Whirlwind
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269 Defenders of the atomic bombings: Richard Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Random House, 1999), 351. For a wider discussion of the consequences of an Allied blockade, see his “Alternatives and Conclusions.”
269 “Fundamentally the thing”: Craven and Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol. 5: The Pacific, 756.
269 “On top of the B-29 raids”: Mission Accomplished, 39–40.
271 “revisionist and offensive”: “Enola Gay Archive,” http://www.afa.org/media/enolagay/chrono.asp. For some revisionist views of the atomic bombings and the 1994–95 controversy over the Smithsonian Institution’s Enola Gay exhibit, see Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb (New York: Vintage, 1996); Robert J. Lifton and Greg Mitchell, Hiroshima in America: Fifty Years of Denial (New York: Putnam, 1995); Philip Noble, ed., Judgment at the Smithsonian (New York: Marlowe, 1995).
APPENDIX A: THE UNKNOWN WAR
Page
274 “the most disastrous day”: AAF Combat Chronology, 11 September 1943.
274 Northeast Area Fleet: U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Campaigns of the Pacific War. Chapter Six: The Aleutians Campaign, 83, http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/PTO-Campaigns/USSBS-PTO-6.html.
Index
A-26 Invader bombers, 239
Abe, Genke, 146
Adams, Lyle, 138
Afrika Corps, 33
Air Corps Act (1926), 16
Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS), 16–18, 19, 21, 78
aircraft carriers, 1–3, 67, 106–33
classes of, 110–11, 112, 122, 288n
development of, 107–11
Air Force, U.S., 270
see also Army Air Forces, U.S.
air raid shelters, 145–46
Airshow, Operation, 250
air-to-air refueling, 32
Air War Plans Division One (AWPD-1), 19–21, 45, 78, 80, 91, 97
Air War Plans Division Forty-Two (AWPD-42), 20, 21, 45
Akamatsu, Sadaaki “Temei,” 177–79, 185
Akashi, Japan, 93–94
Aleutian Islands, xv, 23, 48, 273
Allen, Edmund T., 14, 35, 39, 282n
Amagi, 130, 212, 213–14, 216
Amakusa, 221
American Maid, 91
American Volunteer Group (AVG) (Flying Tigers), 32, 33, 114
Anderson, John R., 247–48
Anshan, Manchuria, 54, 58
Aoba, 212, 216
Applegate, Robert M., 211–12
area bombing (carpet bombing), 26, 138, 263
Argus, HMS, 108
Armstrong, Frank, 167, 239–40, 242–43
Army, U.S., 68–75, 237–38
aviation engineers of, 68, 70–72
strategic bombing development and, 12–14, 16, 21, 23
Army Air Corps, U.S., 16, 34
Army Air Forces, U.S., xv, 32, 33–34, 68, 98, 101, 107, 259, 265
B-29 deployment and, 41, 45
B-29 development and, 34–38
firebombing tests of, 138–39
harbor war against Japan and, 194–222, 264
Iwo Jima’s importance to, 134–35, 159, 163, 164, 166, 180
kamikaze suppression campaign by, 158–61, 162
Kuril Islands and, 273–75
search and rescue by, 188–93, 248–49
see also specific group names
Army-Navy Joint Target Group, 162
Arnold, Henry H. “Hap,” 1, 15–16, 19, 38, 39, 78, 260, 269
China B-29 operations and, 33–34, 41, 45, 47, 50, 53, 63, 65, 91
firebombing tactic and, 103, 156
Marianas B-29 operations and, 70, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97–98, 103, 104, 156, 195, 259–60
Ashley, James H., Jr., 192–93
Ashworth, Fred, 235
Aspro, USS, 192–93
atomic bomb, xv, 223–37, 261–62, 297n, 298n, 301n
debate on use of, 265–69, 270–71
decision on use of, 228–29
development of, 224–27
Atsugi, Japan, 83, 84, 185, 187, 192, 212, 249, 254
Augusta, USS, 234
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 9, 10
Avenger torpedo planes, xv, 115, 118, 120–21, 128–30, 206–7, 213, 214, 244–45
