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Nixon in China

Page 47

by Margaret MacMillan


  effects on diplomacy, 114–15

  and foreigners, 30

  and foreign policy, 4

  history of, 27–29

  Jiang Qing and, 271–74

  Lin Biao and, 200–201

  and Little Red Book, 73

  Mao Tse-tung memorabilia from, 321

  US awareness of, 107

  USSR opinion of, 133

  Czechoslovakia, 120, 133, 160, 259

  D

  Dairen (Manchuria), 126

  Dalai Lama, 215

  Damansky Island. See Zhenbao Island

  Darwin, Charles, 37

  Dean, John, 316

  de Gaulle, Charles, 12, 32, 44, 51, 77

  Democratic Party, 74, 103, 105, 199, 304, 315–16, 325

  Deng Xiaoping, 322, 323

  attains power, 321, 325

  and Cultural Revolution, 29

  retirement to south China, 320

  as target of Jiang Qing, 319

  Deng Yingchao (wife of Chou En-lai), 39, 40, 41

  Dewey Thomas, 183

  Diaoyutai (VIP compound, Beijing), 47–48, 66, 67, 70, 71, 145, 189, 206, 225, 308

  Diplomats’ Big Building (diplomatic quarters, Beijing), 31

  Discovery of India (Nehru), 232

  Dobrynin, Anatoly

  meetings with HK, 60, 189, 256, 281–83

  meetings with RN, 122

  Doll’s House, A (Ibsen), 272

  Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 15

  Downey, John, 278–79

  Dulles, John Foster, 111, 232, 243, 246, 260

  and Chou En-lai, 33

  nuclear weapons concerns, 245

  views on Communism, 105, 112

  E

  Eagleton, Thomas, 315–16

  East Germany, 129

  Easy Rider (film), 117

  economic zones (PRC), 321

  Egypt, 120, 237

  Ehrlichman, John, 55, 198, 270

  as ‘Berlin Wall’, 267, 317

  Nixon tapes, 58, 59

  Eisenhower, Dwight, 13, 17, 182

  Elbourne, Tim, 152

  Elizabeth II, 31

  Ethiopia, 24

  Evergreen People’s Commune (Beijing), 271

  F

  Fallaci, Oriana, 51

  Farland, Joseph, 183–84, 197

  Fang Weng, 170

  Finland, 32

  ‘Five golden flowers’ (Mao Tse-tung’s companions), 202

  Five Principles, The (PRC foreign relations), 160–61

  ‘Flying Tigers’ (Second World War US pilots), 98

  Foggy Bottom, 60, 61. See also State Department (US)

  Forbidden City (Beijing), 26, 34, 71, 77, 176, 192, 277–78

  Ford, Gerald, 238, 324

  pardon of RN, 323

  retention of HK as Secretary of State, 318, 322

  RN advice to re HK, 55–56

  Foreign Affairs (journal), 10, 111, 163

  Four Marshals study group, 141–43, 146, 164, 189, 220

  France, 30, 33, 35, 40, 114, 120

  recognition of PRC, 31–32

  Freeman, Charles, 227, 228, 287, 309

  background, 155–56

  comments on RN makeup, 64

  comments on William Rogers, 63

  as interpreter, 125, 155, 156

  in National Security Council, 220

  Fujian province, military build-up (1950), 242

  Fuzhou, 245

  G

  Gandhi, Indira, 232, 280

  meeting with HK (1971), 187

  RN and HK view of, 216–17

  Gang of Four, 221, 271, 294, 307, 321, 322

  Gao Gang (Communist leader), 128

  Garment, Leonard, 55

  Gate of Heavenly Peace (Beijing), 45

  Gehrig’s Disease (ALS), Mao Tse-tung’s death from, 318

  Gelb, Leslie, 55

  Geneva conference (1954), 33, 70, 105, 109, 111, 232, 260

  George III, 73, 74

  Germany, 35, 39

  Girl Students’ Patriotic Association, 39

  Goldwater, Barry, 213

  Gone with the Wind (film), 322

  Graduate, The (film), 204

  Graham, Billy, 20

  Grant, Ulysses S., 14

  Great Depression, 42

  Great Hall of the People (Beijing), 71, 132, 140, 145, 176, 222, 228, 275, 279, 296

