by Jill Roe
34The Buddong Flows On, vol. 2, pp. 185–7; On Dearborn Street, Univ. of Qld Press, St Lucia, Qld, 1981, p. 120.
35Blackwood to SMF, 16/3/1910 and SMF to Blackwood, 4 /4/1910, FP vol. 80.*
36Margaret Dreier Robins, Welcome and Convention Address, 27/9/1909, and Minutes, National Executive Board, NWTUL, St Louis, 19/5/1910, MDR Papers, Box 13, and WTUL Papers, m/film reel 1.
37[SMF and Alice Henry], ‘Chicago at the Front’, L&L, Jan. 1911, p. 5.
38ibid; ‘A Sweated Industry’, L&L, Jan. 1911, p. 13.
39‘Chicago at the Front’, L&L, Jan. 1911, pp. 4–13.
40Boone, The Women’s Trade Union Leagues, pp. 94–5; ‘Chicago at the Front’, L&L, Jan. 1911, pp. 4–13, and ‘The End of the Struggle’, L&L, Mar. 1911, p. 89. John Fitzpatrick (1870– 1946) was a progressive labour leader in the Chicago Federation of Labor.
41‘Sketches from Life No. 1: The Waiter Speaks’, ML MSS 445/22, is set at about this time.
42‘Why 50,000 Refused to Sew’, Englishwoman, vol. 10, 29/6/1911, pp. 297–308, and the Age (Melbourne), 24/6/1911, p. 8.
Chapter 6 — The Net of Circumstance
1SMF to Aunt Annie Franklin, 21/11/1913, ML Doc 2866.*
2James J. Kenneally, Women and American Trade Unions, Eden Press, Montreal, 1981, pp. 71–2; Susan Eastabrook Kennedy, If All We Did Was Weep at Home: A History of White Working Class Women in America, Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 1981, pp. 129–30.
3SMF to T. J. Hebblewhite, press cutting, Penny Post, ML MSS 3737/2; Bruce Sutherland, ‘Stella Miles Franklin’s American Years’, Meanjin, 1965, vol. 24, no. 2, mentions ‘the lost novel’, identified in Jill Roe, ‘The Significant Silence’, Meanjin, 1980, vol. 39, no. 1; ‘Progressivism’ (OCAH).
4SMF to D. Murphy, 15/4/1911, FP vol. 10 and PD, 15/4/1911; ML MSS 445/22. FP vol. 121A has unidentified page proofs with many corrections by SMF.
5ML MSS 445/22; PD, 8, 15–16/4/1911.
6MDR to SMF, 17/5/1911, FP vol. 10. Editha Phelps worked at the John Crerar Library.
7SMF to Isabella Goldstein, 13/10/1911, VG.*
8Violet Pike (1885–1978), b. New York, a Vassar graduate and a volunteer picket during the 1910 strikes in New York and Philadelphia (Rheta Childe Dorr, What 8 Million Women Want, Small, Maynard and Co, Boston, 1910), m. Arthur J. Penty, English Guild Socialist, in 1916 (see ch. 7, n. 6); FP vol. 111, vol. 113X (*postcards, p. 65); Lampe Family Album, NLA.
9PD, Jun.–Jul. 1911.
10FP vol. 111; London Directory, 1909, lists ‘Miss Lucy Bremian’, boarding house, at 22 Upper Woburn Place (site adjacent to Endsleigh Crt, a few steps down from Euston Rd), but the name is probably misspelled.
11Tennyson to SMF, 11/7/1911, FP vol. 9A; PD, passim; SMF to Isabella Goldstein, 13/10/1911, VG Papers;* SMF to Elizabeth Robins, 10/10/1940, FP vol. 13. Melba by Agnes Gillian Murphy (c.1875–1931), expatriate journalist and publicist, was published by Chatto & Windus, London, 1909 (see also Clarke, Pen Portraits, pp. 214–16).
12LN, FP vol. 3, p. 560, and Times (London), 6/11/1930, p. 17; Personal Account Book, 18/1/1913, FP vol. 110/1. Florence Dryhurst, a member of the WFL, was wife of Albert Robert Dryhurst, Assist. Sec. (ret.) of the British Museum (Times, 1/7/1924, p. 14), mother of Sylvia, writer and wife of Robert Lynd (1879–1949) (ODNB). For more on radical liberal journalist Henry Woodd Nevinson (1856–1941), social reformers Margaret McMillan (1860–1931) and Rachel McMillan (1859–1917), and the redoubtable Charlotte Despard (1844–1939), see ODNB, ch. 7.
