Walter Isaacson Great Innovators e-book boxed set: Steve Jobs, Benjamin Franklin, Einstein
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Enlightenment, 277, 279
entanglement, 454, 455, 458–59
entropy, 69–70
Entwurf approach, 198–202, 204, 212, 213–14, 215, 216, 256, 591n, 592n, 594n
Epkin, Sam, 528
EPR paper, ”Can the Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Regarded as Complete?” (Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen), 450–53, 456, 458, 459–60, n–26n
Epstein, Jacob, 423
equivalence principle, 147–48, 190, 197, 351, 540–41, 589n
Erikson, Erik, 275
Esse estfercifi principle, 350
ether, 24–25, 47–48, 62, 92, 105, 111–13, 115–17, 119, 128, 131, 133, 135, 297, 300, 317–20, 332, 351, 373, 578n, 579n–80n
Ethics (Spinoza), 81
Euclidean geometry, 17, 19–20, 33, 37, 44, 63, 75, 83, 192, 193–94, 209–10
Evolution of Physics, The (Einstein and Infeld), 463–65
Fanta, Bertha, 166
Fantova Johanna, 535, 538, 540
Faraday, Michael, 91, 115, 127, 248, 315, 423, 438
Farmingdale Elementary School, 540
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 287, 379, 399, 477–78, 500–503, 525, 534, 629n
Fermi, Enrico, 407, 474
Feynman, Richard, 515, 584n
“Field Equations of Gravitation” (Einstein), 219–20
field theory, 13–14, 92, 94, 95, 317, 612n
of relativity, 159, 189, 197–98, 200–201, 212–24, 254–55, 336–37, 353, 468, 591n–92n, 594n
see also unified field theory
Fifth Amendment, 528, 530, 534
Fight against War, The, 405
Fine, Arthur, 627n
First Amendment, 527–28, 530
Fisch, Adolf, 160
Fitzgerald, George, 113, 116
fixed states, 455–56
Fizeau, Hippolyte, 112, 116, 117
“flatlanders,” 252–53
Flexner, Abraham, 395–98, 412, 425–26, 428–31, 453, 464, 480, 529, 622n
FM radio signals, 111
Foppl, August, 36–37, 115, 579n Ford, Henry, 289
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 370
“Foundations of Physics, The” (Hilbert), 219
Franck, James, 505–6
Frank, Philipp, 12, 20, 164, 166, 172, 177, 248, 271–72, 285, 332, 399, 410–11, 567n, 579n
Frankfurter, Felix, 298
Franklin, Benjamin, 311, 389
Franklin Institute, 624n
Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 163
Frauenglass, Richard, 529
Frauenglass, William, 527–29, 530
frequencies:
light, 96–97, 99, 119, 314
sound, 119n
Freud, Sigmund, 3, 209, 284, 365–66, 377, 381–83, 386, 389, 614n–15n
Freundlich, Erwin Finlay, 191, 202–5, 213, 222, 233, 243, 267
Freundlich, Kathe, 277
Fried, Amos, 373
Friedman, Robert Marc, 310, 312
Frisch, Otto, 469
Frothingham, Mrs. Randolph, 399, 477, 502
Fuchs, Karl, 500, 501–2
Fuld, Caroline Bamberger, 395
Fulton, Robert, 476, 630n
galaxies, 254, 353–56, 442
Galileo, 5, 6, 80, 90, 91, 108–9, 117, 128–29, 145, 146, 251–52, 288, 550
Galison, Peter, 126, 569n–70n, 578n
gamma rays, 111
Gamow, George, 355–56, 481
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 438, 527
gases:
atomic structure of, 164, 323, 480–81
condensation of, 328–29
diffusion of, 223
