Beyond Hawai'i Native Labor in the Pacific World
Page 42
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 56, 57map
mele, of Arctic whaling, 82, 90
Melville, Herman, 52–53, 66–67, 89, 95, 96
men, in colonial view, 5
Merry, Sally Engle, 42, 86
Mexico, 43, 134, 136, 142
migrant labor of kanakas. See labor in the Pacific
missionaries and mission schools, 87
modes and relations of production, 10, 18, 21, 41
morality in Hawaiʻi, 87
Morgan, Theodore, 103–4
Nahoa, Henry: in California, 145, 148–49, 153, 163, 164–65; citizenship in U.S., 162, 164; letter for family to newspaper, 14, 132; in Sacramento, 153–54, 158–59; in Vernon, 159, 162
nationalism in Hawaiʻi, 6–7
Native Americans and Hawaiians, 151
Nāwahī, Joseph, 206
New England, in whaling industry, 51, 60, 64, 74
“New Helvetia” colony, 140–41, 141fig.
New London (CT), in whaling industry, 74–75, 75fig.
newspapers: arrival in Hawaiʻi, 11; guano information in, 108; and Pacific World, 8; views of coolies, 174, 175, 190. See also letters to the editor; specific newspapers
Nidever, George, 140
The North, whaling in. See whaling work in Arctic
“Nueku” bird, 129
Oahu, Harry, 143–44
Oʻahu, 32, 78–79, 79fig.
oceans: and history of the world, 53–54; and seabirds, 109–10; and whales, 54–59, 57fig., 58fig.
oil from whales, 51–52, 88, 92
opium trade and war, 38–39, 40, 41
Opunui, Iosepa, 133, 150
Oriole bark, 91
Pacific World, vimap; capitalism and globalization, 8–9, 167; description and use in book, 5–7; and guano industry, 106; and Hawaiian labor, 6, 7–9, 167, 204–5; and sovereignty, 43; and whaling industry, 50–51
paʻi ʻai and kalo, for Haʻikū workers, 175–76, 181, 194–95
palapala, 11, 149
Paulet, George, 42–43
Peacock ship, 35
Pearl River Delta (China), 26
Pearl ship, 19
penal labor, 18, 42
Penhallow, P.W., 108, 117, 124–25
Percival, John, 34–35
perfume of sandalwood, 24
Peru, guano in, 106–7
Phoenix Islands Guano Company, 118, 120
Pickering, Charles, 21, 84
Pilgrim brig, 139
plantations. See sugarcane industry
Polapola, J., 97, 101–2, 103
The Polynesian newspaper, 77, 145–46
pono: and coolies, 174–75, 184–85, 186; description and in economy, 18; in guano industry, 106, 124, 125, 126, 127; and land, 18, 45; and sandalwood industry, 34, 42; and work in California, 151
private property, 43–45
production, modes and relations, 10, 18, 21, 41
proletariat and proletarianization: and fences at Haʻikū, 177–78; and makaʻāinana, 45, 46, 47, 78, 79–81; proletarianization of workers, 10–11, 47; whaling industry and workers, 75–81. See also wage work and wage workers
prostitution, 86–88
Qing Empire: coolies in sugar industry, 171, 175; opium trade and war, 39, 41; sea otter furs and tea trade, 17, 18–19, 38
Queequeg of Moby-Dick, 67, 69, 89, 97
race and identity: admixture of races, 187–88, 189, 190–91; cognate race in Hawaiʻi, 188, 191; in Pacific World, 8; in whaling industry, 64, 68, 89–90, 95–97
rats and seabirds, 114, 127–28
red-tailed tropicbird. See tropicbird
religion, and sandalwood incense, 25–26
Reynolds, Stephen, 33, 35, 36; workers in sugar industry, 172, 173, 174
rice, for Haʻikū workers, 175–76, 192, 193–95
Richard, Charles Bernhard, 40
right whales, 55
riparian rights in California, 161
Roth estate in California, 159
Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society (RHAS): admixture of races, 189; creation, 169; “fitness” and “unfitness” of workers, 172–73; logo, 170, 171fig.
