by Koven, Seth
metropolitan police: as poor house relieving officers, 49
Metropolitan Poor Bill (1867): and creation of Metropolitan Asylums Board, 63
Meyer, Anne: and Lee, 210
Mill, John Stuart: on workhouse infirmaries, 34
Milner, Alfred, 250; and Toynbee Hall, 364n93
mimic man: Merrick as, 128
mimicry: and philanthropy, 37; of plebeian style, 259
miscegenation, 175
Miss Brown (Lee, 1884), 205, 215; in comparison to A Princess of the Gutter, 218; on gender in Mrs. Meade’s novels, 221; marriage plot of, 212; as nasty book, 224; plot summary of, 210; and Pre-Raphaelitism, 206; same-sex desire in, 221
missions: in London and the empire, 254; and settlements, 237, 243, 256
mistresses: tyranny of, 162
Mitchell, Sally: on girl culture, 352n118
monasticism: in Church of England, 359n43; connotations of, 238
Montefiore, Claude, 250
Moore, George, 210
moral imagination, 133, 226; political economy of, 129; and slumming, 285; unruly passions of, 138; of the Victorians, 89
moral panic: about sex in casual words, 19
Morant Bay, 62; rebellion in, 1865, 47
Morant, Robert, 288; on asceticism and imperial missionary impulses, 365n112; on settlements, 254
Morning Post, 153
Morning Star: on “A Night,” 31
Morris, William, 208, 230; and Oxford Union frescoes, 369n145
Morrison, Arthur: as East Londoner, 217, 296–297n32
Morten, Honnor, 190
mothercraft, 195
Mudie’s Circulating Library, 210
mudlarks, 185
mulatto: Banks on, 175–176; and Williams family, 122–123
Munby, Arthur J.: and dirt, 185
muscular Christianity, 243, 252
mutual aid: among women journalists, 152
“My Countryman”: and “A Night,” 25
Nash, Vaughan, 266
Nassau Senior, Jane (Mrs.), 193
National Insurance Bill, 288
Nead, Lynda: on sexual geography of London, 316n86; on social investigation and sexuality, 302n7
Nelson, Nell, 157
neurasthenia: and men, 166
Nevinson, Henry Wood: on Oxford House, 261; and slumming, 4
Nevinson, Margaret, 9
New Journalism, 154, 179; as American import, 171; Hobson’s criticism of, 162; “A Night” as precursor to, 51
New Man, 273, 275; and New Woman, 372n177
New Poor Law (1834), 92; principles of, 56, 98; sexual segregation mandated by, 43
New Woman, 142, 179, 199, 224, 273; Elizabeth Banks on, 161; Elizabeth Banks’s criticism of, 150; physical appearance of, 150; as press creation, 174
New York: republican politics of, 149–150; social politics of, 142; women journalists in, 157
New York Daily Tribune: on Banks, 146
New York journalism: and Elizabeth Banks, 145–149, 173
New York Sun, 150, 173
Newman, Rev. John Henry, 232
Newnham College, Cambridge, 174
newspapers: as purveyors of commodities, 151; social authority of, 51; masculine workplace culture of, 61, 152–153, 336n43
“Night, A.” See “Night in a Workhouse, A.”
Night and Day, 97; dream narrative in, 109
“Night in a Workhouse, A” (James Greenwood, 1866): authorship of, 32; as broadside, 28; financial rewards from, 285; Frederick Greenwood’s editorial on, 47; French press on, 302n12; historiography about, 27, 303n14; homoerotics of, 44; images of contagion in, 40; impact of, on Symonds, 70; indecision of official response to, 69; installment of January 12th of, 36–43; installment of January 13th of, 43–44; installment of January 15th of, 45–46; Lambeth vestrymen on, 54; motives for, 32; origins of, 26; politicians’ responses to, 51; as precursor to New Journalism, 51; premise of, 32; publication history of, 46; as queer text, 68; responses of poor to, 66–70; responses to, 46–70; rhetorical performance of, 46; and scientific charity, 57–60; and as sex scandal, 30; sexology, 73–74; and slum narratives, 86; structure of, 38; as theatrical performance, 51–53
Nightingale, Florence, 185, 202; on workhouse infirmaries, 25
Nineteenth Century: and Beatrice Potter, 156; and domestic service, 164
Noel, Roden: on same-sex love, 17
Nord, Deborah: on Harkness, 340n96
Norfolk Island: convict colonies on, 43
Norton, Rictor: on homosexual identity, 316n125
novels: impact of, on women reformers, 350n80
Nunn, T. Hancock: at Toynbee Hall, 263
Oberlin College, 175