molecular theory of, 43, 56–57, 67–72, 91, 97, 103–4, 156, 328–29
volume of, 98, 101–3
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 193–94, 215, 253, 589n
Gedankenexperiment (thought experiments), 2, 3–4, 5, 26–27, 78, 79, 114, 121, 122–27, 138, 142, 145–46, 147, 190, 201, 267, 322, 345–46, 348–49, 448–60, 468, 512, 514, 583n
Gehrcke, Ernst, 285–86, 304, 311
Gell-Mann, Murray, 459–60
General Disarmament Conference (1932), 377–78
generators, electric, 91, 115
Geneva, University of, 154–55, 306
geodesic lines, 192
geometry:
Euclidean, 17, 19–20, 33, 37, 44, 63, 75, 83, 149, 192, 193–94, 209–10
non-Euclidean, 163, 192, 193–96, 253
propositions of, 83
of relativity, 192, 222, 337
German Citizens of the Jewish Faith, 282
Gestalt psychology, 116, 241
glial cells, 547
Glimpses of the Great (Viereck), 386
G Major Quartet (Mozart), 430
God, 4, 16, 20, 84, 91, 125, 297–98, 326, 335, 352, 384–93, 466, 515, 538, 549, 550–51, 609n
Gödel, Kurt, 509–11, 536, 634n, 639n
Goebbels, Joseph, 409
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 30, 207, 423, 544
Goethe League, 209
Golden, William, 493
Goldstein, Herbert S., 388–89
Goodman, Ellen, 136
Göring, Hermann, 474
Gottingen, University of, 212, 222, 331
Gottingen Academy, 222
gravitation, gravity:
acceleration and, 145–49, 155, 181–82
field of, 13, 19, 94, 146, 319–20, 349
light bent by, 5, 148–49, 165, 189–92, 202–5, 218, 219, 255–62, 266, 312–13, 355, 442
Newtonian laws of, 2, 57, 81–82, 84, 90–91, 93, 110, 113, 114, 118–19, 125, 128, 130–31, 133, 145, 146–47, 156, 189, 197, 198, 199–201, 204, 214, 216, 218, 223, 251–52, 256, 258, 259, 261–62, 264, 266, 277, 280, 318–20, 323, 333, 352, 453, 548
in quantum mechanics, 349, 449, 458
relativity and, 145–49, 155, 181–82, 189–97, 198, 199–202, 215, 216–22, 223, 249, 250–62, 266, 293, 314, 319–20, 337, 347, 349, 468, 511, 538–39, 548, 590n–94n, 607n
solar, 191, 202–5, 218
stellar, 250–52
in unified field theory, 338–41, 385, 466, 511, 512–13, 538
waves of, 442, 624n
great circle routes, 192
Great Depression, 370–71, 516, 607n
Greene, Brian, 220, 320, 452–53, 459
Greene, Homer, 526
Grossmann, Marcel, 36, 44, 47, 48, 59, 61, 62–63, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 149, 159, 177, 192–93, 195, 196, 197, 198, 215, 219, 267, 589n, 594n, 601n
Guillaume, Charles–Edouard, 312
Gullstrand, Allvar, 312–13, 314
“gunpowder experiment,” 456, 457–58
Gustav Adolf V, King of Sweden, 315
gyroscopes, 304
Haber, Clara, 185
Haber, Fritz, 174, 181, 184, 185, 186, 203, 205–7, 228, 281–82, 291–92, 406, 408–9, 413
Habicht, Conrad, 80–81, 85, 93, 94, 97, 104, 106, 135, 137–38, 143–44, 536
Habicht, Paul, 143–44
habilitation thesis, 144–45, 149–50
Hahn, Otto, 469, 506
Haldane, Richard Burdon, Lord, 278–79, 307
Haller, Friedrich, 74, 78–79
Halsman, Philippe, 487, 493–94
Handel, George Frideric, 38
Harding, Warren G., 295–96
harmonic oscillators, 96
Hartle, James, 193, 459