Avery, Lloyd, 95
Ayres, Frank, 190
B-2 stealth bomber, xvii
B-17 Flying Fortress, 14, 15, 17, 19, 25, 33, 37, 38, 56, 78, 90, 93, 229, 253
B-24 compared with, 35, 39, 51, 52
search and rescue role of, 189, 192, 248–49
B-24 Liberator, 15, 19, 25, 33, 37, 39, 46, 87, 90, 215, 216, 238, 239, 253, 273–75
B-25 Mitchell bomber, 1–7, 33, 219–20, 238, 274–75
B-26 Marauder bomber, 38
B-29 Superfortress, xv, xvii, 15, 33–34, 84–85, 115, 282n
atomic bomb and, 223–24, 229–37, 246
cost of, 90, 253, 269, 297n
deployment of, in CBI Theater, 40–47
development of, 34–40
ground crews of, 92
low-level bombing tactic for, 104–5, 135, 147, 148, 152, 156, 260
maintenance of, 92, 137, 156
minelaying operations of, 194–99, 264
mission abort rates for, 89, 94, 100
navigation of, 79–80
Pacific operations of, 59, 63–103, 69
radar on, 99, 101, 239, 240, 242, 263
relief missions of, 250–51
search and rescue role of, 189
weather and effectiveness of, 100–101
weather recon role of, 182
B-32 Dominator bombers, 40, 247–48, 282n
B-52 Stratofortress, xvii
Baka bombs, 239
Baldwin, L. W., 245
Barner, James D., 113
bat bombs, 138
Beahan, Kermit, 235–36
Beebe, Marshall, 124
Belleau Wood, USS, 245
Bennington, USS, 112, 117, 119, 125–28, 211
Berry, David R., 210
Bethe, Hans, 225
Betty (G4M) bombers, 86, 116, 241, 276
Black, Stanley, 155
Black Sheep, 159–60
Bock, Fred, 235, 236
Bock’s Car, 235–37
Boeing, 14, 34, 282n
Bomber Command, British, 26, 138, 207
Bombing Squadron 10, 131
Bombing Squadron 84, 129
Bond, Horatio, 140
Bonin Islands, 80, 87, 174
Boone, Rodney, 31
Braemer, Fred A., 4, 279n
Brashear, Arthur Ray, 148, 155
Britain, Battle of (1940), 18, 78
British Pacific Fleet, xv, 204–7, 219, 221–22, 244–45
Brush, Frederick J., 118
Buddhism, 28, 29
Bunker Hill, USS, 112, 116, 118, 119, 129, 133
Burke, Arleigh, 111–12
Burma, 32, 177, 178
Bushido, 28, 96, 143, 281n
C-109 tankers, 46
Cagle, Malcolm, 250
Cairo Conference (1943), 41
Calamity Sue, 55
Cantrell, William A., 127
Caporetto, Battle of (1917), 10
Caproni, Gianni, 10
Carmichael, Richard H., 56
Caroline Islands, 59, 112
Caron, Robert, 232
Catalina patrol planes, 274–75
Champion, Henry K., 116
Changnon, Harry, 46
Chengtu, China, 32, 40, 41, 42, 45, 47, 50, 54, 59, 61, 62, 64
Chennault, Claire Lee, 17, 32, 33–34, 77, 114
Chiang Kai-shek, 7, 31, 32, 38, 41, 47, 50
China, xv, 198, 250
Doolittle’s raid and, 3, 6–7
Japanese war on, 17–18, 27, 29, 30, 269
U.S. B-29 operations from, 31–66, 79, 91, 97, 101, 259
China Air Task Force, 33
China-Burma-India Theater (CBI), 31–66, 97, 260
Churchill, Winston
S., 19, 41, 67, 204–5, 258
City of Galveston, 191
City of Los Angeles, 165
Clark, J. J. “Jocko,” 133
Clinkscales, Robert, 55, 56
coal, 201–2, 264
Command of the Air (Douhet), 9, 10, 13
Conant, Jennet, 227
Conn, John P., 129
Coral Sea, Battle of the (1942), 118
Coronet, Operation, 163, 199, 200
Corsair (F4U) fighters, xv, 106, 112, 115–16, 119, 123, 125–29, 207, 211–12, 215, 221
Coventry, England, 141
Craig, C. M., 202
Crawford, Chuck, 220
Crawford, James T., 210–11
Crim, Harry, 175, 176, 181–82, 183, 184–85, 187, 188, 190
Crommelin, Charles, 114
Dauntless Dottie, 84
Davidson, James B., 131
Davies, J. H.”Skippy,” 92, 195–96, 199, 287n
D-Day (Normandy invasion) (June 6, 1944), 26, 258, 261
DeCoster, James V., 60
DeMott, Dick, 242, 243–44
destroyers, 188, 190
Dinah Might, 174
dirigibles, 13
dive bombers, 110, 212–13
Dixon, Elmer, 196
Doolittle, James H. “Jimmy,” 1–7, 241, 249
Doolittle’s Raid (1942), 1–7, 33, 48, 68, 80, 102, 107, 111, 187, 279n
