Walter Isaacson Great Innovators e-book boxed set: Steve Jobs, Benjamin Franklin, Einstein

by Isaacson, Walter

  at Heidelberg University, 42–44

  ill health of, 161, 177–78, 229–30, 232, 237, 516, 598n

  at Lake Como (1901), 63–64

  in Leyden, 164–65

  as mathematician and physicist, 2, 42–46, 48, 49, 55, 135–37, 235, 583n as mother, 63–67, 88, 96, 158, 161, 186, 187, 367–68, 516, 598n

  as Orthodox Christian, 243

  personality of, 42, 43–44, 88, 153–54, 172, 173, 177–78, 183, 184–85

  photographs of, 45, 50

  physical appearance of, 42, 45, 154

  in Prague, 166, 172

  pregnancies of, 63–67, 88, 96, 158, 161

  relativity theory and, 135–37, 235, 583n

  rental properties of, 316, 516, 607n

  Serbian background of, 42, 52, 64, 66–67, 86–88, 136, 180, 182, 243

  in Zurich, 2, 42–46, 48, 49, 158, 177–78, 180, 187, 209–11, 246, 275–76, 301, 316, 364, 367, 418, 419, 444, 516, 607n

  at Zurich Polytechnic, 2, 42–46, 48, 49, 158

  Mari, Milos, 89

  Markwalder, Suzanne, 37, 38

  Marshall, George, 493

  Marx, Sam, 491–93

  Maschinchen device, 143–44, 161

  mass:

  energy converted from, 2, 5, 137–39, 272, 348, 469–70, 485

  gravitational vs. inertial, 146–47, 468, 548

  Newtonian laws of, 90, 91, 130–31

  in quantum mechanics, 348–49

  relativity and, 250–51, 252, 468, 548

  matrix mechanics, 331

  Matthau, Walter, 13

  Maxwell, James Clerk, 7, 34, 91–92, 97, 110–11, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 126, 138, 155–56, 157, 169, 170, 248, 336n–37n, 338, 340, 349, 350, 438

  Maxwell equations, 115, 118, 120, 121, 138, 155–56, 157, 169, 170, 336n–37n, 338, 549, 578n, 581n

  Mayer, Louis B., 491–92

  Mayer, Walther, 358, 363, 368, 371, 397, 410, 411, 412, 423, 424, 450, 464

  Meaning of Relativity, The (Einstein), 513, 577n

  mechanics:

  classical, 91, 92, 109, 113, 114, 127–28

  laws of, 127–28

  matrix, 331

  quantum, see quantum mechanics statistical, 67–70, 98, 99, 101, 103–6, 167, 255, 327–29, 333, 341, 345, 347–48, 629n

  wave, 329–30, 331, 347, 454–55, 456

  Mechanics and Its Development (Mach), 81

  Meitner, Lise, 407, 469

  Mendel, Toni, 361

  Mercury, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n

  Mermin, N. David, 459

  metals, 68

  metric tensors, 194–98, 200–201, 212–22, 254–55, 320, 340–41, 351, 352, 512–13, 590n–91n

  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), 491–93

  Metropolitan Opera House, 295, 370

  Meyer, Edgar, 239

  Meyer, Menasseh, 306

  Meyer-Schmid, Anna, 153–54

  Michanowski, Ethel, 361–62

  Michelmore, Peter, 88, 137

  Michelson, Albert, 48, 112, 113, 115, 116–17, 297, 300, 354, 372, 579n–80n

  microwaves, 111

  Mie, Gustav, 592n

  Miles, Sherman, 477–78

  militarism, 4, 205–9, 240, 275, 371, 373, 375, 381–83, 414–17, 419–20, 488, 494, 498–99, 520