  Fujian Room, 192, 228

  Great Leap Forward, 72, 79–80, 91, 107, 111, 113, 245

  Great Wall of China, 37, 43, 206, 276–77

  Green, Marshall, 197, 244, 304, 306

  Asian tour (1969), 115

  comments on HK, 62

  concerns on communiqué, 300, 301, 303

  interview with Ushida Nobuhiko, 286

  meeting with RN (Indonesia, 1967), 12–13

  and Shanghai communiqué, 310–11

  Gromyko, Andrei, 131

  Guevara, Che, 47

  Guomindang (Chinese National People’s Party)

  alliance with Communists, 40, 86

  attack on, 41–42

  and Chiang Kai-shek, 41–42

  and Chinese Communist Party, 40

  civil war and Communist victory, 43, 87–88

  consolidation of power, 42

  and later attack on, 41–42, 86–87

  and Long March, 41

  and PRC, 40

  remnants in Burma, 244

  retreat to Taiwan (1949), 43, 102, 241

  and Soviet Union, 40

  and Taiwan, 43

  US support for, 3–4, 98–100

  H

  Haig, Alexander, 152, 197

  as aide to HK, 58, 148, 151, 159, 218, 219

  dealings with Chou En-lai (1972), 221–24, 259, 263

  Haile Selassie, 24

  Hainan Island, 242, 275

  Haiphong, 264, 313 Haldeman, Bob, 55

  comments on HK, 52, 57, 58, 63, 64

  comments on RN, 19, 48, 308

  at formal banquet, 148

  news management, 18, 22, 24, 26, 59, 71, 149–50, 157, 197–98, 225, 266–67, 298, 301, 303

  personal background, 267

  RN and Mao Tse-tung meeting, 76, 225

  and Watergate, 315, 316, 317

  Hall of Beneficent Abundance (Beijing), 72

  Halstead, Dirck, 268

  Hammarskjöld, Dag, 44

  Hangzhou (earlier Hangchow), 221, 292, 293, 297, 298, 300, 326

  Hanoi, 139, 200, 258, 262, 313

  Han Suyin, 28

  Harvard Law School, 279

  Harvard University, 50, 52, 54, 323

  Heath, Edward, 76, 199, 280, 284

  hegemony, PRC and, 235, 332

  Helms, Richard, 56, 138

  Hersh, Seymour, 63

  He Zizhen (Mao Tse-tung’s second wife), 89–90, 273

  Hilaly, Agha, 171, 178–79, 180, 182

  Hirohito, Emperor (of Japan), 287

  Hiss, Alger, 79, 149

  Hitler, Adolf, 67, 93

  Ho Chi Min, 138–39

  Hoff, Joan, 60

  Holdridge, John, 162, 189, 240, 298, 310, 328

  ability in Chinese, 147

  banquet in Great Hall, 148–49

  comments on HK, 55, 187

  on relations with Chinese, 109, 160–61

  trip to PRC (1976), 27

  Hong Kong, 31, 32, 106–7, 108–9, 112, 165, 169

  Hong Kong Hilton, 196

  House Judiciary Committee (US), Watergate conspiracy, 317

  Hoxha, Enver, 157, 200

  Hsing-hsing (panda), 147

  Hsinhua news agency, 251

  Hua Guofeng, 321 Huang Hua, 214, 219, 249, 307

  and draft about RN and HK trips, 194–95

  importance of handshake, 189

  meeting with HK (1971), 218, 236

  Hunan province, 81

  I

  Iceland, 108, 164

  India, 31

  confrontations with PRC (1962), 112–13, 115, 130, 136, 232, 234

  India–Pakistan cris
is (1971), 214–18, 219, 233, 234

  and Shanghai communiqué (1972), 294, 295, 331, 332

  Indochina, 33, 104, 112, 113, 166, 168–69, 184, 191, 222, 231, 260

  Indochinese Communist Party, 264

  Indonesia, 31, 105, 112, 310

  RN and Green, 12–13 ‘intermediate zones’ (PRC foreign policy), 113

  International Control Commission, 166

  Israel, 237, 278, 314

  Italy, 32, 164, 170

  Izvestia (Soviet newspaper), 282

  J

  Jammu (India), 331

  Japan, 41

  after Korean War, 104

  and China, 37–38

  Chou En-lai’s concerns about, 233

  control of Korea and Taiwan, 35, 241

  granted German possessions in China (1919), 39, 98

  invasion of China (1937), 43, 87, 98

  and Korea, 35

  relations with US, 231, 283–88

  and Russia, 36

  seizure of Manchuria (1931), 42–43, 87, 98

  and Shanghai communiqué (1972), 302, 332

  and Taiwan, 35

  and trade with PRC, 31

  Javits, Jacob, 251

  Jenkins, Al, 205, 207

  Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shek Jiang Qing (Mao’s third wife), 66, 67, 89, 93, 203