13FP vol. 111 (postcard); LN, FP vol. 3, p. 564; Helen Marot to SMF, 30/9/1911, and SMF to Helen Marot, 4/10/1911, NWTUL, Records, m/film reel 1.* Helen Marot (1865–1940), Quaker and social investigator, was Secretary, New York WTUL 1906–13 (ANB).
14‘Strike of Women’, L&L, Oct. 1911, p. 315, and ‘Organising Women Workers in America’ by A. A. S. [A. A. Smith], Vote, 16/9/1911, pp. 256–7, repr. A Gregarious Culture. George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England (Constable, London, 1936) is the classic work. Fellow Australian Dr Marion Phillips (1881–1932), later first woman organiser of the British Labour Party, was an organiser of the Bermondsey strike, but it is not known if Miles met her at that time (ADB vol. 11).
15Roe, ‘Chivalry and Social Policy’; LN, FP vol. 3, p. 731; SMF to SF, 22/7/[1911], FP vol. 111; Olive Schreiner, Woman and Labour, 1911, inscribed ‘S. M. E. Franklin’, PBC no. 799, and C. P. Gilman, Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution, Putnam’s Sons, London, 1908, 6th edn, inscribed ‘S. M. E. Franklin 12.12.11’ in her hand, PBC no. 647.
16‘American Women and Labour’, SMH, 5/6/1912, p. 5; Helen Marot to SMF, 30/9/1911, and SMF to Helen Marot, 4/10/1911, WTUL Papers;* Second Single Tax Conference, Chicago, 24–26/11/1912. Census records show Miles and Walter in the same Chicago neighbourhood in 1910 (Terence H. Hull, ‘The Strange History and Problematic Future of the Australian Census’, unpub. conference address, 2006, courtesy the author), and there was probably a prior link between Miles’s friends the Pischels and Marion Mahony’s family in north-west Chicago.
17Personal account book, 1911–17, FP vol. 110/1.
18SMF to Leonora O’Reilly [Aug. 1915], O’Reilly Papers, WTUL Papers, m/film series II; SMF to Isabella Goldstein, 13/10/1911, VG Papers and SMF to Exec. Members, 30/10/1911, WTUL Papers;* MDR to RR, 24/10/1911, RR Papers, in MDR Corres., MDR Papers.
19L&L, Dec. 1911, pp. 377–9, repr. A Gregarious Culture; L&L, Oct. 1912, pp. 310–11.
20A Gregarious Culture, p. xix; Bettison and Roe, ALS listing, 2001; Promised Land review, L&L, Nov. 1912, pp. 342–4, repr. A Gregarious Culture; Way Stations review, L&L, June 1913, pp.181–2.
21Lester F. Ward, Pure Sociology: A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society, Macmillan, New York, 1911, p. 188.
22L&L, Jun. 1913, p. 187; Gilman, Living, p. 187; Knight, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, pp. 59, 116–24 (quotation, p. 123). This account of Gilman follows Ann J. Lane, ANB vol. 9.
23SMF to RS, 19/6/1913, and SMF to RS, 9/12/1912, RS Corres. *(edited text); and ‘Mrs Gilman on the Warpath’, DT(Sydney), 5/2/1913, p. 2.
24Ann Heilmann, New Woman Fiction: Women Writing First-wave Feminism, Macmillan, St Martin’s, London & New York, 2000, esp. ch. 3.
25Knight, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, p. 123; LN, FP vol. 3, p. 614; Heilbrun, Writing a Woman’s Life, p. 43. Most of the unpublished work is to be found at ML MSS 445, e.g. ‘Notes’, ML MSS 445/22.
26Heilmann, New Woman Fiction, pp. 156–7. ‘Künstlerroman’: a novel on the development of an artist from childhood.
27There are ten references to Australia in L&L, vol. 1, including two to Catherine Helen Spence. Florence Baverstock (1861–1937), daughter of Victorian journalist David Blair (ADB vol. 3), was much admired by fellow journalist Mary Gilmore (Clarke, Pen Portraits, pp. 231–3).
28PD, 31/12/1911, 1/1/1912–4/2/1912; Lakeside City Directory, 1917; ML MSS 445/25/2 (play).
29NAW; O’Reilly Papers, m/film series V (SMF to Leonora O’Reilly, 20/11/1911); MDR to Leonora O’Reilly, 17/1/1912; SMF to Leonora O’Reilly, 19/2/1912; MDR to the Exec. Board, 20/1/1912, NWTUL Records, m/film reel 1; ‘Leonora O’Reilly’, personal file, MDR Papers, Box 12.