  Milky Way, 254, 353

  Miller, Arthur I., 116, 135, 280, 578n, 581n, 628n

  Miller, Dayton, 300

  Millikan, Robert Andrews, 100–101, 212, 315, 321, 373, 380–81, 395–98, 402, 403

  Minkowski, Hermann, 35, 132–33, 193, 591n

  Missa Solemnis (Beethoven), 536

  modernism, 3, 277–80

  Modern Times (Johnson), 277

  molecules:

  attraction of, 56–57

  existence of, 43, 56, 67, 70, 103, 104

  gas, 43, 56–57, 67–72, 91, 103, 156, 328–29

  liquid, 2, 56–58, 68

  motion of, 2, 68, 91, 93, 97, 101, 103–6, 117, 118, 140, 156, 223, 351, 373, 577n size of, 101–3

  momentum, 323, 346, 348–49, 448–53, 459–60, 626n–27n

  Monday Evening Club, 469

  Monthly Review, 504

  Mooney, Tom, 380, 381

  moral relativism, 270, 277–80, 602n

  Morgenthau, Henry, 430

  Morley, Edward, 48, 112, 113, 115, 116–17, 297, 300, 579n

  Moscow show trials, 446

  Moszkowski, Alexander, 14, 127, 269–71, 601n

  motion:

  absolute, 320

  Brownian, 68, 93, 101, 103–6, 117, 118, 140, 351, 373, 577n

  laws of, 90–91

  molecular, 2, 68, 91, 93, 97, 101, 103–6, 117, 118, 140, 156, 223, 351, 373, 577n

  relative, 36, 93, 107–9, 127–31, 133, 134, 135, 145–46, 197, 199–201, 212, 213, 215, 220, 223, 318–20, 467

  rotation and, 192, 199–201, 212, 213, 251–52, 318–20, 510–11, 593/2–94/2, 596n

  spontaneous, 69–70

  Mount Wilson Observatory, 353–55, 372

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 14, 29, 37–38, 177, 232, 272, 403, 415, 426, 430, 519

  Murray, Gilbert, 305

  Murrow, Edward R., 531–32, 534

  Mussolini, Benito, 443, 517

  Muste, A. J., 500–501

  mutual influence, 329–30

  “My Opinion of the War” (Einstein), 208–9

  Nagasaki bombing (1945), 485

  Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 476, 630/2

  Nassau Inn, 445

  Nathan, Otto, 240–41, 542, 544, 545, 633/2, 639/2

  Nation, 377

  National Academy of Sciences, 296

  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 505

  nationalism, 4, 205–9, 240, 282, 291, 301, 302, 305, 378, 381–82, 386, 479, 482–83, 487–491, 601/2

  nature:

  atomic model of, 2, 43, 56, 70, 93, 94, 95, 101, 103, 104, 140, 164, 169, 255

  causality in, 1, 81–84, 90–91, 95, 216, 323–26, 332, 333, 334, 345, 347, 460, 461

  harmonious arrangement of, 3, 4, 13–14, 20, 37–38, 78, 297–98, 388–89, 548, 549–51

  objective reality in, 323–26, 331–35, 352–53, 460–65, 538–39

  physical existence of, 169–70, 251–52, 321, 326–33, 337, 345–46, 347, 349, 350, 352–53, 448–70, 538, 625n

  simplicity of, 82–83, 99, 349, 512, 549

  see also physics

  Naturforscber conference (1909), 155

  Navy, U.S., 478, 481–82

  Nazi Germany, 471–73, 479, 485–86, 498–99, 534

  Nazism, 242, 287, 298, 303, 371, 376–78, 386, 399, 403–10, 411, 412, 414–17, 423, 433–34, 437, 444–45, 446, 447, 471–73, 474, 479, 485–86, 498–99, 505–6, 524, 528, 533, 534, 550

  Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939), 475

  NBC, 402, 501

  nebulae, 254, 355

  “Negro Question, The” (Einstein), 505

  Neptune, 199

  Nernst, Walther, 167, 168, 174, 178–79, 205, 206–7, 285, 286, 321

  Neumann, Betty, 360–61

  Neumann, John von, 426, 607n–8n

  neurons, 547

  neutrons, 469, 472

  Newark Sunday Ledger, 429

  “New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, A” (Einstein), 101–3

  New Fatherland League, 207–8, 242

  New History Society, 371

  New Leader, 526

  New Scientist, 459

  Newsweek, 485, 491

  Newton, Isaac:

  “bucket experiment” of, 199–201, 251–52, 318–20

  calculus developed by, 93

  Einstein compared with, 5, 6, 90–91, 93, 312, 333, 352, 544, 549, 581n

  Einstein’s admiration for, 248, 301, 360, 423, 438

  gravitational laws of, 2, 57, 81–82, 84, 90–91, 93, 110, 113, 114, 118–19, 125, 128, 130–31, 133, 145, 146–47, 156, 189, 197, 198, 199–201, 204, 214, 216, 218, 223, 251–52, 256, 258, 259, 261–62, 26
4, 266, 277, 280, 318–20, 323, 333, 352, 453, 548

  Principia of, 125, 128, 199–201, 352

  New Yorker, 266–67

  New York Evening Post, 294

  New York Herald’Tribune, 343

  NewYorkPost, 501, 526

  New York Times, 264–66, 277–78, 285, 292, 294, 296, 299, 339–42, 343, 344, 358, 370, 398, 400, 411–12, 416, 421, 436, 450, 459, 467, 468, 487, 493, 499–500, 513, 520, 521, 525–26, 528, 529, 532, 545, 631n

  New York World Telegram, 404, 420

  Nicolai, Georg Friedrich, 207, 243–46, 433

  Night of the Long Knives, 434

  Nobel, Alfred, 310, 490

  Nobel Prize, 3, 60, 101, 206, 235, 236, 243, 280, 286, 309–16, 325, 329, 337, 344–45, 349, 373, 383, 387, 407, 490, 516, 606n, 607n

  non-symmetrical tensors, 512–13

  Norden, Heinz, 633

  Norton, John D., 195n, 196, 197, 214, 576n, 594n

  Novi Sad, Serbia, 42, 64, 73, 75, 76–77, 86–88, 136, 161, 182, 570n

  Novi Sad, University of, 136

  nuclear fission, 469–72

  nuclear weapons, 482–84, 487–95, 539, 541, 631n–32n

  Nüesch, Jacob, 72, 73

  Oakland, 401

  Oberlaender Trust, 401–3

  Occam’s razor, 549

  O’Connell, William Henry, 388, 389

  Office of Scientific Research and Development, U.S., 480

  Olympia Academy, 79–84, 85, 93, 125, 131, 135, 143, 164, 274, 317, 462, 513, 536

  “On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light” (Einstein), 94–101, 105

  “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Einstein), 122–35

  “On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light” (Einstein), 190–91, 256

  “On the Investigation of the State of Ether in a Magnetic Field” (Einstein), 24–25

  “On the Method of Theoretical Physics” (Einstein), 350–53

  “On the Molecular Theory of Heat” (Einstein), 97

  “On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein” (Einstein), 608n

  “On the Quantum Theory of Radiation” (Einstein), 322–24

  Oppenheim, Shulamith, 13

  Oppenheimer, Frank, 531

  Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 251, 480, 488–89, 509, 524, 531–32, 534, 540, 631n, 638n

  Oppenheimer, Kitty, 531

  optics, 98, 114

  Oseen, Carl Wilhelm, 313–14

  osmosis, 480–81

  Ostwald, Wilhelm, 59–60, 70, 310

  “Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and a Theory of Gravitation” (Entwurf approach) (Einstein), 198–202, 204, 212, 213–14, 215, 216, 256, 591n, 592n, 594n

  Overbye, Dennis, 13, 127, 216, 255, 459

  Oxford University, 350–53, 361–62, 396–97, 410, 412, 418–20, 422–24, 431, 432, 549, 591n

  pacifism, 4, 23, 58, 205–9, 212, 302, 305, 371, 373, 374–78, 381–83, 396, 399–401, 402, 403, 404–5, 414–17, 421, 483, 490, 498–99, 501, 521, 633n

  Pageant, 505

  Pais, Abraham, 106, 165, 218, 275, 297n, 466, 509, 514–15, 532, 619n

  Panama Canal, 371

  Papen, Franz von, 399

  paradoxes, 114–15, 130

  parietal cortex, 547–48

  particle (quantum) theory, 1, 65, 93, 94–101, 105, 110, 120–22, 124, 140, 141–42, 144, 150, 155–57, 165, 168–71, 179, 190, 235, 255, 256, 286, 313–14, 318–20, 321, 326–33, 337n, 539, 580n–81n, 583n, 586n