Harvard University, 298
Harvey, Thomas, 545–48, 640n
Hawking, Stephen, 251
Haydn, Franz Joseph, 426
heat:
conduction of, 48, 67–68, 70–71
kinetic theory of, 104
radiation of, 96, 576n
Hebrew University, 290, 292, 293, 301, 306, 409, 412–14, 522
Hedin, Sven, 311–12
Heidelberg, University of, 42–44
Heisenberg, Werner, 124, 330–33, 345, 348, 349, 448, 451, 453, 458, 485, 510
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 34, 36, 45–46
Hertz, Heinrich, 25, 36
Hertz, Paul, 208
Hibben, John, 298
Hilbert, David, 212–22, 232
Hiller, Kurt, 378
Hindenburg, Paul von, 399
Hiroshima bombing (1945), 484–85
Hitler, Adolf, 4, 242, 289, 303, 369, 371, 376–77, 381–82, 383, 386, 403–5, 407–8, 410, 414, 422, 429–30, 434, 445, 447, 485, 528
Hoffmann, Banesh, 22, 134, 335, 442, 464, 468, 512, 514, 586n
“hole argument,” 201, n–92n
Hollywood, 263, 268, 372–73, 374, 491–93
Holton, Gerald, 13–14, 99, 137, 461, 579n, 612n, 627n, 628n
Hook, Sidney, 446–47, 496, 520, 525
Hoover, J. Edgar, 287, 477–78, 501, 503, 525
Hopi Indians, 374
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 534
Howard, Don, 627n Howard, Henry, 343
Hubble, Edward, 353–55
Hume, David, 20, 81–82, 113, 125, 166, 169, 334, 349, 350, 460
Hurwitz, Adolf, 55–56, 177, 178, 183, 301
Huygens, Christiaan, 110
Hyades, 257
hydrodynamics, 101
hydrogen, 219, 322
hydrogen bomb, 500–501, 524, 531
“I Am an American Day,” 507
I Am an American series, 479
In Albert’s Shadow (Popovic), 87
incompleteness theory, 509–10
individual freedom, 433, 445–47, 478–80, 503–7, 524–34, 537, 550, 637n
“Induction and Deduction in Physics” (Einstein), 118
inertia, 80, 107–9, 118–19, 131, 146–47, 190, 199–201, 251–52, 318–20, 468, 548
inertia! reference system, 107–9
inertio-gravitational field, 190
Infeld, Leopold, 263, 267, 274, 463–65, 524–25
inferior parietal lobe, 547–48
Institute for Advanced Study, 298, 395–98, 402, 405, 410, 411–12, 425–26, 428, 431–32, 436, 438, 439, 442–43, 450, 453, 464, 466, 468–69, 480, 508–9, 514–15, 532, 536, 537, 541, 622n
Institute for Intellectual Cooperation, 381–83
integral calculus, 16
interference patterns, 112, 329
International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 312
International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, 305–6
Introduction to Maxwell’s Theory of Electricity (Foppl), 36–37, 115
invariances, 131–32, 324
IQ, 13
Irvin, Rea, 266–67
isolationism, 474, 475
isotopes, 480–81
Israel, 306, 307–8, 381, 520–23, 541, 543
Janssen, Michel, 196, 214, 594n
Japan, 306–7, 309, 310, 315, 339, 379, 393, 481
Jaumann, Gustav, 163
Jefferson, Thomas, 389
Jeritza, Maria, 370
Jerome, Fred, 379, 633n
Jesus Christ, 386, 434, 567n
Jewish Hospital (Brooklyn), 517
Jewish Legion, 293–94
Jewish Orphans Organization, 363
Jewish Telegraph Agency, 414
Jews:
assimilation of, 205–6, 280–84, 291, 302–4, 386, 408–10, 428