  background, 272–73

  career, 271–74

  Cultural Revolution and, 273

  delusions, 273

  Deng Xiaoping and, 319

  downfall of, 319, 320–22

  in Long March, 272

  marriage to Mao Tse-tung, 273

  personality, 271–22

  and RN visit, 146, 206, 221, 274–75

  Jiangsu province, 35

  Ji Chaozhu, 156

  Jinjiang Hotel (earlier Grosvenor Mansions, Shanghai), 304

  Ji Pengfei, 25, 146, 226, 227, 293

  Johnson, Alexis, 286

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 51, 54, 113, 116, 118

  Judd, Walter, 103, 163

  K

  Kampuchea. See Cambodia Kashmir, 215, 295, 331

  Kennan, George, 118

  Kennedy, Edward, 16

  Kennedy, John F., 9, 16, 17, 54, 64, 111–13, 116, 118

  Kennedy, Robert, 116

  Khan, Aub, 215

  Khan, Yahya and HK trip to PRC (1971), 184, 186–88

  as leader of Pakistan, 215–16, 219, 232–33

  as RN intermediary with PRC, 162, 171, 172–73

  role in RN–Mao Tse-tung meeting, 1

  Khmer Rouge, 264

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 11, 37, 47, 84, 90, 125, 130–32, 134, 160, 234

