 480–5, 494, 496

  Edward ‘the Confessor’, King 76, 77–8, 79–87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 102, 105, 110, 113, 114, 126, 128, 130–1, 132, 145, 204, 212, 213, 235, 239, 242, 245, 330, 393

  Edward the Elder, King 60, 62

  Edward the Exile, King 88, 90, 103

  Edward, Prince (son of Henry III) 210, 211

  Edward, Saint 65, 76


  Edward, the Black Prince 232, 234, 235, 237, 247

  Edwin, Earl of Mercia 92, 94, 95, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110

  Edwin, King of Northumbria, bretwalda of England 34, 35

  Egbert, King of Wessex 41–2, 45, 50, 51, 52, 58

  Egbert’s Stone 51, 52

  Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen 171, 194

  Eleanor of Provence, Queen 206–7

  Elgar, Edward 473–4

  Elizabeth I, Queen xix, 58, 226, 266, 295, 300, 301, 306, 308, 312–18, 319, 320, 321–5, 326, 327, 329, 331, 332, 376, 398, 399, 427, 429, 457, 469

  Elizabeth II, Queen 64, 465, 482, 487–94

  Elizabeth, the Queen Mother (Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon) 481, 485, 491, 494

  Elizabeth Woodville, Queen 263–4, 267, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 495

  Elizabeth of York, Queen 273, 274, 277, 278, 298

  Ely 109, 110, 112, 127, 168, 353

  Emma of Normandy, Queen 68–9, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82

  Empson, Sir Richard 281

  Encomium Emmae Reginae 78

  England: administrative unity imposed on 61, 66; Anglo-Saxon 12–97; army 53–4, 73, 83, 88, 137, 215, 342–4, 348, 356; barbarian raids into 9, 10, 12, 15; birth of 3, 33, 59; birth of idea of 3, 12, 19, 55–9; boroughs 54; British kings in Roman times 8–9; Church and see Church; civil wars 5, 7, 75, 77, 82, 85, 92, 93, 154–72, 175, 176, 183, 195, 201, 203, 205, 206, 212, 224–5, 234, 252, 254–5, 280, 316, 324, 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455; Commonwealth of Dominions 437, 487, 488, 492; Commonwealth of England 346, 347–56, 396; diarchy 172; Empire 357–462; enforced passivity makes target for barbarian invaders 4–5; frontiers of 19; great council 117–18, 150, 155, 177, 191, 197, 198, 205, 210, 226, 318–19, 328; hundreds 50, 51, 52, 55, 61, 73, 90, 118, 119; immigration into 20; justice system 21, 50, 73, 132, 179–80, 181, 184, 189, 201, 232, 256, 277, 345; languages of 5, 19–20, 32, 56–7, 59, 96, 97, 228, 232; modern 465–500; navy 53, 69, 75, 332, 340, 402, 429, 430, 431, 439, 451; Norman xii, xx, 19, 50, 59, 68, 69, 72, 77, 79, 81, 83, 86, 91–2, 93, 94, 96–7, 101–72, 199, 216, 229, 231, 232, 243, 251, 256, 278, 378; Parliament see Parliament; Roman invasion and occupation of 3–12, 14, 15, 20–1, 28, 30, 39, 40, 43; shires 50, 51, 55, 61, 73, 90, 118; taxes see taxes; trade 20, 25, 39, 54, 61, 229, 230, 363, 376, 386 401, 411–12, 424, 429, 441, 447, 461; unification of 59, 61, 62–3; union with Scotland 322–9, 419–13, 415, 416, 428, 450; urbanization of 54–5; war, defines itself through 228, 233, 246