Einstein’s identification with, 3, 9–10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20–21, 29–30, 43, 52, 61, 142, 149, 152, 163–64, 177, 183, 207, 243, 263, 269–71, 273, 281–308, 311–12, 315, 342, 359, 381, 385, 403–10, 412–14, 420, 427, 428–30, 444–45, 447, 505–6, 520–23, 541, 543, 567n
prejudice against, 3, 15, 30, 43, 61, 142, 149, 152, 163–64, 177, 183, 207, 269–71, 281–308, 311–12, 315, 359, 403–10, 427, 428–30, 443, 444–45, 469, 475, 505, 517, 524, 567n, 601n
Zionist movement for, 281–84, 289–301, 302–3, 306, 307–8, 376, 381, 409, 412–14, 520–23, 526, 541
Johnson, Paul, 277
Joyce, James, 3, 280
Jupiter, 191
Kafka, Franz, 166
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics, 243
Kaluza, Theodor, 337–38, 339, 512
Kant, Immanuel, 20, 82–83, 166, 207, 238, 244, 370, 574n
Kaufman, Bruria, 537
Kaufman, Irving, 525
Kayser, Use Einstein, 172, 207, 228, 243–46, 248, 393, 404, 433, 441
Kayser, Rudolf, 248, 404, 433
Keller, Helen, 375
Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord, 90, 575n
Kepler, Johannes, 166–67
Ketterle, Wolfgang, 329n
Kindred, J.J., 295
kinetic energy, 43, 67–72, 91, 97, 103–4
Kirchhoff, Gustav, 36, 49, 50, 94–95
Klein, Oskar, 338–39
Kleiner, Alfred, 71–72, 101, 150, 151–52
Koch, Caesar, 25
Koch, Julia, 50
Koch, Julius, 10, 24
Konenkov, Sergei, 436, 503
Konenkova, Margarita, 436–37, 503–4
Korean War, 525
Kreisler, Fritz, 426–27
Krupp Foundation, 204
Ladenberg, Rudolf, 536
Lagrange, Joseph–Louis, Count, 593n
Lake Como, 63–64, 181–82
Lake Lucerne, 229
Langevin, Paul, 170–71, 327, 411
Lania, Leo, 420–21
Laplace, Pierre–Simon, Marquis de, 90–91, 575n
lasers, 5, 323
Laski, Harold, 279
Lasky, Victor, 528
Laub, Jakob, 180
Laue, Max von, 141–42, 267, 269, 286, 406, 409, 466
Laurence, William, 467
League of Nations, 305–6, 376, 377, 381, 414
least action principle, 141, 584n
Lebach, Margarete, 362
Lehman, Herbert, 532
Leiden, University of, 168
Leiden Museum for the History of Science, 59
Lenard, Philipp, 43, 65, 96–99, 105, 207, 285–89, 303, 304, 311–12, 314–15, 407, 409–10
Letters from a Russian Prison (Levine), 380
Levenson, Thomas, 275
Levi-Civita, Tullio, 195, 197, 212, 215, 589n
Levine, Isaac Don, 380, 446
Levy, Steven, 546
Lewis, Gilbert, 576n
light:
absorption of, 96, 100, 169, 314, 322, 324
bending of, 5, 148–49, 165, 189–92, 202–5, 218, 219, 255–62, 266, 312–13, 355, 442
dual (particle-wave) nature of, 97–98, 100, 155–57, 170, 321, 326–29, 539, 580n–81n, 583n, 586n
emission of, 94–96, 99–100, 119–20, 156, 204, 256, 259, 314, 322–24
ether as medium for, 92, 111–13, 115–16, 119, 317–20
frequencies of, 96–97, 99, 119, 314
interference patterns of, 112, 329
propagation of, 119–22, 190–91, 223, 317–20
quantum (particle) theory of, 1, 65, 93, 94–101, 105, 110, 120–22, 124, 140, 141–42, 144, 150, 155–57, 165, 168–71, 179, 190, 235, 255, 256, 286, 313–14, 318–20, 321, 326–33, 337n, 539, 580n–81n, 583n, 586n
radiation of, 1, 68, 92, 93, 94–101, 115, 141–42, 150, 155–57, 165, 322–24, 331, 576n