Obscene Publications Act (1857), 118
odd women. See spinster
opposite sex romance: among slum philanthropists, 199–201
orientalism: in descriptions of homeless poor, 61
Orwell, George, 74, 80; on borstal boy, 318n210; as exile and vagrant, 82; homophobia of, 84; on “queer lives” in slums, 183; and Raymond Williams, 82; shabby genteel socialism of, 81; as slum explorer, 27
Oshkosh Northwestern Weekly Gazette, 143, 144
Other Half, The (Worby, 1937), 85
Our Mutual Friend (Dickens, 1865): disguise in, 35; dust heaps in, 185
Out of the Depths, 123
Out of Work (Harkness, 1888), 168, 257
Oxford: in 1880s, 239; graduates of, in slums, 12; obligations of, to London poor, 10; and settlement movement, 242
Oxford House, 21, 230, 231, 236, 248; architecture of, 274, 279; asceticism at, 259, 261; celibacy at, 249, 268; conflicts at, 277; and cross-class brotherhood, 229; early days at, 244; as elite residential colony, 237; founding of, 242; Fried Gore’s criticisms of, 280; Lord Hugh Cecil on, 286; Margaret Harkness on, 257; masculinity at, 252; and missions, 243; opening of, 243; religion at, 251; as residential colony of Oxford men, 2; simplicity at, 244, 252, 262; and slum priests, 255; women at, 249
Oxford House Club, 230, 284; conflict in, 278
Oxford House men: and masculinity, 257; sexual personae of, 261
Oxford Mission Sisterhood of the Epiphany, 196
Oxford movement, 242; and effeminacy, 239, 252
pacifism: and Lester, 195; and Royden, 195
Paget, Violet, 205. See also Lee, Vernon
Pall Mall Gazette, 88, 157; and Arnold, 75– 76; and Autolycus, 140, 178; and Banks, 178; and Beatrice Potter (Webb), 12; financial difficulties of, 33, 285; gentlemen readers of, 45; and Jamaica, 62; and “A Night,” 25, 26, 28, 30, 34, 44, 46, 48, 285; readers’ letters to, 48; and Symonds, 70–71; on Wrens of Curragh, 31
Palmerston, Viscount (Henry John Temple): and parliamentary reform, 35
Parkes, Bessie Rayner, 151
Parkinson, J. C., 66–67
Parkyns, Mansfield, 365n110
parliamentary reform: and “A Night,” 51, 60. See also Second Reform Bill
Passage to India, A (Forster, 1924), 220
passionlessness, 16, 203–204
Pater, Walter, 208, 211, 230, 250
paternalism: and Ashbee, 277–278; of Church of England, 283; at Oxford House, 277, 279; at Toynbee Hall, 250
Paul, Kegan: on Ashbee, 268
Paul, Maurice, 200, 211
Pavillion Theatre, Whitechapel: and Casual Ward, 52
Pearson, John: and Guild of Handicraft, 272
Pearson, Karl: and Schreiner, 199
Pember-Devereux, Mrs. Roy, 222–223
People of the Abyss (London, 1902), 74, 82–83
People’s Palace, 266, and Charrington, 320–321n11
Pethick-Lawrence, Emmeline: on marriage, 202
philanthropy: Banks on, 160; and Barnardo, 88–90, 92–93, 113, 130, 139; as business, 132; and Charrington, 91; “cheque-book,” 7; Driberg on, 84; evangelical (see evangelical charity); in 1860s, 91–92; and gender, 240; Harkness’s criticisms of, 168; historiographical debates about, 18–19, 284–285; medical, 126, 128–129 (see al
so doctors); Merrick as object of, 126; mimetic goals of, 37; and opposite-sex romance, 199– 201; and slumming, 1, 3–6, 188, 198; and women, 198–201; and women’s duty, 154. See also aesthetic philanthropy; altruism; charity; Charity Organisation Society; evangelical charity
photographs: as art, 116; of Banks, 142; Barnardo’s use of (see also Barnardo, Thomas John); of children, 20, 112–124; of Daddy, 64; and Darwin, 117; documentary, 116; falsification of, 91 (see also “artistic fictions”); of Merrick, 128; as modern technology, 103; “representative,” 117, 129–130; and Save the Children, 135–37; and sexuality, 132; truthfulness of, 116–118
Photographic Notes: on Rejlander, 116
physiognomy, 119
Pike, G. Holden, 96, 153
Pioneer Club, 152, 159–160, 215
Pitt, Cecil: as actor playing Kay in Casual Ward, 53
Pleasant Sunday Afternoons: at Browning Settlement, 191
Plymouth Brethren, 88, 101
Pollock, Griselda: on London: A Pilgrimage, 317n193
poor: accusations by, against Barnardo, 106; definition and use of, as category, 10–11; and melodrama, 64–65; representations of, as primitive and savage, 10, 61, 244 (see also primitivism); responses of, to “A Night,” 66–70; voices of, 12–13; survival strategies of, 6