  Pasadena Civic Auditorium, 402–3

  Pasteur, Louis, 423

  Paterniti, Michael, 546, 640n

  Patterson, Cissy, 615n

  Paul, Saint, 343

  Pauli, Wolfgang, 156, 267, 343–44, 345, 346, 451, 466, 538

  Pauling, Linus, 171n, 486

  Peacock Inn, 426

  Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 480

  Pearson, Drew, 534

  Penrose, Boies, 295

  Penrose, Roger, 251, 581n

  People’s Books on Natural Science (Bernstein), 18–19, 567n

  perihelion, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n

  Pernet Jean, 34–35, 54–55

  Perse, Saint–John, 549

  Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 26

  Petersschule, 15–16

  Philadelphia Inquirer, 528

  Philadelphia Public Ledger, 293

  philosophy, 20, 52–53, 79–84, 113, 164, 166, 238, 334–35, 387, 388–89, 391, 460–61, 518, 627n

  photoelectric effect, 65, 96–101, 105, 207, 235, 286, 309, 313–15, 327, 344, 351, 373

  photographic diaphragm, 435

  photons, 94, 99, 101, 322–24, 326–33, 349, 459, 466, 576n

  Physical Review, 624n

  physics:

  absolutes in, 2, 37, 82, 84, 111, 124–25, 128, 169, 200, 223, 266, 277, 288, 320, 333, 460

  classical, 90–92, 96, 99, 100, 101, 109, 113, 114, 125, 156, 169, 197, 277, 280, 312–13, 317, 322, 323, 324, 332, 333, 347, 461, 463

  deductive method for, 116–18

  experimental, 34–35, 47–48, 57, 161, 286, 310–11, 312, 314

  “German,” 289, 315, 405–10

  heuristic approach to, 94, 98, 155

  historical development of, 33–34, 90–92

  inductive method for, 116–18, 191, 350–52, 579n–81n

  “Jewish,” 142, 269–71, 284–89, 311–12, 315

  laws of, 17–19, 57, 69–70, 84, 90–91, 107–8, 193, 196–97, 216–17, 220, 223–24, 277, 278, 312–13, 386, 388, 510–11, 549–50

  particle, 316, 326–27, 334, 345, 352, 353, 463–64, 512, 538

  popular understanding of, 5–7, 18, 263–80, 355, 567n

  scientific realism in, 169, 323–25, 333–35, 349, 350–53, 385, 450–51, 455, 460–65, 538–39, 6l2n, 627n, 628n, 635n

  theoretical, 33–34, 35, 91–93, 99, 150, 152, 156, 161, 162, 175, 203, 212, 286, 310–11, 312, 314, 348, 407

  unified conception of, 3, 4, 13–14, 67, 70–71, 148, 352, 550

  see also quantum mechanics; relativity; unified field theory

  “Physics and Reality” (Einstein), 462–63

  Picasso, Pablo, 3, 5, 280

  Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 469

  Pity of It All, The (Elon), 284

  Planck, Max, 5, 32, 95–100, 132, 140–41, 149, 155, 156, 157, 160–61, 163, 168, 169, 170, 178–79, 203, 205, 206–7, 211, 232–33, 260, 267, 269, 288, 304, 310–11, 321, 322, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 344, 337, 339, 344, 406, 407–8, 409, 550, 549, 576n

  Planck medal, 348

  Planck’s constant (h), 95–96, 99, 155, 157, 327, 331

  planetary orbits, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n

  Plesch, Janos, 357–58

  Podolsky, Boris, 450–53, 456, 458, 459–60, n–26n

  Poincaré, Henri, 81, 125, 133–34, 135, 168, 170, 176–77, 311, 330, 550, 569n–70n, 581n

