1912

by Chris Turney

  Mawson, D. 1915. The Home of the Blizzard: Being the Story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914. William Heinemann, London.

  Rossiter, H. 2011. Mawson’s Forgotten Men: The 1911–1913 Antarctic Diary of Charles Turnbull Harrisson. Pier 9, Sydney.

  Journal Articles and Reports

  The scientific reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition are available as free PDF downloads at http://mawsonshuts.antarctica.gov.au/national-heritage/scientific-reports.

  Bayly, P. G. W., Stillwell, F. L. 1923. Geology. Part 1: The Adelie Land meteorite. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series A, Volume IV. A. J. Kent, Sydney, 18.

  Chree, C. 1909. Presidential address to the Physical Society of London, 12th February, 1909. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London XXI: xiii–xxxii.

  Close, J. H. C. 1929. With Mawson on the Antarctic ice. Australian Geographer 1: 94–96.

  Dana, J. D. 1873. On some results of the Earth’s contraction from cooling, including a discussion of the origin of mountains, and the nature of the Earth’s interior. American Journal of Science (3rd Series) 5 (30): 423–443.

  Davis, J. K. 1913. The soundings of the Antarctic ship ‘Aurora’ between Tasmania and the Antarctic Continent (1912). Geographical Journal 42: 361–362.

  Fisher, O. 1882. On the physical cause of the ocean basins. Nature 25: 243–244.

  Kidson, E. 1946. Meteorology. Discussions of observations at Adelie Land, Queen Mary Land and Macquarie Island. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series B, Volume VI. T. H. Tennant, Sydney, 121.

  Lucas, A., Henderson, C., Leane, E., Kriwoken, L. 2011. A flight of the imagination: Mawson’s Antarctic aeroplane. Polar Journal 1: 63–75.

  McLean, A. L. 1919. Bacteriological and other researches. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series C, Volume VII. Part 4. W. A. Gullick, Sydney, 141.

  Madigan, C. T. 1929. Meteorology. Tabulated and reduced records of the Cape Denison Station, Adelie Land. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series B, Volume IV. A. J. Kent, Sydney, 304.

  Mawson, D. 1940. Geology. Part 12. Record of minerals of King George Land, Adelie Land and Queen Mary Land. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series A, Volume IV. T. H. Tennant, Sydney, 36.

  Mawson, D. 1929. Part 1. Narrative. Part 2. Cartography. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series A, Volume I. G. P. Office, Sydney, 492.

  Mawson, D. 1925. Terrestrial magnetism and related observations. Part 1. Records of the Aurora Polaris. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series B, Volume II. A. J. West, Sydney, 199.

  Mawson, D. 1914. Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914. Geographical Journal 44: 257–284.

  Mawson, D. 1911. The Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Geographical Journal 37: 609–617.

  Shackleton, E. 1912. The future of exploration. North American Review 195: 414–424.

  Shearman, D. J. C. 1978. Vitamin A and Sir Douglas Mawson. British Medical Journal 1: 283–285.

  Simpson, G. C., Wright, C. S. 1911. Atmospheric electricity over the ocean. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical 85: 175–199.

  Siple, P. A., Passell, C. F. 1945. Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in subfreezing temperatures. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 89: 177–199.

  Turnour, Q. 2007. ‘A.K.A. Home of the Blizzard’: Fact and artefact in the film on the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914. NFSA Journal 2: 1–12.

  Webb, E. N. 1977. Location of the South Magnetic Pole. Polar Record 18: 610–611.

  Webb, E. N., Chree, C. 1925. Terrestrial magnetism. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series B, Volume I. A. J. Kent, Sydney, 305.

  Newspaper and Magazine Articles

  Anonymous. 1915. Captain Scott’s example. Observer 24 January.

  Anonymous. 1913. Sir Ernest Shackleton’s view: Mawson’s position obscure. Manchester Guardian 26 February: 7.

  Anonymous. 1911. The race to the South Pole: Dr. Mawson’s expedition. The Times 21 November: 5.

  Anonymous. 1911. Mawson expedition: No aeroplane flight. Sydney Morning Herald 31 October: 9.

  Anonymous. 1911. Lieut. Watkins and the Vickers monoplane. Flight 5 August: 684.

  Anonymous. 1911. Lectures: Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science Antarctic Committee. Sydney Morning Herald 22 June: 1.

  Bruce, WS. 1914. Two years spent on the polar ice: Dr. Mawson’s return. Manchester Guardian 27 February: 9.

  Masson, O., David, T. W. E., Henderson, G. C. 1911. The Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Sydney Morning Herald 22 April: 9.

  Masson, O., David, T. W.E., Henderson, G. C. 1911. Antarctic Expedition: An Australian project. Advertiser (Adelaide) 22 April: 23.