Poor Law: administrative problems of, 56; Board, on casual wards, 45, 49, 53; and guardians, 25, 33, 52; reform of, 27
poor relief: distribution of costs of, in London, 33
Pope, E. Asten: on cross-class sisterhood, 191
Poplar, 194; inspection of casual ward of, 49
pornography: and Barnardo’s photographs, 122, 134
porridge: as workhouse food, 41
Potter, Beatrice, 13; and Chamberlain, 199; East London philanthropy of, 200; as Jewess, 298n42; on slum housing, 12; and slumming, 183; as sociologist, 11. See also Webb, Beatrice
poverty: voluntary, 3
practicable socialism, 241
Pre-Raphaelitism, 206, 245
press: and debates about gender, 174; power of, in 1890s, 153. See also journalism; newspapers; Pall Mall Gazette
Priest and the Acolyte, The (Bloxam, 1894), 262
primitivism: in depictions of poor, 4, 7, 188, 253, 254, 279, 280; and Merrick, 127; and sexuality, 365n111
Princess Casamassima, The (James, 1886), 214–215
Princess of the Gutter, A (Meade, 1896), 205, 215–222, 224; absence of marriage plot in, 217; plot summary of, 216; readers’ responses to, 220; sisterly love in, 222
prostitution, 12, 130, 133; and Barnardo, 91, 103–104, 114; and British Weekly, 166–169; as child abuse, 134; and dirt, 188–189; and Gladstone, 123; James Greenwood on, 48; and Hinton, 16; and law wages, 168–169; male, 47, 70–71, 86, 130, 269; in Out of the Depths, 123; regulation of, in N.Y., 145; risk of, among servants, 193; and social purity, 16
protective labor legislation, 169, 339n88
Psomiades, Kathy: on Miss Brown, 213
psychoanalysis: as historical methodology, 6
public schools: sex at, 43, 84
publicans: and Oxford House, 278
Punch: on “aesthetic young man,” 239, 243; on Daddy, 65; on Lambeth casual ward, 64; on New Man, 274; on police as relieving officers, 50; on slumming; 14, 187–188
Pusey House, Oxford, 251
Pycroft, Ella, 12–13, 211; as glorified spinster, 199; and romance with Maurice Paul, 200
Pygmalion (Shaw, 1913), 41
Pym, Barbara: Excellent Women, 199
queer: and Banks, 147; connotations of, 184; definition of, 303n14; as description of Lambeth Workhouse, 48; meanings of, 344n4
queer space: slums as, 27, 84, 183
queerness: of Wilfred Grenfell’s home, 127; in Miss Brown, 210, 213; in Princess Casamassima, 214; in Princess of the Gutter, 216–220
race, 61, 73, 122, 124, 127; Banks on, 175; and miscegenation, 123
Raffalovich, Marc André, 208
ragged children: Fegan’s work with, 101–102; iconic power of, 133; as photographic subjects, 133 (see also Barnardo, Thomas John); representations of, 112–124. See also child welfare
Ragged Dick, 371n166
ragged school refuge, 269
Ragged School Union, 32, 96
raggedness, 115; as erotic sign, 20, 118, 120, 130–131; iconography of, 119
Ranyard Biblenurses, 7
Ranyard, Ellen, 185
ratepayers: on cost of poor relief, 33–34
Rathbone, Eleanor, 203–204
Rathbone, William: on workhouse conditions, 302n3
rave: among schoolgirls, 218
Real Casual, 66–67, 85
Realism: and photography, 121
Reed, Samuel, 120–122, 128, 133 Referee, 143, 176
Regents Park: and sexual slumming, 70
Regulation of Mines Act (1842), 42
Rejlander, O. G.: and Darwin, 118; and Poor Jo, 116
religion: and masculinity, 248–259; and men’s settlements, 240–242, at Oxford House, 251; and sexuality, 21, 260–263; at Toynbee Hall, 250. See also evangelical charity; High Anglicanism; Oxford movement; ritualism; slum priests
Remaking of an American (Banks, 1928), 155, 176
rent collectors: lady, 191, 197
Republican girls: in New York city, 149–150
residuum: as social category, 11
respectability, 42; criticisms of, at Balliol and Wadham House, 269–270; journalists’ defiance of, 61; rejection of, in Miss Brown, 212; shams of, 257; working-class, 11
Reynolds, Rev. George, 91, 108, 121–122; background of, 320n10
Reynolds Newspaper: and “A Night,” 39, 54
Ribton-Turner, C. J., 91; and COS, 102; on history of vagrancy, 60
Riis, Jacob: as photojournalist, 142
