The Burning Time

by Virginia Rounding

  Five – DISSOLUTION AND DISCIPLINE

  From all sedition … Retrieved from justus.anglican.org [accessed 28 March 2015].

  To all the faithful … See E. A. Webb, ‘The suppression’, in The Records of St. Bartholomew’s Priory and St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield: Volume 1 (Oxford, 1921), pp. 253–61. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/st-barts-records/vol1/pp253–61 [accessed 31 May 2016].

  clerk of the church … See E. A. Webb, ‘The sixteenth century: Prior Robert Fuller’, in The Records of St. Bartholomew’s Priory and St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield: Volume 1 (Oxford, 1921), pp. 238–52. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/st-barts-records/vol1/pp238–52 [accessed 22 June 2016].

  I Richard Bellamy … See E. A. Webb, ‘The parish: Inhabitants’, in The Records of St. Bartholomew’s Priory and St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield: Volume 2 (Oxford, 1921), pp. 248–91. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/st-barts-records/vol2/pp248–91 [accessed 15 June 2016].

  Thus with the surrender … E. A. Webb, ‘The suppression’, in The Records of St. Bartholomew’s Priory and St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield: Volume 1 (Oxford, 1921), pp. 253–61. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/st-barts-records/vol1/pp253–61 [accessed 31 May 2016].

  with humility and reverence … ‘Henry VIII: May 1541, 11–20’, in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16, 1540–1541, ed. James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (London, 1898), pp. 395–404. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol16/pp395–404 [accessed 19 March 2016].

  very wrong … A Tractarian British Critic, The Life and Defence of the Conduct and Principles of the Venerable and Calumniated Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London, in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth; in which is considered the best mode of again changing the religion of this nation, Seeley and Burnside, 1842, p. 55.

  Bonner did not … Ibid.

  the story of the Queen’s misdemeanour ‘Henry VIII: November 1541, 11–20’, in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16, 1540–1541, ed. James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (London, 1898), pp. 613–29. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol16/pp613–29 [accessed 24 March 2016].

  queen of England … ‘Henry VIII: December 1541, 1–5’, in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16, 1540–1541, ed. James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (London, 1898), pp. 644–60. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol16/pp644–60 [accessed 20 March 2016].

  rehearse sermons … ‘Henry VIII: April 1542, 26–30’, in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 17, 1542, ed. James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (London, 1900), pp. 153–68. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol17/pp153–68 [accessed 5 May 2016].

  See also:

  P. R. N. Carter, ‘Rich, Richard, first Baron Rich (1496/7–1567)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/23491 [accessed 25 October 2016].

  Paul Doe and David Allinson, ‘Tallis, Thomas’, Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/27423 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  M. F. Sherr, ‘Bishop Edmund Bonner: A Quasi Erasmian’, Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 43 (4), 1974, p. 361.

  W. Winters, ‘Historical Notes on Some of the Ancient Manuscripts Formerly Belonging to the Monastic Library of Waltham Holy Cross’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6, 1877, pp. 203–66.

  Six – ‘LO, FAITHLESS MEN AGAINST ME RISE’

  Lo, faithless men … E. V. Beilin ed., The Examinations of Anne Askew, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 72.

  For my friends … Ibid., p. 56.

  And the woman … 1 Corinthians 7:13–15 [Matthew Bible].

  could not think him worthy … Quoted in B. M. Berry, ‘Of the Manner in Which Anne Askew “Noised It”‘, The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 96 (2), 1997, p. 193.

  to gad up and down … Narratives of the Days of the Reformation, p. 309.

  put that man Lascelles … Brigden and Wilson, ‘New Learning and Broken Friendship’, p. 401.

  light both in living … Proceedings … of the Privy Council, 7.353, quoted in Alec Ryrie, ‘Lassells, John (d. 1546)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/68897 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  God that made the world … Acts 17:24 [Matthew Bible].