  Mawson, D. 1911. Sir Ernest Shackleton’s appeal. Dr. Mawson’s thanks. Daily Mail 13 May: 8.

  Shackleton, E. 1911. An appeal from Sir E. Shackleton. The Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Daily Mail 8 May: 9.

  Films and Recordings

  Hurley, F. 1913. Home of the Blizzard. NFSA 6465.

  Hurley, F. 1911. The Mawson Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1913. NFSA 1356.

  Unpublished Sources

  F. Bickerton. Western Sledging Diary, 1912–1913. SPRI MS 1775/1.

  Letter from C. Chree to T. W. E. David, 13 April 1912. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73810.

  Letter of introduction from T. W. E. David for J.K. Davis, 16 April 1913. SLV MS8311 3269/10.

  Letter from T. W. E. David to C. C. Farr, 1 February 1912. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73810.

  J. K. Davis. Private Journal of S. Y. Aurora, 14 August 1911 – 15 March 1913. SLV MS8311 3232/5.

  Letter from J. K. Davis to W. S. Bruce, 21 December 1912. SPRI MS 101/35/10.

  Letter from J. K. Davis to W. S. Bruce, 26 September 1911 SPRI MS 101/35/7.

  Letter from J. K. Davis to T. W. E. David, 24 September 1913. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73810.

  Letter from W. Filchner to A. Reid, 11 September 1911. MAC 159 AAE/1.

  W. H. Hannam. Diary. ML MSS 384.

  Letter from W. Heinemann to D. Mawson, 10 May 1918. MAC 151 AAE.

  Letter left at cairn from A. Hodgeman, F. Hurley and A. McLean for D. Mawson, 29 January 1913. MAC 49 AAE.

  F. Hurley. Southern Sledging Party Diary. ML MSS 389/1.

  A. McLean. Diary 1911–1914. ML MSS 382 2 (2).

  D. Mawson. Untitled appeal for funding to cover AAE debts, undated. ML MSS 3022/5 Item 4.

  D. Maswon. Rough Draft of Meteorological Notes, Far East Journey. MAC 69 AAE.

  Letter from D. Mawson to A. Geikie, Jan/Feb 1910. SPRI MS1517/1.

  Letter from D. Mawson to H. R. Mill, 18 July 1922 SPRI MS 100/75/6;D.

  Letter from D. Mawson to H. E. Scrope, 16 March 1956. MAC 23 DM.

  Notes by D. Mawson on L. Whetter, AAE Main Base. MAC 43 AAE.

  X. Mertz. Far Eastern Party Diary Island (in German). MAC 70 AAE.

  A. J. Sawyer. Macquarie Island diary. ML MSS 383.

  Letter from R. F. Scott to T. W. E. David, 11 May 1910. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73810.

  Letter from R. Skelton to R. F. Scott, 8 October 1911. SPRI MS 342/14/9.

  Tasmanian Government authority for AAE to establish a base and wireless station on Macquarie Island. MAC 42 AAE.

  Correspondence between Vickers and D. Mawson, June–July 1914. MAC 137 AAE.

  E. Webb. Sledging Diary 1912–1913. ML MSS 2895.

  F. Wild. Memoirs, 1937. ML MSS 2198.

  Letter from E. Wilson to T. W. E. David, 24 February 1910. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73810.

  Worsley motorised sledge plans and photographs. MAC 135 AAE.

  CHAPTER 8: MARTYRS TO GONDWANALAND

  Books

  Berkman, P. A., Lang, M. A., Walton, D. W. H., Young, O. R. 2011. Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science and the Gov
ernance of International Spaces. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.

  Caviedes, C. N. 2001. El Niño in History: Storming Through the Ages. University Press of Florida, Gainsville.

  Ellis, A. R. 1969. Under Scott’s Command: Lashly’s Antarctic Diaries. Taplinger Publishing Company, New York.

  Jones, M. 2003. The Last Great Quest: Captain Scott’s Antarctic Sacrifice. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

  Shackleton, E. 1914. South: The Endurance Expedition. Penguin Classics, London.

  Solomon, S. 2001. The Coldest March: Scott’s Fatal Antarctic Expedition. Yale University Press, New Haven.

  Stroud, M. 2004. Survival of the Fittest: Anatomy of Peak Physical Performance. Vintage, London.

  Wegener, A. 1924. The Origin of Continents and Oceans. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London.

  Wheeler, S. 2002. Cherry: A Life of Apsley Cherry-Garrard. Vintage, London.

  Journal Articles and Reports

  Baker, A. J., Pereira, S. L., Haddrath, O. P., Edge, K.-A. 2006. Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273: 11–17.

  Balch, E. S. 1912. Antarctic names. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 44: 561–581.