Russel, John, 143, 144
Russian Empire, sea otter furs and tea trade, 19
Sacramento (CA): Hawaiians workers, 140; life of Hawaiians, 155, 156, 158–59; H. Nahoa in, 153–54
Sacramento Daily Union, 156, 158, 162
Sacramento River, 161, 162
Sacramento Transcript, 155
Sahlins, Marshall, 32, 75, 79–80
Salesa, Damon, 6
salt and salt trade, 18, 20–21, 22
Salt Lake (Āliapaʻakai), 20–21
Samsing & Company, 167–68
sandalwood and sandalwood trees: author’s quest, 12; and capitalism on Hawaiʻi, 16–17, 23, 30, 34; in China, 25–27, 27fig., 38, 39; collapse of industry, 36–38, 39–40; compensation and wages, 32, 33–34; debt to American creditors, 16–17, 34–36, 41; description and habitat, 23–24; economic crisis of 1820s, 34–36; Eromanga trip by Boki, 16; exchange rates, 28, 29fig.; as exchange-value, 27–29, 30; famines of laborers, 32; fragrance and incense, 24–26; harvesting and cutting, 30–36, 40; Hawaiian workers, 30, 32–34, 35–36; imports and exports, 36–38, 37fig.; predicament in, 13, 16–17, 36, 47; quality, 33; for ships, 28–29; as source of riches, 16; storage and loading, 32–33; taxation, 35–36; trade, 23, 26–27, 27fig., 28–30, 33, 36–37, 37fig., 38, 39; wage work and workers, 33–34, 47
San Diego, Spanish missions, 140
San Diego beach, workers from Hawaiʻi, 134–36, 135fig., 139
San Francisco (Yerba Buena): behavior of Hawaiians, 156; city life, 154–58; deaths and health in, 155–56; description of Hawaiians, 142–43; early days, 154; Hawaiian landowners, 144–45; labor experiences of Hawaiians, 142–44; population of Hawaiians, 142, 142fig., 147
Savidge, Samuel, letters from G. Beckwith, 180, 183, 192, 193, 194, 196
Schmitt, Robert, 197
seabirds: behavior and habits, 110–14; bodies in guano industry and mining, 106, 130–31; co-evolution with guano islands, 130; communication and noise, 111–14; demography in Pacific Ocean, 113fig.; feces and guano, 114–15; feeding grounds and food, 109–10, 125; interactions with and impact of humans, 128–29, 130; knowledge of from Hawaiʻi, 129; predation on, 111, 114, 127–28. See also tropicbird
sea otter fur trade and work, 17, 18–20, 139–40
ships, exchanged for sandalwood, 28–29
sickness. See disease and diseased body
Silva, Noenoe K., 8
“slop” in whaling, 68–69
Smith, Lowell, 148–50
sooty terns (sooties), 111
sources used in book, 11–12
sovereignty of Hawaiʻi, 42–43
Spanish missions, 140
sperm whales, 54–55
stevedores for sandalwood, 33
Stewart, Charles, 20–21, 32, 65
strength of Hawaiian workers, 3, 125–26
sugarcane industry: and capitalism, 166–67, 195, 200–201; and class, 166, 172, 173–74, 186, 201; contracts in industry, 178; “coolie problem” in newspapers, 174; demographics of workforce, 198–200; desertions by Hawaiian workers, 179–80; early industry in Hawaiʻi, 167–69; Euro-Americans in, 168–70; exports from Hawaiʻi, 197, 198fig.; feeding of workers, 175–76; free trade’s impact, 197; gender relationships, 174; Gold Rush impact, 169; Haiku plantation (See Haiku Sugar Company plantation); Hawaiian workers, 168, 169, 170, 171–73, 174, 198–200, 201; immigrant workers (non-Chinese), 198, 199–200; importation of coolies, 187, 188–89, 191, 197, 198, 201; leased land for, 168; Māhele and land, 168, 176, 177, 206; and maʻi Pākē, 185; models of operation, 168; relationships among coolies and kanakas, 172–73; replacement and displacement of kanakas, 166–67, 170, 171–73, 174, 176, 198–200; skilled Chinese workers, 167–68, 169; tariffs, 197; technology, 169, 170; total labor in 1872, 197–98; transformation, 169–70; “unfitness” of kanakas for work, 170, 171–72, 174; unskil
led Chinese workers (See coolies); wages of workers, 168, 173
Suter, John, 19
Sutter, Johann (John), 140–41
Sutter County (CA), Hawaiians in, 146–47, 159, 162
Sutter’s fort, 141, 141fig.