  Poland, 499

  polonium, 171

  Ponsonby, Arthur, 414–15, 417

  Poor, Charles, 277–78

  Popovi, Milan, 87

  positivism, 82, 350, 460–61, 462, 609n, 627n

  Postal and Telegraph Building (Bern), 77, 142

  postulates, 118–22, 127–28, 134, 191, 252, 335, 347, 581n

  potential energy, 584n

  Prague, University of, 162–68, 173, 175–77, 192, 421, 482

  “Present State of the Problem of

  Specific Heats, The” (Einstein), 169–71

  Princeton Country Day School, 440

  Princeton Hospital, 545, 546, 547

  Princeton University, 289, 297–98, 395, 399, 444–45

  Principe Island, 257–58, 261

  Principia (Newton), 125, 128, 199–201, 352

  Principles of Human Knowledge (Berkeley), 350n

  privatdozent appointments, 144–53

  probability, 84, 255, 323–25, 328–29, 330, 332, 333–35, 338–39, 345, 347, 349, 353, 392, 454–56, 461, 46
2, 515, 626n–27n

  Prolegomena (Kant), 238

  Proust, Marcel, 280

  Prussian Academy of Sciences, 100, 179, 203, 214–15, 218, 219–20, 250, 321, 343, 395, 398, 405–7, 408, 411

  psi-functions, 457–58

  Ptolemy, 518

  Pueblo (Colorado) Star-Journal, 528

  Pugwash Conferences, 541

  Pythagoras, 194

  Pythagorean theorem, 17, 195n

  quantum mechanics, 320–35, 448–70

  “action at a distance” in, 319–20, 330, 346–47, 448–53, 454, 458

  Bohr’s contributions to, 324–26, 332–33, 344–49, 448, 451–52, 458, 468–69, 514–15, 626n

  causality in, 345, 347, 460, 461

  complementarity in, 452–53

  Copenhagen interpretation of, 332–33, 347, 349, 424, 449, 453, 455, 457, 459–60, 626n–27n

  decoherent histories in, 459–60, 626n–27n

  Einstein’s contributions to, 3, 4, 5, 22, 94–101, 140, 144, 155–57, 168–71, 211, 234, 235, 238, 316, 321, 322–33, 608n

  Einstein’s criticism of, 4, 7, 22, 84, 94, 157, 166, 298, 316, 317, 320–35, 344–53, 385, 421–22, 448–70, 514–15, 538, 609n, 625n–29n, 635n

  entanglement in, 454, 455, 458–59

  “EPR paper” on, 450–53, 456, 458, 459–60, n–26n

  experimental support for, 329, 333, 458

  fixed states in, 455–56

  gravitation in, 349, 449, 458

  “gunpowder experiment” for, 456, 457–58

  incompleteness of, 450–53, 457

  locality principle in, 448–53, 454, 458, 461, 512, 626n mass in, 348–49

  momentum and position in, 323, 346, 348–49, 448–53, 459–60, n–27n

  Newton’s laws and, 323, 333, 453

  observation in, 331–33, 345, 349, 448–70, 515, 538, 625n, 635n

  physical reality in, 169–70, 321, 326–33, 345–46, 347, 349, 448–70, 538, 625n

  probability in, 84, 255, 323–25, 328–29, 330, 332, 333–35, 338–39, 345, 347, 349, 353, 392, 454–56, 461, 462, 515, n–27n

  psi-functions in, 457–58

  relativity compared with, 5, 168–71, 320–21, 323, 326, 332, 334–37, 346, 347, 453, 459, 460

  Schrödinger equation for, 454–55, 626n

  “Schrödinger’s cat” and, 453–60

  scientific collaboration on, 326–33, 424, 451–52, 453

  separability in, 449–50, 453, 454, 461, 609n, 626n

  Solvay conference debates on, 344–49, 452, 453, 514, 538, 609n

  spacetime continuum in, 348–49, 450, 453, 455, 461–62

  “spooky action at a distance” in, 448–53, 454, 458

  statistical calculations for, 327–29, 333, 341, 345, 347–48, 629n of subatomic particles, 322–24, 326–33, 454, 459–60, 625n, 627n sum-over-histories approach to, 515