  Barton, C. E., Hutchinson, R., Quilty, P., Seers, K., Stone, T. 1987. Quest for the magnetic poles: relocation of the South Magnetic Pole at sea, 1986. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics Record, 1987/3, 20.

  Bertler, N. A. N., Barrett, P. J., Mayewski, P. A., Fogt, R. L., Kreutz, K. J., Shulmeister, J. 2004. El Niño suppresses Antarctic warming. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L15207.

  Boger, S. D. 2011. Antarctica—Before and after Gondwana. Gondwana Research 19: 335–371.

  Chapman, F., Parr, W. J. 1937. Zoology and Botany. Part 2. Foraminifera. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series C, Volume I. D. H. Paisley, Sydney, 196.

  Cooper, A., Penny, D. 1997. Mass survival of birds across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary: Molecular evidence. Science 275: 1109–1113.

  Dalziel, I. W. D. 1992. Antarctica: A tale of two supercontinents. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 20: 501–526.

  David, T. W. E. 1914. Antarctica and some of its problems. Geographical Journal 43: 605–627.

  David, T. W. E. 1907. The Geology of the Hunter River Coal Measures, New South Wales W.A. Gullick, Sydney.

  Deacon, G. E. R. 1975. The oceanographical observations of Scott’s last expedition. Polar Record 17: 391–396.

  Fogarty, E. 2011. Antarctica: Assessing and Protecting Australia’s National Interests. Lowry Institute for International Policy, Sydney.

  Irving, E. 2005. The role of latitude in mobilism debates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 1821–1828.

  Kidson, E. 1947. Meteorology. Daily weather charts. Extending from Australia and New Zealand to the Antarctic continent. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series B, Volume VII. T. H. Tennant, Sydney, 412.

  Mawson, D. 1943. Macquarie Island: Its geography and geology. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 Scientific Report, Series A, Volume V. G. P. Office, Sydney, 197.

  Parish, T. R., Walker, R. 2006. A re-examination of the winds of Adelie Land, Antarctica. Australian Meteorological Magazine 55: 105–117.

  Piwowar, J. M., Derksen, C. P. 2008. Spatial-temporal variability of Northern Hemisphere sea ice concentrations and concurrent atmospheric teleconnections. Journal of Environmental Informatics 11: 103–122.

  Priestley, R. 1977. The Professor. Polar Record 18: 371–374.

  Ross, N., Bingham, R. G., Corr, H. F. J., Ferraccioli, F., Jordan, T. A., Le Brocq, A., Rippin, D. M., Young, D., Blankenship, D. D., Siegert, M. J. 2012. Steep reverse bed slope at the grounding line of the Weddell Sea sector in West Antarctica. Nature Geoscience doi: 10.1038/ngeo1468.

  Royer, D. L., Osborne, C. P., Beerling, D. J. 2003. Carbon loss by deciduous trees in a CO2-rich ancient polar environment. Nature 424: 60–62.

  Royer, D. L., Pagani, M., Beerling, D. J. 2011. Geologic constraints on earth system sensitivity to CO2 during the Cretaceous and early Paleogene. Earth System Dynamics Discussion 2: 211–240.

  Seward, A. C. 1914. Antarctic fossil plants. British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, London, 1 (1), 49.

  Simpson, G. C. 1919. Meteorology Vol. I: Discussion (British Antarctic Expedition 1910–1913). Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta.

  Simpson, G. C. 1919. Meteorology Vol. II: Weather Maps and Pressure Curves (British Antarctic Expedition 1910–1913). Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta.

  Simpson, G. C. 1923. Meteorology Vol. III: Tables (British Antarctic Expedition 1910–1913). Harrison and Sons, Ltd, London.

  Slack, K. E., Jones, C. M., Ando, T., Harrison, G. L., Fordyce, R. E., Arnason, U., Penny, D. 2006. Early penguin fossils, plus mitochondrial genomes, calibrate avian evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 1144–1155.

  Solomon, S., Stearns, C. R. 1999. On the role of the weather in the deaths of R. F. Scott and his companions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96: 13012–13016.

  Thomson, M. R. A., Vaughan, A. P. M. 2005. The role of Antarctica in the development of plate tectonic theories: from Scott to the present. Archives of Natural History 32: 362–393.

  Watson, C., Burgette, R., Tregoning, P., White, N., Hunter, J., Coleman, R., Handsworth, R., Brolsma, H. 2010. Twentieth century constraints on sea level change and earthquake deformation at Macquarie Island. Geophysical Journal International 182: 781–796.

  Wegener, A. 1912. Die entstehung der koninente. Geologische Rundschau 3: 276–292.

  Willis, B. 1910. Principles of palaeogeography. Science 31: 241–260.

  Newspaper and Magazine Articles

  Anonymous. 1913. To the South Pole with the cinematograph: Film records of Scott’s ill-fated expedition. Scientific American 108: 560–569.