  English Book of Common Prayer (1549) 303, 304, 334, 490

  English Book of Common Prayer (1552) 306, 314, 334

  eorl (‘earls’) 74

  Eton College 251

  Eugenius III, Pope 170

  Eustace II of Boulogne, Count 81

  Eustace IV of Boulogne, Count 165, 170, 172

  Evelyn, John 356, 383

  Evesham, battle of (1265) 212

  Exclusion Bill Crisis, 1678–1681 370–1, 374, 375–7, 380, 381

  Exeter 48, 106–7, 156, 304, 391

  Fabian Society 498

  Fawkes, Guy 326

  feudalism 90, 114–15, 119, 125, 135, 167, 217, 256–7, 442

  Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520 285

  Finglesham, East Kent 25, 26

  First Crusade 123

  First World War (1914–18) 465, 477–8, 481

  Fitzcount, Brian 159, 166, 169

  fitzNigel, Richard 142, 143

  FitzOsbern, William 105, 113

  fitzUrse, Reginald 192

  fitzWimarch, Robert 93

  Flambard, Ranulf 127, 132, 133, 168

  Flanders 46, 77, 82, 93, 102, 107, 110, 135, 194, 200

  Fontenoy, battle of (1745) 427

  Forest Laws 122, 128–9, 132

  Forkbeard, Swein 69, 71

  Fortescue, Sir John 268–70, 274, 276, 277–8

  Foxe, John 309, 383

  Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (John Foxe) 309, 383

  France 4, 20, 27, 117, 138–9, 171, 196, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 242, 331, 427; absolute monarchy 269, 274, 276, 364–5, 377, 378, 415; Anne and 398, 399; Charles I and 331, 332; Charles II and 347, 364–7, 368, 379; colonial empire 430–1; Commune 467; ‘Days of July’ 452; Edward I and 213, 214, 216, 218; Edward III and 229, 230–3, 235; Edward VII and 474; Entente cordiale 474; Forest Law 128; Gaul 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 28, 29, 30, 43; George I and 420; George II and 427, 430–1; George III and 434, 438; Henry I and 135, 136, 138–9, 147, 171; Henry II and 177, 179, 194, 196; Henry III and 204, 206; Henry V and 246–8; Henry VI and 249–50, 251, 252, 253; Henry VII and 275–6, 279, 280; Henry VIII and 282–7; James I and 379, 380, 383; John and 197, 200; Queen Anne and 398, 399, 406, 408, 412, 414–16; Merovingian 26, 27; Redwald and 27; Revolution 440–3, 444, 445, 446, 449, 453; Richard I and 198, 199; Richard II and 238, 246; Victoria and 467; Wars of Religion, 1572 383; William of Orange and 388, 389, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406; William the Conqueror in 102, 103, 117, 119 see also under individual area and battle name

  Francia 28–9, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45–6, 51, 111, 128

  Francis I, King of France 284, 285, 286

  Franks 15, 25, 28–9, 30, 31, 39, 40, 42, 45–6

  Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 205

  Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 430, 431

  Froissart, Jean 228, 230–1

  Fulk V, Count of Anjou 151, 152

  Gabbecrocky, William 215

  Gariannonum (Burgh Castle), Norfolk 12

  Gascony 209, 214, 216, 225, 232, 252, 253

  Gaul 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 28, 29, 30, 43

  Gaveston, Piers 221–2, 223, 224, 226, 227

  general elections: (1715) 421; (1906) 477; (1945) 486

  Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou 151–2, 157, 165–6, 170, 171

  Geoffrey, Prince (brother of Henry II) 177, 194, 195, 197

  Geoffrey of Coutances, Bishop 105

  George I, King 409, 414, 416, 417–18, 420–5

  George II, King 409, 416, 421–3, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 432, 433

  George III, King 419, 433–4, 436–7, 438, 439, 440, 455, 460, 480, 499

  George IV, King 443, 445–6, 447–52, 460, 472, 496

  George V, King 465, 475–80, 487, 488, 490, 492

  George VI, King 480, 482, 485, 486, 487, 488, 490, 492

  George of Denmark, Prince 388, 391, 392

  George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence 264, 266–8, 270, 271, 272

  Gerberoi Castle, battle of (1078) 116

  Germania (Tacitus) 22–3, 24

  Germanic tribes 9, 14, 15, 16, 17–18, 20, 21, 22–3, 24, 28, 35, 43, 58, 64

  Germany 86, 88, 90, 149, 183, 210, 284, 287, 290, 331, 391, 406, 309, 419, 420, 421, 433, 434, 437, 445, 449, 458, 465, 469, 474, 478, 479, 480, 482, 485, 491, 498