ritualism, 255, 268; and Church of England, 243; at St. Saviour’s, Hoxton, 263, 368n135; and slum priests, 257
Roberts, Katherine: on clothing, 301n64; and slum nursing, 346n29
Robinson, Laura, 196, 201, 203
Robinson, Mary: and Vernon Lee, 208, 210, 214
Robinson, Paul: on Symonds’s morality, 314n156
Rogers, Arthur G. L., 265–266, 268
Rogers, Rev. Prebendary W.: sermon by, 9–10
Roman Catholicism: rituals of, 256
Roper, Esther, 203
Roseboro, Viola, 157
Ross, Ellen, 297n34
Ross, Ishbel, 146
Ross, T. A., 275
Rossetti, William Michael: and Whitman, 263
rough lads: and elite men, 71, 265
Royden, Maude: on dirt and sisterhood, 194–195; as pacifist, 195; radicalism of, 196
Runcie, Rev. Robert, 282, 376n2
Ruskin, John, 15, 205, 230, 264; followers of, at Toynbee Hall, 250; as Slade lecturer, 233; on women’s sphere, 186
Russia: and Save the Children, 135
Said, Edward: on Rudyard Kipling, 329n125
St. Hilda’s. See women’s settlements
St. James’s Gazette: Elizabeth Banks’s articles in, 170
St. Jude’s, Whitchapel, 249, 251
St. Margaret’s. See women’s settlements St. Savior’s, Kilburn: ritualism at, 368n135
Sala, George Augustus, 152
Salisbury, third marquess of (Robert Cecil), 10, 286
Salvation Army, 167, 208; slum work of, 7
same-sex desire: and altruism, 17, 71–72, 219; Ashbee on, 266; between women, 204, 219–220; language of, 21, 209; male, in “The Priest and the Acolyte,” 262; in Miss Brown, 212–214; in Princess of the Gutter, 216–220; and settlement movement, 275; Symonds on, 70–72; Vernon Lee on, 209–210; in Worby’s The Other Half, 85
Sargent, John Singer, 205
Sartor Resartus, 233
Save the Children, 133; founding of, 135; photographic techniques of, 135
Savoy, 153
School of Sociology: at London School of Economics, 224
Schreiner, Olive, 163; in East London, 199; as novelist, 205
Scott Holland: See Holland, Rev. Henry Scott
Scottish Photographic Society, 116
“Scripture Reader,” by Doré, 78
Second Reform Bill: Davies on, 54; debates about, in 1866, 35; demonstrations about, in Hyde Park, 76; and “A Night,” 51, 60
secularization: and modernization, 103
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky: on homosociality and homosexuality, 370n162
segregation: of poor, by sex, 57
self-reliance: as Victorian value, 89
sensational journalism: condemnation of, 51
separate spheres ideology, 154, 186
servant problem: Elizabeth Banks on, 140
Sesame and Lilies (Ruskin, 1865), 186, 233
settlement movement, 21, 127, 229–231, activities of, 237; and Church of England, 241; denominational, 248; historiography of, 355n4; and masculine subjectivity, 273; men’s, 21, 231; and missions, 238; origins of, 236. See also Oxford House; Toynbee Hall; women’s settlements
sex: absence of, in Banks’s journalism, 141; and Barnardo, 111; in Barnardo’s homes, 103; between men, 63; between men, in Lambeth casual ward, 43–47; and female philanthropy, 198; regulation of, between men, 73; in women’s slum philanthropy, 198–224
sexology, 275; in Britain, 16; and homosexuality, 72; and lesbianism, 222
sexual abuse: of children, 134–135
sexual danger: absence of, in Banks’s journalism, 158; in Barnardo’s images of girls, 114, 130, 122–124; and boys, 131–132; of domestic service, 164; in London, 178; and women’s work, 164
sexual dissidence: in Miss Brown, 213; at Wadham House, 272
Sexual Inversion, 72–73; publication history of, 315n162
sexual inversion: case histories of, 72
sexual slumming: and Driberg, 84–85; and Gower, 71; by Symonds, 20
sexual subjectivity: of male settlers, 248–276; of reformers, 20, 205
sexuality: and Banks, 146; of Barnardo, 93, 103–105; Hinton on, 16; of homeless men and boys, 61–62; of Merrick, 128; and slum priests, 255–257; of Winnington Ingram, 260–262. See also celibacy; sexual inversion; sexual slumming; sexual subjectivity
Shaftesbury, seventh earl of (Anthony Ashley Cooper): on Chartism, 232; and child rescue, 65; on common lodging houses, 42; and shoeblack brigades, 130; on slumming, 296n30; support of COS by, 100
Shaw, George Bernard, 41, 217
Shipton, Anna, 95
shoeblacks, 269