30PD, 17–18/2/1912 and 15/4/1912; MDR and SMF to Exec. Board, 26/3/1912, NWTUL Records, m/film reel 1; Boone, The Women’s Trade Union Leagues, pp. 101–7 (incl. quotation) and Mary E. Dreier, Margaret Dreier Robins, pp. 86–7. See ch. 5, n. 29 for Agnes Nestor.
31Margery Currey: SMF to RS, 9/12/11912, RS Corres.* Elisabeth Christman (1881–1975) was President of the Chicago glove workers’ union 1912–17 and WTUL Secretary-Treasurer 1921–50 (NAW). Rose Schneiderman (1882–1972) was fulltime organiser for the New York WTUL from 1910 (NAW). For Mary Anderson see ch. 8.
32Condolence card, Sarah Lampe, FP vol. 51, p. 21 (‘For honesty, piety and integrity the deceased had no superiors’); ‘Red Cross Nurse’, ML MSS 445/3; Jane Hunt, ‘Unrelaxing Fortitude’
; SMF to RS, 9/12/1912, RS Corres.*
33‘Suffrage Forces Call on Homes’, CDT, 30/3/1912, p 2; ‘Walter Burley Griffin. Winner of the Federal Capital Prize’, DT (Sydney), 3/8/1912, p 15; Griffin heard the news late May; SMF’s first diary reference to the Griffins is 4/6/1912, stating that Emma Pischel’s brother Fred took her and Miss Henry to call on the Griffins. On ‘civic ambitions’, see Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age, Belknap Press at Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1998, ch. 5.
34‘Women to March on the Coliseum’, CDT, 5/8/1912, p. 5; press cutting, The World, 25/8/1912, DD Papers, m/film reel D106; Margery Dell (Currey), ‘Chicago Suffragists March’, L&L, Oct. 1912, pp. 316–17.
35SMF to RS, 14/9/1912, RS Corres.; PD; Mary E. Dreier to Dear Dodo [1912], DD Papers, m/film reel D106.
36Alice Henry and SMF to the Prime Minister of Australia, 13/9/1912, RS Corres., and ‘American Suffragists Annoyed’, DT(Sydney), 6/11/1912, p. 15, also CDT, 12/9/1912, p. 1 (possibly the cutting referred to); SMF to RS, 9/12/1912, RS Corres.*
37Frederick Pischel (1868–1920s?), b. Wisconsin, is listed as a clerk in Lakeside Directories, but appears as an architect at the 1900 census. From CDT references, he was active on Cook Co. realty board 1913–19.
38Australian press references: Book Lover, Mar. 1913, p. 30, May 1913, p. 49 (Raymond Robins’ visit to Australia), Jun. 1913, p. 69 and Sept. 1913, p. 98 (sends material on NWTUL Convention), Sept. 1914, p. 106 (SMF said to be a woman of 30), plus separate citations this chapter; Socialist(Melbourne), ‘A Literary Letter from Myles [sic] Franklin’, 12/9/1913, p. 4 (SMF sends L&L Jun., Jul. 1913); Sydney Stock and Station Journal 5/9/1913, p. 2 (St Louis Conference Proceedings, FP vol. 122/97). Worker (‘Our Women’s Page’): ‘Girls and Unions in America’, 27/3/1913, p. 15; invitation to send delegates to St Louis Convention, 10/4/1913, p. 15; ‘An American Suffragist Leader’, 8/5/1913, p. 21; ‘Wages and Vice: Are They Related?’, 29/5/1913, p. 17 (from L&L, Apr. 1913). Letters introducing Walter Burley Griffin: SMF to RS, 19/7/1913 and 23/8/1913, RS Corres.,* and Book Lover, Sept. 1913, p. 99. RR to MDR, 7/4/1913, Hotel Metropole, Sydney, RR Papers in MDR Corres. in MDR Papers; ML MSS 445/ 37/19.
39‘Women and War. Chicago’s Little Theater’, L&L, Mar. 1913, p. 87. Maurice Browne (1881–1955), British-born theatrical producer, and his wife, actor Ellen Van Volkenburg (1882–1979), co-established the Chicago Little Theater, Autumn 1912.
40SMF to RS, 19/6/1913, RS Corres.; ‘The Australian Theatre’, West Australian, 23/9/1950, p. 21, repr. A Gregarious Culture.
41SMF to Alice Henry, 1/3/1917, FP vol. 114 (after a letter in Tribune?);* SMF to Alice Henry, 11/3/[1936], FP vol. 11;* FP vol. 5, item 16 (diary fragments); William Bross Lloyd m. Lola Maverick (1875–1944), WTUL ‘ally’ and peace activist, in 1902, and they had four children 1904–13; divorced by her in 1916, he remarried in 1918. Opera in Chicago dates from 1910.