Douglas Aircraft, 14–15
Douglas Boston bombers, 32
Douhet, Giulio, 9–11, 12, 13, 16, 22, 25, 102, 270
Dow Chemical Company, 139
Downfall, Operation, 163
Dresden, Germany, 141
DuPont, 139
Dutch East Indies, 30, 54, 78, 178
Eagle radar, 239, 240, 263
Eagleston, Howard, 203
Eaker, Ira, 140
Eckard, Bert, 127
Edmundson, Edward S., 191
Edwards, William C. “Bulldog,” 116
8th Air Force, 78, 84, 138, 230, 239, 241
873rd Bomb Squadron, 160
Einstein, Albert, 224–25
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 268, 301n-2n
11th Air Force, 48, 273–75
“Empire Express,” 274–75
Endo, Saburo, 256
Endo, Sachio, 83–84
Enola Gay (Dimples 82), 223–24, 231–34, 271, 302n
Enterprise, USS, 3, 112, 119, 133
Erwin, Henry “Red,” 165–67
Essex (CV-9), USS, 110, 112, 116, 121, 128, 133, 202, 210–11, 216, 296n
Essex class (CV) carriers, 110, 112, 288n
F-13 reconnaissance planes, 80, 85
F-15 Strike Eagle, xvii
F/A-18 Hornet, xvii
fast carriers, 107, 132–33, 200, 261
Fast Carrier Task Force, xv, 111
Fat Man, 227, 234–36, 298n
Ferebee, Thomas, 232–33
Fermi, Enrico, 224, 225
5th Air Division, Japanese, 157
5th Air Force, 45, 228, 237, 239
Fifth Fleet, 67, 107, 261
Task Force 58 of, 107, 111–33
15th Air Force, 230
15th Fighter Group, 175, 181, 184–86, 188
58th Bomb Wing, 38, 41, 43, 50, 53, 54, 61, 63, 135, 167
fighter planes, 17, 18, 21, 51, 54–55, 80, 83–84, 85, 86, 87–88, 89, 90–91, 93–97, 103, 105, 106, 110, 112, 115–33, 164, 201–3, 207, 211–12, 215–16, 221, 238, 241–45, 254–56
bomber escort by, 174–93
Firefly fighter-bombers, 207
firestorms, 141–42, 149–52, 168–70
First Special Aviation Project, 2
500th Bomb Group, 87–88, 164
505th Bomb Group, 100, 197
506th Fighter Group, 180–81, 182, 188, 192
509th Composite Group, 229–37
531st Fighter Squadron, 176, 180, 189–90
Five-Power Naval Treaty (1922), 108
Fleet Air Wing One, 238
“floating chrysanthemum” (kikusui) attacks, 160
Fluffy-Fuz III, 240, 242
Formidable, HMS, 205, 221
Formosa, 27, 118
14th Air Force, 32
40th Bomb Group, 43, 44, 46, 53, 60–61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 165, 238
49th Fighter Group, 248
444th Bomb Group, 44, 61–62, 65
462nd Bomb Group, 44, 54, 56, 62, 65
468th Bomb Group, 44, 51–52, 54, 55, 56, 61, 63, 65
497th Bomb Group, 78–79, 85, 91, 95, 96, 103
498th Bomb Group, 78–79, 80, 89, 160, 164
499th Bomb Group, 93, 148, 155
Frances (Fran) (P1Y) fighters, 83, 276
Frank, Richard B., 150
Frank (Ki-84) fighters, 127, 128, 185, 276
Franklin, USS, 125, 131, 289n
Friedrichshafen, 10
Fukuoka, Japan, 171–72
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 261
Gardner, Matthew, 112, 119
Genda, Minoru, 126–28, 179, 211
General H.H. Arnold Special, 61
George, Harold L., 19
George (N1K) fighters, 117, 126–28, 211, 276
German Empire, 9, 11
Germany, Nazi, 18, 33, 225, 229, 230, 267
strategic bombing of, xvi, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 37, 57, 138, 141–42, 167, 256, 261, 300n
surrender of, 167, 266
Gertrude C, 55
Göring, Hermann, 18, 142
Gravel Gertie, 92–93
Gray, Robert Hampton “Hammy,” 221–22, 296n
Great Artiste, The, 235, 236
Great Britain, xvi, 11, 25
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 30, 169
Great Kanto earthquake (1923), 143, 157
Greening, Charles R., 5, 279n
ground control approach (GCA) radar, 182
Groves, Leslie R., 225–26, 234
Guadalcanal, 67, 82, 87, 127, 251
Guam, 1, 32, 68, 71, 72–73, 84, 91, 93, 98, 167, 189, 194, 196, 240, 241, 242, 246–47
North Field of, 80–81, 100, 137
Haley’s Comet, 96
Hall, Douglass C., 248–49
Halloran, Paul, 75