  Give not that which is holy … Matthew 7:6 [Matthew Bible].

  the one did greatly … Beilin, ed., The Examinations, p. 21.

  what I said to the Sacrament … Ibid., p. 24.

  perceived him … Ibid.

  And then I asked him … Ibid., p. 30.

  And I told him … Ibid., p. 32.

  By communing with the wise … Ibid., p. 33.

  I told him, I was … Ibid., p. 34.

  And therefore he bade me … Ibid., p. 45.

  suddenly shift gears … Murphy, God’s Jury, pp. 51–2.

  I answered, that my conscience … Beilin, ed., The Examinations, p. 45.

  My lord without faith … Ibid., p. 46.

  Then he laid unto me … Ibid., pp. 47–8.

  Then asked he me … Ibid., p. 49.

  I answered, that it was against … Ibid., p. 54.

  Be it known … Ibid., p. 59.

  the addition of a few … Meg Hickerson, Making Women Martyrs in Tudor England, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, p. 59.

  So with much ado … Beilin, ed., The Examinations, p. 63.

  for that she was very obstinate … Quoted in T. D. Kemp, ‘Translating (Anne) Askew: The Textual Remains of a Sixteenth-Century Heretic and Saint’, Renaissance Quarterly 52 (4), 1999, pp. 1023–4.

  The Bishop of Winchester … Beilin, ed., The Examinations, p. 93.

  Then the Bishop said … Ibid., p. 97.

  Then the Bishop said … Ibid., p. 98.

  Ye may not here … Ibid., p. 99.

  And though he did say … Ibid.

  some wiser man Ibid., p. 101.

  And as for that ye call … Ibid., pp. 110–11.

  But who they were … Ibid., p. 124.

  Then they said … Ibid., pp. 125–6.

  Then they did put me … Ibid., p. 127.

  Then the lieutenant … Ibid., p. 130.

  to the intent the world … Bishop Bonner’s Register, London Metropolitan Archives, DL/A/A/006/MS09531/012/001, 109r.

  Oh friend most dearly beloved … Beilin, ed., The Examinations, p. 133.

  Then was I brought … Ibid., p. 132.

  But they both say … Ibid., p. 140.

  Yea, and as St Paul … Ibid., p. 142.

  But as concerning your Mass … Ibid., p. 144.

  a substantial stage … London Metropolitan Archives, Court of Aldermen, Repertory COL/CA/01/01/011, fol.298.

  See also:

  M. Bassett, ‘Newgate Prison in the Middle Ages’, Speculum 18 (2), 1943, p. 239.

  Beilin, Introduction to The Examinations, pp. xvii and xxii.

  Blench, Preaching in England, p. 249.

  T. S. Freeman and S. E. Wall, ‘Racking the Body, Shaping the Text: The Account of Anne Askew in Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs”‘, Renaissance Quarterly 54 (4), 2001, pp. 1165–96.

  http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509–1558/member/askew-(ayscough)-sir-william-1486–1540.

  Wabuda, ‘Bishops and the Provision of Homilies, 1520 to 1547’, p. 564.

  Diane Watt, ‘Askew, Anne (c. 1521–1546)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/798 [accessed 30 June 2016].
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  Seven – DENUNCIATIONS AND NEAR-ESCAPES

  first known eminent resident A. P. Baggs, Diane K. Bolton, M. A. Hicks and R. B. Pugh, ‘Hornsey, including Highgate: Highgate’, in A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 6, Friern Barnet, Finchley, Hornsey With Highgate, ed. T. F. T. Baker and C. R. Elrington (London, 1980), pp. 122–35. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol6/pp122–35 [accessed 7 June 2016].

  Eight – PROTESTANTISM IN THE ASCENDANT

  Item the 20th day … Chronicle of the Grey Friars, p. 53.

  which the popish priests … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, p. 1.

  did the office … Chronicle of the Greyfriars, p. 62.

  he went the same day … Ibid., p. 63.

  the censing in Paul’s … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, p. 3.

  the English procession Ibid.