  Kim Il Sung, 47, 300

  King, Martin Luther, 116

  Kissinger, Henry appointed National Security Adviser, 12, 48

  attends RN and Mao Tse-tung meeting, 70, 72, 77

  attraction to Republican party, 54

  as author, 54

  career after leaving political life, 322–23

  character, 52–57, 55

  and Chou En-lai, 44

  comments on RN, 16, 17, 20

  contempt for State Department, 48, 56, 60–64, 95, 159–60, 167–68, 226–27, 300

  discussions with Chou En-lai (July and Oct. 1971), 5, 70

  discussions with Chou En-lai on Taiwan, 184–85, 250–53

  divorce, 54

  education, 53

  enjoyment of diplomacy, 50

  exclusion of William Rogers from RN–Mao Tse-tung meeting, 72–73, 76

  and Harvard University, 50, 323

  intelligence sharing with PRC, 236–37, 238, 307

  joins Harvard faculty, 54

  and ‘linkage tactic’, 122, 263

  Mao Tse-tung impression of, 76

  meetings with Anatoly Dobrynin, 60, 189

  meeting with Chou En-lai (1971), 61

  military duty, 53–54

  as National Security Adviser, 51–52

  opinion on Japan, 284–85

  personal life, 52–57

  and policy shift towards PRC, 123

  political affiliation, 54

  PRC visit (July 1971), 5, 147, 154, 179–80, 183–97, 236, 260

  PRC visit (Oct 1971), 70, 71, 151–52, 205–10, 236

  PRC visits (Feb and Nov 1973), 314

  PRC visit (1975), 319

  preparation for PRC trip (1972), 21

  relations with Chou En-lai, 25, 229–30

  Secretary of State appointments, 48, 318, 322

  and RN, 48, 51–52, 54–56, 57–60, 74, 219–20

  at RN and Chou En-lai meeting, 48

  RN and Mao Tse-tung jokes about, 1

  RN departure for PRC (1972), 7

  RNs resignation (1973), 317–18

  as Secretary of State, 57

  Shanghai communiqué negotiations, 293–98, 300–3, 306

  signing of Vietnam peace agreement (1973), 264, 314

  similarities to RN, 60, 61

  teased by RN and Mao Tse-tung, 74

  temper, 56

  triangular democracy, 159, 235

  views on foreign affairs, 48–51

  views on US–PRC relationship, 10–11

  winning of Nobel Peace Prize, 58, 264

  Kissinger, Nancy (HK’s second wife), 323

  Kissinger, Walter (HK’s brother), 53

  Kissinger and Associates, 323 Klein, Herb, 17

  Korea

  and Japan, 35

  Shanghai communiqué (1972), 302, 332

  38th parallel, 104 war (150–53), 103–4, 129, 164, 200, 233–34, 243, 300

  Korean War, 31, 33

  Kosygin, Alexei, 137, 139–40, 144, 234

  Kraemer, Fritz, 53–54

  Kraft, Joseph, 25, 280–81

  L

  Laird, Melvin, 122

  Laos, 112, 120, 187, 222, 232, 256, 258, 259, 263, 310

  League of Nations, 14

  Le Duan, 264

  Le Duc Tho, 259, 264, 314

  Lee Kuan Yew, 310–11

  Lei Yang, 167, 168

  ‘Let It Be’ (song), 175

  Levin, Herbert, 107

  Leys, Simon, 125

  Liberal Democrats (Japan), 284

  Libya, 278

  Li Dachao, 86

  Life (magazine), 108, 312

  Lin Bao, 89, 113, 138, 140, 213

  Cultural Revolution and, 200–1

  comment on Chou En-lai, 93

  downfall, 2, 81, 169, 200–3, 206, 319

  Lincoln, Abraham, 97

  Lincoln Memorial, 169

  Ling-ling (panda), 147

  linkage, doctrine of (US), 122, 256, 263

  Little Red Book, 24, 73, 114, 200, 269, 321

  Liu Shaoqi, 28, 29, 111, 127, 201, 274

  Li Zhisui, Dr, 66, 67, 75, 143–44, 273

  Lloyd George, David, 46

  Lodge, Henry Cabot, 183

  London, Jack, 275

  Long March (134–35), 44, 87, 89, 196

  Chou En-lai and, 41

  Jiang Qing and, 272

  Mao Tse-tung and, 69

  People’s Republic of China and, 41–42

  Lon Nol, 169, 260

  Look, So This Is the American Way of Life! (Chinese pamphlet), 107–8

  Lord, Winston, 207, 294, 300–1

  comments on China, 67, 68

  deleted from photographs, 73

  with HK (PRC, 1971), 185, 187, 188–89, 209, 236

  with RN and HK (PRC, 1972), 7, 8, 67, 70–76

  as US ambassador to PRC, 145

  view of Mao Tse-tung, 77

  Los Angeles Times, 306

  Louis, Victor, 140

  Luce, Henry, 21, 108, 163

  M

  MacArthur, General Douglas, 104

  Macartney, Lord, 34, 73, 147

  Malaya, 310

  Malraux, André, 20, 21

  Manchukuo (Japanese puppet state).See Manchuria

  Manchuria, 35, 36, 43, 87, 126, 128, 134

  Japanese seizure of, 98

  Mansfield,
Mike, 162–63, 198

  Mao An-ching (Mao Anqing; Mao Tse-tung’s younger son), 88

  Mao An-ying (Mao Tse-tung’s elder son), 88, 89

  maotai (Chinese alcohol), 148, 149, 222, 307

  Mao Tse-tung. See also Cultural

  Revolution; Great Leap Forward appearance, 88

  character and personality, 78, 80, 82, 84–85, 88, 89, 90–94

  and Chou En-lai, 40–42

  compared to Chou En-lai, 45

  creation of Four Marshals study group, 141–43, 164

  and Cultural Revolution, 28, 29

  early life, 81–84

  fear of major Soviet attack (1969), 137–41

  health, 23, 29, 66–67, 73, 75–76, 90, 93–94, 318–20

  illness and death (1976), 318–20

  legacy to China, 79–80

  Long March, 69

  meeting with RN, 1–2, 8, 67, 70–77

  memorabilia, 320–21

  motives for attack on Taiwan (1958), 131

  motives for Zhenbao Island conflict (1969), 136–37, 138

  and nuclear war, 131–33

  opinion of HK, 1

  opinion of RN and HK, 74–76

  path to power, 43, 45, 69, 79, 80–81, 84–44

  personal life and marriages, 86, 88–90

  personal living conditions, 71–72

  promotion of ‘intermediate zones’ policy, 113

  punishment for criticizing, 29

  purging of Lin Bao, 200–3

  relations with Chou En-lai, 40, 41–42, 87, 93

  relations with Chung Kai-shek, 74

  visit to Moscow (1949), 128

  Mao Zedong. See Mao Tse-tung

  Marcos, Imelda, 271, 310

  Marshal, Tito, 102, 128, 327

  Marshall, General George, 99

  Marshall Plan, 14

  Marx, Karl, 38, 86. See alsoMarxism

  Marxism, 38, 45, 46, 85, 86

  Mathilda (musk ox), 236, 266

  Matsu Island, 130, 131, 242, 245

  Maxim’s (restaurant, Beijing), 321

  May Fourth Movement (post-1911), 39

  McCarthy, Joseph, 102, 105, 108

  McFarlane, Robert, 56, 238

  McGovern, George, 316

  media relations, 71, 149–54, 178, 225, 266–68, 306, 311

  Meiling Soong (wife of Chiang Kai-shek), 242

  Metternich, Prince K.W von, 50, 51, 61, 208

  Michener, James, 153

  Milton (musk ox), 236, 266

  Ming dynasty, 276

  Ming Tombs, 31, 206, 268, 277

  Minzu Hotel, 153

  missionaries, 34, 96, 100

  Jesuits, in China, 2–3

  Mitchell, John, 52

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 128

  moon rock, 147

  Mujibur Rahman, Sheikh, 216, 217

  Mukden. See Shenyang

  Mundt, Karl, 163

  Muskie, Ed, 199, 303, 304

  My Lai massacre, 118. See also Vietnam War

  N

  Nancy. See Tang Wensheng

  National Liberation Front for South Vietnam, 255

  National Palace Museum (Taipei), 241

  National People’s Party, 40

  National Security Council, 12, 21, 51, 56, 58, 72, 161, 162, 186.

 

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