  Gifford, Bishop William 131

  Gildas 10, 12–13, 15–17, 19, 28

  Gladstone, William 468–9, 470, 476

  Glastonbury 62, 149

  Glorious Revolution (1688) 391–2, 402, 412, 419–20, 421, 424, 441

  Gloucester Cathedral, Crécy Window 231–2

  Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry 371, 372, 373, 380

  Godgifu, Lady 74, 77, 81, 88

  Godwin, Earl of Wessex 74–5, 76, 77, 80–1, 82, 83, 84, 85

  Godwin, house of x-xi, 74–5, 76, 77, 80–1, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 103, 104

  Gospatric, Earl 107, 108

  Grand Alliance 406, 408, 420

  Gratian (monk of Bologna) 184

  great council 117–18, 150, 155, 177, 191, 197, 198, 205, 210, 226, 318–19, 328

  Great Exhibition (1851) 460–2

  Great Fire of London (1666) 363, 373, 374

  Great Plague (1665) 363

  Gregory I, Pope 29, 30, 31, 32, 56, 57, 58

  Gregory VII, Pope 183, 188

  Gresham, Sir Thomas 429

  Grey, Jane 306–7, 315, 316

  Grey, Lord 452, 454–5, 456

  Gryffydd, Prince Daffydd ap 216, 220

  Gryffydd,
Prince Llwelyn ap 215, 216

  Guthrum, King of East Anglia 47–8, 51, 52–3, 54, 56

  Guy, Count of Ponthieu 91

  Gyrth, Earl of Wessex 88, 96

  Gytha of Wessex 75, 106, 107

  Habsburg Empire 283, 284, 390, 406, 465

  Hadrian, Emperor 23

  Hadrian’s Wall 12, 19, 39

  Halidon Hill, battle of (1333) 229

  Halley, Edward 422

  Hampden, John 333, 338, 393

  Hampton Court 284, 292, 309–10, 326, 327, 399, 405, 422, 423

  Handel, George Frederic 423, 425, 429, 471

  Hanover, house of xvi-xvii, 409–10, 411, 415–62, 465, 475, 480, 481, 491 see also Windsor, house of

  Hardrada, King Harold 95, 103

  Harefoot, Harold 72, 75, 76, 77

  Harold, King 80, 81, 84, 87–8, 91–7, 103, 106

  Harry, Prince 493

  Harthacnut 72, 75, 76, 77–8, 79

  Hastings Castle 106

  Hastings, battle of (1066) 96–7, 101, 103–4, 106, 133, 137

  Hengist 16, 30

  Henri I, King of France 102, 103

  Henri II, King of France 250

  Henry I, King 107, 116, 120, 129, 130–3, 134–9, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150–1, 152–3, 154, 155, 156, 163, 168, 172, 173, 175–6, 201

  Henry II, King 170, 171, 172, 173–81, 185, 188–9, 190–2, 193–6, 197, 199, 204, 205, 206

  Henry III, King 85, 177–8, 180, 194, 195, 202–12, 213, 215, 223, 238, 242, 243, 246, 247, 250, 256, 264

  Henry IV, (Henry Bolingbroke), King 84, 234, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242–5, 246, 249

  Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 183, 188

  Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 143, 149

  Henry V, King 26, 234, 245–9, 250, 282, 283, 285, 286, 408

  Henry VI, King 248, 249–55, 262

  Henry VII, (Henry Tudor), King 89, 261–2, 263, 264, 266, 270, 272, 273–4, 275–8, 279, 280, 281, 296, 298, 325

  Henry VIII, King xix, 27, 89, 277, 278, 279–99, 300–1, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 313, 320, 322, 323, 336, 360, 370, 377, 378, 395, 397, 411, 472

  Henry of Blois 149–50

  Henry of Huntingdon 74, 113, 168

  Henry, Bishop of Winchester 158, 159, 160, 162–3, 164, 165, 169, 170, 176, 177, 183–4

  heraldry 227–8, 231, 420

  Hereward 109, 110, 112

  Herleva 101, 102, 105

  Hildebrand, Archdeacon 111

  Hincmar of Reims, Archbishop 46

  Holbein, Hans 298

  Holyrood Palace 410, 450, 452

  homosexuality 121, 221–6, 404, 413