  Item the 20th day … Chronicle of the Greyfriars, p. 59.

  it were more commendable … Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, p. 16.

  called all the parsons … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, p. 38.

  for the defence … London Metropolitan Archives, Court of Common Council, Journal COL/CC/01/01/016, ff.36–7.

  the great abuses … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, pp. 25–6.

  promised their aid … Acts of the Privy Council, Vol. II, pp. 336–7.

  presided at the examinations … Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, p. 22.

  be had from thence … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, pp. 33–4.

  It is a goodly matter … Chester, John Rogers, pp. 70–1.

  if God were a man … Chronicle of the Greyfriars, p. 63.

  it is advisable … Della Casa, Il Galateo. I’m grateful to Dr Mary Hogan Camp for drawing attention to this text in her thesis, ‘Superare la natura: The Portraits of Jacopo Pontormo’ (Courtauld Institute of Art, 2015).

  It is easy enough … Chester, John Rogers, p. 71.

  a gentleman … set on the pillory … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, pp. 79–80.

  This day all copes … Ibid., pp. 78–9.

  exhorting and beseeching … Chester, John Rogers, pp. 64–5.

  Well, perchance … Ibid., p. 65.

  See also:

  C. D. C. Armstrong, ‘Gardiner, Stephen (c. 1495–1555)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/10364 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  Bassett, ‘Newgate Prison in the Middle Ages’, p. 246.

  S. Byman, ‘Guilt and Martyrdom: The Case of John Bradford’, The Harvard Theological Review 68 (3/4), 1975, pp. 305–31.

  Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, pp. 13–14, 26.

  Kenneth Carleton, ‘Bonner, Edmund (d. 1569)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/2850 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  P. R. N. Carter, ‘Rich, Richard, first Baron Rich (1496/7–1567)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/23491 [accessed 25 October 2016].

  M. Cox, A history of Sir John Deane’s Grammar School, Northwich, 1557–1908, Manchester University Press, 1975.

  Edwards, Mary I, pp. 74–5.

  Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Cardmaker, John (c. 1496–1555)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/4613 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  Dale Hoak, ‘Edward VI (1537–1553)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2014. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/8522 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  Andrew Hope, ‘Bocher, Joan (d. 1550)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/2744 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  E. W. Ives, ‘Henry VIII’s Will: The Protectorate Provisions of 1546–7’, The Historical Journal 37 (4), 1994, pp. 901–14.

  John N. King, ‘Bale, John (1495–1563)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2009. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/1175 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  Loades, The Oxford Martyrs, p. 127.

  Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation, Allen Lane Penguin Press, 1999, pp. 77, 86, 95–6, 101.

  Andrew Pettegree, ‘Parris, George van (d. 1551)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/21407 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  A. J. Slavin, ‘The Fall of Lord Chancellor Wriothesley: A Study in the Politics of Conspiracy’, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 7 (4), 1975, pp. 265–86.

  V. F. Snow, ‘Proctorial Representation in the House of Lords during the Reign of Edward VI’, Journal of British Studies 8 (2), 1969, p. 14.

  E. A. Webb, ‘Sir Richard Rich’, in The Records of St. Bartholomew’s Priory and St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield: Volume 1 (Oxford, 1921), pp. 289–97. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/st-barts-records/vol1/pp289–297 [accessed 30 May 2016].

  Nine – ‘TURN, AND TURN, AND TURN AGAIN’

  Then [the Privy Council] … Wriothesley, Chronicle of England, Vol. 2, pp. 88–9.

  The 5 of August … Ibid., p. 96.

  The 5 of August … Nichols, Chronicle of the Grey Friars, p. 82.

  Item the 13 day of August … Ibid., p. 83.

  The 13 day of August … J. G. Nichols, ed., The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant Taylor of London, from AD 1550 to AD 1563, Camden Society, 1848, p. 41.

  Sunday the 13 of August … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, pp. 97–8.

  This business was so … Ibid., pp. 98–9.