  Anonymous. 1913. Antarctic exploration: Experiences on a moving glacier. The Times 2 June: 7.

  Anonymous. 1913. Polar exploration: Lord Curzon on the Scott expedition. The Times 27 May: 5.

  Anonymous. 1913. ‘An explorer’s death.’: Lieut. Filchner’s tribute. Nottingham Evening Post 13 February: 5.

  Anonymous. 1913. Antarctic disaster: Loss of Captain Scott and his party. The Times 11 February: 8.

  Anonymous. 1913. The polar disaster: Captain Scott’s career. The Times 11 February: 10.

  Anonymous. 1913. Death of Captain Scott. Lost with four comrades. Daily Mail 11 February: 5.

  Anonymous. 1913. Terra Nova back. Evening Post (Wellington) 10 February: 8.

  Brown, R. N. R. 1913. The difficulties of the journey: Why there was no return. Manchester Guardian 12 February.

  Drummond, J. 1913. Mystery of Scott’s fate: Why did the fuel give out? Daily Chronicle 13 February: 1.

  Unpublished Sources

  Letter from L. Beaumont to Lord Curzon, 17 April 1913. BL MSS EUR/F112/51.

  Letter from L. Beaumont to Lord Curzon, 19 April 1913. BL MSS EUR/F112/51.

  Letter from L. Beaumont to Lord Curzon, 24 April 1913. BL MSS EUR/F112/51.

  Letter from W. Lashly to R. Gibbings, 4 October 1938. URL MS 15.

  Letter from L. Beaumont to K. Scott, 15 March 1913. SPRI MS 2.

  Letter from L. Beaumont to K. Scott, 18 April 1913. SPRI MS 2.

  Letter from L. Beaumont to K. Scott, 15 July 1913. SPRI MS 2.

  Letter from L. Beaumont to K. Scott, 24 September 1913. SPRI MS 2.

  A. Cherry-Garrard. Diary, 16 January to 15 March, 1913. SPRI MS 559/11.

  Letter from J. F. Cunningham to Lord Curzon, 20 November 1912. BL MSS EUR/F112/41.

  Lord Curzon. Notes, 16 April 1913. BL MSS EUR/F112/51.

  Letter from T. W. E. David to E. Evans, 6 December 1912. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73810.

  Telegram from King George V to Lord Curzon, 10 February 1913. BL MSS EUR/F112/51.

  Letter from S. T.
Goldie to Lord Curzon, 18 April 1913. BL MSS EUR/F112/51.

  Letter from H. A. Hunt to T. W. E. David, 28 May 1912. ML MSS. 3022/1 C73810.

  Letter from S. Keltie to Lord Curzon, 10 February 1913. RGS CB8 1911-20 3 of 7.

  Lady Scott. Diary, 1913. CUL Kennet D/5.

  Letter from C. Markham to F. Nansen, 22 July 1913. NB Brevs 48.

  Letter from C. Markham to F. Nansen, 8 March 1913. NB Brevs 48.

  Letter from F. Nansen to S. Keltie, 11 March 1912. RGS C8 1911-20.

  Letter from F. Nansen to S. Keltie, 16 March 1912. RGS C8 1911-20.

  Letter from F. Nansen to C. Markham, 4 April 1913. NB Brevs 48.

  E. A. Wilson. Sledging Diary, 1 November 1911 to 27 February 1912. BL MS Add. 47459.

  POSTSCRIPT

  Journal Articles and Reports

  Barnes, D. K. A., Kuklinski, P. Jackson, J. A., Keel, G. W., Morley, S. A., Winston, J. E. 2011. Scott’s collections help reveal accelerating marine life growth in Antarctica. Current Biology: CB 21: R147–R148.

  Cook, A. J., Poncet, S., Cooper, A. P. R., Herbert, D. J., Christie, D. 2010. Glacier retreat on South Georgia and implications for the spread of rats. Antarctic Science 22: 255–263.

  Sladen, W. J. L., Menzie, C. M., Reichel, W. L. 1966. DDT residues in Adelie penguins and a crabeater seal from Antarctica. Nature 210: 670–673.

  Newspaper and Magazine Articles

  Anonymous. 1914. Sir E. Shackleton and his expedition: Plan may be ‘spectacular’. Manchester Guardian 10 February.

  Anonymous. 1913. The Antarctic: Funds for the Shackleton Expedition. The Times 31 December: 61.

  Websites

  For a taste of what it’s like in the field, follow me on twitter (@ProfChris-Turney) and on YouTube (www.youtube.com/christurney). Details of future expeditions will be posted at www.christurney.com.

  Many wonderful groups are bringing science and the public together. Two standouts are Earthwatch Worldwide (www.earthwatch.org) and Raleigh International (www.raleighinternational.org).