42SMF to C. H. Grattan, 6/9/1938, FP vol. 23;* Demarest Lloyd to SMF, 36 letters 1912–21, FP vol. 12.
43NYT, 5/11/1912, p. 1; Court depositions, Boston, 1912–13 (but the documentation is in archaic language, now difficult to interpret); National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. XXVIII, 1940; SMF to Ethel Nielsen (Mason), 29/11/1951, FP vol. 21.
44Demarest Lloyd to SMF, 16/9/1912, n.d. [Oct. 1913], FP vol. 12.
45Demarest Lloyd to SMF, 22/9/1912, 6/10/1913, 5/12/1913, 8/10/1913, FP vol. 12.
46SMF to Demarest Lloyd, 26/9/1914, FP vol. 12;* ‘When Bobby Got Religion’, ML MSS 445/21, and On Dearborn Street, ch. 13. Demarest Lloyd’s enthusiasm for Christian Science 1913–14 did not extend to church membership (Church records, Boston) and is treated dismissively in the fictions.
47‘Red Cross Nurse’, ML MSS 445/3.
48‘Mrs Pankhurst in the United States’, L&L, Dec. 1913, pp. 364–6, repr. A Gregarious Culture; June Purvis, Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography, Routledge, London and New York, 2002, has a fine photographic portrait of EP in Chicago in 1913; SMF expended $3 on tickets to hear Mrs Pankhurst (account book, 1/11/1913); Purvis, pp. 136–41 (1909), 169–76 (1911), 234–7 (1913).
49‘Leaders Who Will Take Part in the National Women’s Trade Union League Convention Here’, St Louis Times, 31/5/1913, and ‘She’ll Devote her Life to Better her Sex, Trades Head Says’, St Louis Republican, 3/6/1913, Jane Addams WTUL Scrapbook, Univ. of Illinois-Chicago Library, Special Collns, folio 6; Boone, Women’s Trade Union Leagues, pp. 110–16.
50‘Fourth Biennial Outlines Organizational Work’, L&L, Sept. 1913, pp. 273–5; MDR, ‘Industrial Education’, Presidential Address, 1913, L&L, Aug. 1913; ‘Agnes Nestor of the Glove Workers: A Leader in the Women’s Movement’, L&L, Dec. 1913, pp. 370–4 and Mar. 1913, p. 93.
51‘Training School for Women Organizers’ and ‘Ten Years of Work by the Chicago League’, L&L, Mar. 1914, pp. 90–1, 93–4; SMF to RR, 11/6/1914, RR Papers in MDR Corres. in MDR Papers.*
52L&L letterhead, SMF to RS, 23/8/1913, RS Corres.; Diane Kirkby, ‘Class, Gender and the Perils of Philanthropy: The Story of Life and Labor and Labor Reform in the Women’s Trade Union League’, J. Women’s Hist., Fall 1992.
53Alice Henry to MDR, 24/3/1914, NWTUL Records, m/film reel 1; SMF to Leonora O’Reilly, 10/6/1914, O’Reilly Papers, m/film series V.
54PD, Apr.–Jun. 1914, passim.
55Dorothy Pethick (1881–1970) was a sister of WSPU’s Mrs Pethick Lawrence. Florence Emily Kathleen (Kath) Ussher (1891–1983), b. Qld, second daughter of English-born parents Florence Eleanor Ussher, née Whittle, and Cpt James Ussher, and star student of the Misses Hodge and Newcombs’ ‘Shirley’ school, enrolled briefly in the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1914 (ts. copy in my possession). Edith Ellis (1861–1916), socialist and writer, m. Henry Havelock Ellis in 1894, but the marriage failed, due to the unorthodox sexuality of both partners. Martha Vicinus, conference address, Univ. of Adelaide, 28/6/2005, stressed Ellis’ avant-garde self-image; the short story ‘Miss Toby’s Party, or How I Queered a Queer’s Party’ (ML MSS 445/22) mocks ‘well-worn lectures on free love’.
56Maurice Smith, A Short History of Dentistry, Wingate, London, 1958, pp. 71–5.
57Jill Roe, ‘Forcing the Issue: Miles Franklin and National Identity’; MDR to RR, 23/8/1914, in MDR Corres., MDR Papers.
58‘The New Broom: How It is Sometimes Made’, L&L, Oct. 1914, pp. 294–6; William Lothian to SMF, 26/5/1930, FP vol. 80 (re return of the Cupid story, held ‘for a great many years’).