tattoos, 95, 97
tea trade, 19
Tengan, Ty P. Kāwika, 4, 5
trade in 18–19th centuries: Hawaiʻi as port of call, 17, 19, 22–23; monopolization by Kamehameha, 22; sandalwood, 23, 26–27, 27fig., 28–30, 33, 36–37, 37fig., 38, 39; triangular nature, 20
translations in book, 11–12
transnational view of Pacific, 7
transpacific, as concept, 6
Treaty of Nanjing (1842), 41
Treaty of Reciprocity (1875), 197
Treaty of Wangxia (1844), 41
tropicality, and Hawaiian bodies, 102–3
tropicbird (koaʻe), 105–6, 109, 110fig., 111, 129. See also seabirds
try-works on whaling ships, 92
Turnbull, John, 20
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 160
United States: citizenship by Hawaiians, 162–64; control of Pacific World, 43; debt of Hawaiians to creditors, 16–17, 34–36, 41; deserters from ships, 61–62; free trade and rights in China, 41; guano extraction, 106–7; immigration, 188; migration by Hawaiians within, 146, 160; Native Hawaiians in 21st century, 204; sandalwood trade, 27, 27fig., 38; tariffs on sugar, 197; tea trade, 19; whale oil and products, 51–52
United States Guano Company, 116, 118, 209
upwelling in ocean, 109–10
U.S. Civil War, 103–4, 107–8
USS Dolphin, 34–35
USS Peacock, 35
Vernon (CA), Hawaiians in, 159, 160–62, 163fig.
wage work and wage workers: contracts (See contracts of workers); development in Hawaiʻi, 10–11, 47, 80; in Gold Rush, 150, 152; and makaʻāinana, 45, 46, 47, 78, 79–81; and sandalwood, 33–34, 47; in whaling industry, 78. See also proletariat and proletarianization
Wahaulaula, S., 133
waisters, as whaling job, 89–90
Waldo, Giles, 75–76
Walker, Isaiah Helekunihi, 5
warships to Hawaiʻi (from U.S.), 34–35
“watch-jumping,” 84–85
Wellington ship, 72
whalebone, 52, 55
whales: bodies, 51, 83, 88–89, 91–92; species and behavior, 54–55; stripping and processing work, 91–93; teeth, 27–28, 53; whale grounds, 50, 54–55, 56, 58map, 59, 83; whale maps and movements, 56–59, 57–58map
whaling for oil, decline, 103–4
whaling industry and workers: agriculture for visiting ships, 72–74; in Arctic (See whaling work in Arctic); beatings of workers, 48, 68; compensation and wages, 68–72, 69fig.; contracts of workers, 61, 66, 68; crew composition and race, 64, 68; desertions by workers, 61–62, 64; and globalization, 72–75; Hawaiʻi’s centrality in, 60–61; and Hawaiian labor, 50, 66–67; Hawaiians living and staying abroad, 74–75, 75fig., 76, 78–79; impact on Hawaiʻi, 78; legislation in Hawaiʻi, 71, 78; length of service, 65–66; mutinies, 68; numbers of Hawaiians employed, 77–78; on-and-off-ships movement by workers, 59–67; in the Pacific, 50–51; and proletariat, 75–81; purchases and clothing onboard, 70–71; recruitment of workers, 59–60, 62–63, 63fig., 64–66; seasonality of hunt, 60–61, 62fig., 63fig.; ship arrivals in Hawaiʻi, 75–76, 76fig.; social and environmental change, 72–75, 78; social conditions and foreignness, 67–68; whale grounds, 50, 54–55, 56, 58map, 59; whale maps and movements, 56–59, 57–58map; whales as commodity, 51–53; work environment, 54; workers’ experiences, 48–49
whaling work in Arctic: in Alaska, 98–99; blubber, 88, 92; bodily experience of Arctic work, 82–83, 89–92, 94–95, 97–98, 102–3, 104; cold, wind and ice, 98–100; decline of whales and whaling, 104; Hawaiian-owned ships, 83–84; knowledge and songs of Arctic by workers, 82, 84, 90; lost and wrecked ships, 97–99; prostitution for whalemen, 86–88; race and identity of workers, 89–90, 95–97; returning whalemen, 83–85; sickness and deaths, 93–94; social and labor changes, 88; stripping and processing work, 91–93; terms from Hawaiʻi in Arctic, 100; violence against native Alaskans, 101–2; whaling grounds, 83; whaling in Hawaiian waters, 88; workers from Hawaiʻi, 83–85, 104; work performed, 89–92
white men, racial and bodily changes, 95–96
William H. Allen ship, 97, 98, 100–102
William Penn ship, 68
wind in Arctic, 98–99
women: in guano industry and mining, 120; labor history role, 4–5; as leaders, 5; penal labor, 42; prostitution for whalemen, 86–88; as sexual exchange, 34–35; views of Pacific Islander women, 52–53; whale products consumption, 52; work and life in California, 150–51, 160
Wong Tze-Chun, 167
Wood, W.W., 25–26
wood cutters of sandalwood, 30–34
working class, emergence in Hawaiʻi, 45, 47, 198, 204
workscapes, 106
Wyllie, Robert C., 148
Yerba Buena. See San Francisco
Zoe bark, 66
zooplankton, 55