  John Rogers, alias Matthew … Quoted in Chester, John Rogers, p. 113.

  When he hears … Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain, London, 1862–1954, Vol. 10, p. 217, quoted in S. Covington, ‘Heretic Hunting beyond the Seas: John Brett and His Encounter with the Marian Exiles’, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 36 (3), 2004, p. 414.

  The 21 day of August … Diary of Henry Machyn, p. 42.

  the sacrament of the body … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, p. 104.

  And this was their penance … Chronicle of the Grey Friars, p. 92.

  the evil savours … Narratives of the days of the Reformation, pp. 149–50.

  after a short address … Edwards, Mary I, p. 225.

  The 2 day of December … Diary of Henry Machyn, p. 77.

  No, my Lord … I have used Rogers’s account as recorded in Chester, John Rogers, pp. 299–305, as the basis for the following version of this interrogation.

  Some of the onlookers … Quoted in Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor, Yale University Press, 2009, pp. 112–13.

  a great company … Diary of Henry Machyn, p. 81.

  See also:

  Bassett, ‘Newgate Prison in the Middle Ages’, pp. 244–5.

  Sabine Cassola (ed.), ‘Te spectant, Reginalde, poli’ by Orlando di Lasso [http://www1.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Te_spectant,_Reginalde,_poli_(Orlando_di_Lasso)].

  David Daniell, ‘Rogers, John (c. 1500–1555)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/23980 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  Edwards, Mary I, pp. 116–22, 235, 258.

  David Loades, ‘The Marian Episcopate’, in E. Duffy and D. M. Loades (eds), The Church of Mary Tudor, Ashgate, 2006, pp. 33–4.

  Angelo J. Louisa, ‘Bourne, Gilbert (c. 1510–1569)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezpr
oxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/3003 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  J. W. Martin, ‘The Marian Regime’s Failure to Understand the Importance of Printing’, Huntington Library Quarterly 44 (4), 1981, p. 234.

  Ten – DOMINICANS IN SMITHFIELD

  Grant me, good Lord … Nicolas van Essche, Spirituall exercyses and goostly meditations and a neare way to come to perfection and lyfe contemplative. Collected and set foorthe by the helpe of God, and diligente laboure of F. Wyllyam Perin Bacheler of divinitie and Prior of the Friers preachers of greate Sayncte Bartholomes in Smythfyelde, Peter le Chandelier, 1598, p. 17v.

  Yet such is the untowardness … Quoted in Blench, Preaching in England, pp. 141–2.

  Thou shalt also … Essche, Spirituall exercyses and goostly meditations, f.20r.

  delivered a pudding Chronicle of the Grey Friars, p. 95.

  ran about the country … Wriothesley, Vol. 2, p. 128.

  What dost thou give them? Nichols, Diary of Henry Machyn, pp. 84–5.

  a barbarous and heretical race … David Loades, ed., The chronicles of the Tudor Queens, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2002, p. 46.

  white, pink and quarrelsome H. Kamen, Philip of Spain, Yale University Press, 1997, p. 58.

  at 8 of the clock … Diary of Henry Machyn, p. 74.

  because he saw him … Quoted in Edwards, Mary I, p. 262.

  See also:

  Cox, A history of Sir John Deane’s Grammar School, pp. 15–16.

  Duffy, Fires of Faith, pp. 118–19, 191–2.

  Loades, ‘The English Church during the reign of Mary’, in Reforming Catholicism, pp. 42–3.

  Loades, The Oxford Martyrs, pp. 157–8.

  R. H. Pogson, ‘Reginald Pole and the Priorities of Government in Mary Tudor’s Church’, The Historical Journal 18 (1), 1975, pp. 8–9.

  L. E. C. Wooding, ‘Peryn, William (d. 1558)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/view/article/22007 [accessed 30 June 2016].

  Eleven – CEREMONIES OF MARTYRDOM

  a grievous and bitter cup … Quoted in Duffy, Fires of Faith, p. 84.