59SMF to Leonora O’Reilly, 15/9/1914, O’Reilly Papers, m/film series V; MDR to Mary E. Dreier, 2/10/1914, MDR Papers.
60Leslie Bridle, pers. comm., 1982.
61Postcards to SF, FP vol. 110 and 13/11/1914, FP vol. 111.
62SMF to Melinda Scott, 16/11/1914, Alice Henry to MDR, 19/12/1914, appeal 18/12/1914 and staff meeting report, by SMF [?], 31/12/1914, and MDR to Exec. Board, 23/12/1914, NWTUL Records, m/film reel 1; MDR to Mary E. Dreier, 17/1/1915, MDR Papers.
63Lakeside City Directories; ‘Mr O. L’Artsau’ to Demarest Lloyd, 27/8/1920 and reply, 11/1/1921, FP vol. 12; SMF to Ethel Nielsen, 29/11/1951, FP vol. 21.
64PBC no. 769. Helen Frances (‘Nell’) Malone (1881–1963), b. Stanifer, NSW, near Inverell, a nurse, was last heard of in France in 1953. George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950), b. Dublin, Fabian socialist and dramatist, was then at the height of his powers (Gibbs, Bernard Shaw, ch. 16).
65SF, Notebook, FP vol. 107, passim, vol. 111 (postcards), vols 105, 110 (account books); Roderick, Guard Book 6, p. 15, Roderick Papers; Sarah Lampe (d. 1912), will no. 56750 and estate SR 20/455 (NSW BMD). The cottage was purchased 27/8/1914 and Susannah moved in on 21/9/1914; JMF did not finally retire there until 1917.
66MDR to Mary E. Dreier, as cited MDR to the Exec. Board, 5/2/1915, MDR Papers, Box 13 (deficit $2996.78, income $9850.19) and MDR to the Exec. Board, 8/1/1915, NWTUL Records, m/film reel 2 (control). Edith Wyatt to MDR, 12/3/1915, MDR to the Exec. Board, 23/3/1915, and Alice Henry to MDR, 6/4/1915, NWTUL Re
cords, m/film reel 2; Kirkby, Alice Henry, p. 115. MDR to the Exec. Board, 23/3/1915, NWTUL Records, m/ film reel 2; MDR to Mary E. Dreier, 19/3/1915, MDR Papers; MDR to E. Wyatt, 17/3/1915, NWTUL Records, m/film reel 2; Kirkby, Alice Henry, p. 118; Wilde, Courage a Grace, p. 191. The Bulletin ceased publication in 1920.
67Kirkby, Alice Henry, p. 117; SMF, ‘The Fifth Biennial Convention’, L&L, Jul. 1915, pp. 116– 22, and ‘Prominent Women Leaders in National Union Here for Big Convention’, New York Call, 7/6/1915 (Jane Addams, WTUL Scrapbook, Univ. of Illinois-Chicago Library, Special Collns folder 9), with SMF and MDR centrally pictured.
68SMF to Leonora O’Reilly 9/8/1915 and enclosure, SMF to Emma Steghagen, 9/8/1915, O’Reilly Papers, both.*
69MDR to Agnes Nestor, 8/1/1936, Nestor Papers, m/film series VII; SMF to Eva O’Sullivan, 23/9/1915, ML MSS 544.*
70SMF to Margery Currey, 14/3/1950, also 4/1/1933, FP vol. 22.*
71‘Chicago Trade Union Women in Conference’, L&L, Oct. 1915, pp. 154–6; Emma Steghagen to SMF, 28/1/1916 and 3/4/1917, Exec. Board Minutes, 22–4/1/1916, NWTUL Records, m/film reel 2. Amy Walker Field was listed as acting editor Nov.–Dec. 1915 and subsequently appointed editor; MDR took over in 1916.
72SMF, ‘Jane Addams of Hull-House’; Elshtain, Jane Addams, pp. 230–1; John P. White to SMF, 7/10/1915, FP vol. 13 and Samuel Gompers to SMF, 26/10/1915, FP vol. 51. SMF’s AFL membership card is at ML MSS 445/40; MSS 3659/1, 145a (enclosure PBC).
73 The Detective’s Album (1871) by ‘Mary Fortune’ (Mary Wilson, c.1833– c.1910, ADB S) used a male narrator. Thea Astley is probably the best known modern Australian writer in this regard. ‘Miss Toby’s Party’ is another Cavarley narration, heterosexual in character.
74Alexandra Kollontai (1872–1952) was the first woman in history to hold a senior diplomatic post, as Soviet minister to Norway (1923).
75SMF to Leonora O’Reilly, 6/11/1915, O’Reilly Papers, m/film series V.*