redshift of, IV) n, 148, 254, 311, 353–56
relativity and, 120–22, 124, 141–42, 190, 255, 256, 318–20, 321, 580n–81n, 583n
spectrum of, 93, 322, 331
speed of, 18–19, 47–48, 78, 105, 106, 110–12, 114, 116–17, 118, 119–22, 123, 126, 128–30, 132, 138, 139, 189, 250, 252, 267, 297, 319, 347, 468, 548, 578n, 579n–80n, 581n
split beams of, 47–48, 112
ultraviolet, 65, 111
in vacuum, 97, 99, lllw, 114, 157
wavelengths of, 9, 65, 94–95, 97, 111, 322, 323, 331
wave theory of, 1, 19, 24, 26, 34, 46, 47–48, 94–95, 97–98, 109–12, 119, 155–57, 170, 318, 323, 329, 578n
Lincoln University, 505
Lindbergh, Charles, 474–75
Lindemann, Frederick, 412, 418, 432
liquids:
temperature of, 105–6
viscosity of, 102, 105
Lloyd George, David, 419–20
local effects, 189–90, 583n
locality principle, 448–53, 454, 458, 461, 512, 626n
Lochner, Louis, 399–400
Locke, John, 81
Locker-Lampson, Oliver, 419–20 422–423
logic, 81–84
Lord &Taylor department stores, 527
Lorentz, Hendrik, 32–33, 112–13, 115, 116–17, 126, 133, 142, 161, 164–66, 168, 170, 180, 201, 213, 259, 260–61, 267, 269, 271, 310, 311, 318, 330, 341, 344, 549, 550, 583n, 591n, 593n, 600n
Lorentz transformation, 341
Los Alamos laboratory, 480, 488
Lowell, A. Lawrence, 298
Lowell Observatory, 254
Luitpold Gymnasium, 16–18, 21–22, 23
Luther, Martin, 434
McCarthy, Joseph, 500, 524, 529, 530, 531–32, 534
McCarthyism, 480, 500, 524–34, 537, 550
Mach, Ernst, 20, 81, 82, 83–84, 113, 125, 158, 164, 169, 200, 201, 251, 252, 319, 320, 331, 333–34, 349, 350, 460, 461, 462, 591n, 612n, 627n
Maclntyre, Marvin, 430
Madison Square Garden, 369–70
Madrid, University of, 411–12, 432
Maginot Line, 491
Magli, Rastko, 136
Magnes, Judah, 412–14
magnetic field (magnetism), 13, 24–25, 91, 110, 115, 117, 127, 184, 185, 336, 548
Maier, Gustav, 38
Manhattan Project, 477, 480–86, 491
“Manifesto of the 93” (“Appeal to the Cultured World”) (1914), 206–7, 244
“Manifesto to Europeans,” 207
Marianoff, Dimitri, 248, 367–68, 404, 423, 502
Marianoff, Margot Einstein, 172, 228, 232, 248, 362, 367–68, 393, 404, 433, 434, 436, 443, 479, 502, 519, 536–37, 639n
Mari, Mileva:
in Berlin, 183, 184–88
correspondence of, 7, 39, 42–47, 50–53, 54, 55–58, 60–61, 62, 63, 65, 66–67, 68, 69, 72–76, 77, 86, 96, 115, 136, 137, 173, 210, 215, 217, 227, 237–38, 246, 286, 367, 443, 598n
death of, 75n, 516
depressions of, 177–78, 183, 184–85
Einstein’s divorce from, 3, 85n, 87, 137, 182–83, 187, 225–40, 243, 275–76, 301, 309, 316, 363–64
as Einstein’s intellectual companion, 2–3, 7, 41–47, 57–58, 74–75, 135–37, 173, 188, 235, 360, 583n
Einstein’s marriage to, 2–3, 42, 65, 74–75, 76, 84–89, 136, 143, 153–54, 158, 172, 173, 174–75, 177–78, 181, 182–88, 205, 206, 209–11, 360, 519
Einstein’s reconciliation with, 301, 363–64, 367–68, 418, 419, 516
Einstein’s separation from, 184–88, 205, 206, 209–11, 215, 217, 224, 225–40
financial situation of, 186, 187, 188, 210, 215, 226, 228, 234–36, 275–76, 302, 309, 316, 516, 607n