Halloran, Raymond “Hap,” 96, 171
Halpro (Halvorsen Project), 32–33
Halsey, William F. “Bull,” 3, 110, 133, 241, 249, 260–61
harbor war against Japan and, 199, 201, 205–6, 208, 209, 210, 212, 217–19
Halvorsen, Harry A., 32
Hamburg, Germany, 141
Hancock, USS, 113, 116, 202, 212, 215, 244
Handley Page, 10, 13
Handy, Thomas T., 231
Hankow, China, 53, 101
Hansell, Haywood S. “Possum,” 19, 20, 21, 45, 53, 56, 77–79, 80, 85–86, 88–91, 93, 97, 100, 103, 164, 188, 195, 259
Hansen, Herman, 125, 127
Hansen, Theodore, 244
Harman, Leonard F., 43
Harmon, Millard F., 72
Harper, Bryan B., 180–81
Harpoon bombers, 275
Harrison, Howard M., 244
Haruna, 129, 130, 215
Harvard University, 139
Hastings, Max, 26, 261
Hawaii, 68, 78, 91
Hawes, Edmund H., 219–21, 222, 296n
Hayashi, Yoshishige, 128
Haynes, Caleb V., 32
Heavenly Body, 60
Hellcat (F6F) fighters, xv, 106, 115–19, 121, 123, 124, 127–29, 132, 133, 201–3, 207, 211–12, 216, 217, 243–44
Helldiver dive bombers, xv, 115, 118, 119, 128–29, 210, 213, 216
Hickey, Robert F., 113
Higashikuni, Prince of Japan, 82
high-velocity aerial rockets (HVARs), 129–30, 187, 216
Hilger, John A., 2, 279n
Hinoki, Yohei, 82
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, xvi, 27, 29, 151, 157–58, 168, 203, 243, 245–46, 268, 269, 270
Hiroshima, Japan, 108, 196, 219
atomic bombing of, 223–24, 229–
34, 262, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 297n, 301n
Hitler, Adolf, 167, 225, 267
Hockley, Fred, 244, 245
Holstrom, Everett “Brick,” 5–6
Holzapple, Joseph, 239
Honma, Tadahiko, 245
Hoover, Herbert C., 268, 301n-2n
Hoover, Travis, 5
Horikoshi, Jiro, 77
Hornet (CV-8), USS, 1–3, 107, 111
Hornet (CV-12), USS, 114–15, 118, 124, 128, 130
Hosho, 108
Houck, Herbert N., 116
Hutchinson, Wendell, 92
Hutto, Ernest E., 210–11
Hyuga, 130, 212–13
Ie Shima, 238, 246
Imperial Navy of Japan, 7, 28, 29–30, 54, 68, 115, 117, 168, 178, 186, 198, 232, 245, 247, 274–75
aircraft losses by, 83, 131
final destruction of, 208–22
U.S. carrier targeting of, 124–32
incendiary bombs, 4, 31–32, 51, 64–65, 76, 114, 139–41, 147, 148, 156, 260
AAF tests of, 138–39
first large-scale use on Japan of, 101–5
Indefatigable, HMS, 205, 244–45
Independence class (CVL) carriers, 110–11, 112, 122
India, 29, 32, 78, 91, 167
B-29 operations in, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 58, 63, 65, 258
Indomitable, HMS, 205
Intrepid, USS, 131, 132
Inubo-Saki, Japan, 3, 187
Irish Lassie, 95
Irving (J1N) night fighters, 83–84, 276
Ise, 130, 212, 215
Isely, Robert, 71
Italy, 12, 266
strategic bombing plan for, 20
World War I and, 9–10
Ivanovic, Dushan D., 51–52
Iwakuni, Japan, 254
Iwo Jima, xv, 80, 82, 86, 159, 163, 164, 166, 238
invasion of, 106, 123, 134–35
P-51 bomber escort from, 174–93
U.S. bombing missions over, 87, 117, 123, 124
Jack (J2M) fighters, 83, 117, 178, 185, 276
Japan:
aircraft production of, 82–83, 262
air defenses of, 81–84
Allied blockade of, 48, 194–99, 264
atomic bombing of, xv, 223–24, 261–62, 265–69, 270–71, 297n, 298n, 301n
B-29 development and, 39–40
“Blitz Week” and, 154–58
carrier-based air war on, 106–33
carrier force of, 67
China-based B-29 operations against, 31–66, 79, 91, 97, 101, 259
Chinese aggression of, 17–18, 27, 29, 30
civil defense in, 142–46, 173
civilian defense of, 228
coal ferries of, 201–2, 209, 264
defense shortcomings of, 252–56
Doolittle’s raid on, 1–7, 33, 48, 68, 80, 102, 107, 111, 187, 279n
firebombing raids against, 102–3, 134–58, 161–70, 172–73, 292n
first carrier-based attacks on, 113–24
first U.S. pilots to land in, 248–49