Nixon in China
Page 48
See also Kissinger, Henry as centre of policymaking, 64
National Zoo (Washington), 147
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 14, 105, 120
NBC news, 267
Nehru, Jawarhalal, 131, 160
Discovery of India, 232
Newsday (newspaper), 150, 196
Newsweek (magazine) 196, 324
New York Times, 150, 159, 160, 193, 289
New Zealand, 310
Nguyen Van Thieu, 255, 260, 264
Nigeria, 176
Ninth Party Congress, 29
Nixon, Julie (daughter), 7
Nixon, Pat (wife)
arrival in PRC, 25
background, 269
death, 324
personality, 269
PRC trip (1972), 7, 21, 220, 268, 269, 270
relationship with RN, 20, 270
on RN–HK relations, 55–56
RN’s comments on, 270
sightseeing, 268–71, 299
social duties, 147, 299–300, 304–5
treatment by RN, 78
Nixon, Richard and alcohol, 17
anti-communism, 7, 8, 11, 79, 108
appointment of HK as Secretary of State, 317
approach to foreign affairs, 49, 57–59
career, 64
character and personality, 14–20, 62–63, 78
Checkers scandal, 64
and Chou En-lai, 17
contempt for State Department, 60–64, 159–60, 167–68, 226
death (1994), 324
defeat by JFK, 9
discussions with Chou En-lai, 95–96, 228–36, 247–48, 253–54, 262–63, 308–9
early life and career, 9, 11, 17, 79
and Eisenhower, 13 and father, 14
and foreign affairs, 10, 11–14, 20
and foreign policy, 48, 49
hosting final Beijing banquet, 279
insomnia, 17
instructions to HK for Beijing trip (July 1971), 185–86
and Lincoln Memorial demonstrators, 169
‘linkage’ as foreign policy tactic, 121–22, 256, 263
meeting with Chou En-lai, 47–48
meeting with Mao Tse-tung, 1–2, 8, 67, 70–77, 72, 74
at Moscow summit (1972), 189, 313
and mother, 14–15
Nixon Doctrine (1970), 161
preparation for shift in US–PRC policy, 162–63
quotes, 78, 95
re-election of (1972), 316
relationship with wife, 20
relations with HK, 48, 51–52, 54–56, 57–60, 74, 219–20
resignation (1974) and aftermath, 317–18, 323–24
and Roosevelt (Theodore), 13 run for California governor, 17, 18
secrecy of, 159
sightseeing in PRC, 275–77, 298–99
similarities to HK, 60, 61
tapes, 12, 58, 59, 78
travels, pre-presidency, 12–13
use of makeup, 64
views on communism, 11
views on State Department, 56
views on Vietnam War, 119–20
views on presidency, 11–12
and Watergate scandal, 315–17
and Wilson (Woodrow), 13
youth, 15–16
Nixon, Tricia (daughter), 7, 177–78
Nixon Doctrine, 9, 161
Nobel Peace Prize, 58, 264
North Korea, 32
North Vietnam, 32, 222, 255–56
peace agreement with US (1973), 264, 314, 316
relations with PRC, 105, 113, 136, 199–200, 228, 257–62, 263–64
Shanghai communiqué, 331. See also Vietnam War
Vietnam reunited (1975), 264 NSC. See National Security Council
nuclear weapons, 9, 113, 129, 132, 135, 245, 285. See also Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)
Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (Kissinger), 54
O
Okinawa, 283, 284, 285, 286
Oklahoma City, USS, 290
opium trade, China and, 3
Ottawa, 165, 167, 173
Outer Mongolia, 126, 135, 137
P
Pakistan
India-Pakistan crisis (1971), 187, 214–18, 219, 233
Shanghai communiqué (1972), 294, 295, 331, 332
as US–PRC secret channel, 171–73, 184
Pakistan International Airlines, 188
Palmerston, Lord, 13
pandas, gift of, 147
Paris, 170, 233, 259, 262, 264
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 39, 85, 98
Pathet Lao, 264
Patton, George, 12
Patton (film), 203
Pearl Harbor (1941), 98
Peking. See Beijing Peng Dehuai, 28, 29
Peng Mengmin, 247
People’s Daily (Chinese newspaper), 94, 113, 163, 171, 240, 319
People’s Liberation Army, 23, 135, 140, 141, 201
People’s Republic of China. See also Cultural Revolution; Great Leap Forward; Taiwan admittance to United Nations,210–14
and Asian anti-Western movements, 105
attacks on Quemoy and Matsu islands (1958), 130, 131, 245–47
attitudes to US, 3–4
betrayed by Paris Peace Conference (1919), 39, 85, 98
and Chiang Kai-shek, 41
Chinese Communist Party, genesis, 70
Chinese Communist Party, suitability for governing, 99
Chinese Communist Party established (1920), 85, 86
civil war, 43, 99–100
clashes on USSR–PRC border (164–69), 134–37, 138
communist victory, 43
confrontations with India (1962), 112–13, 115, 130, 136, 232, 234
death of Mao, 320
defence budget growth, 326
diplomatic relations, 30–31
economic growth, 321, 326
embassies in, 32
establishment, 69
fear of major Soviet attack (1969), 137–41
foreigners in, 30
founding, 33, 43, 45
growing tensions with USSR, 114, 115, 124–34, 234
Guomindang–Communist alliance (United Front), 40, 86, 126–27, 242
historical background, 2–3, 34–35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 68–70, 96–98, 231–32, 309
invasion of Vietnam (1979), 265
involvement in Korean War, 103–4, 129
involvement in Vietnam War, 113, 136, 199–200, 228, 257–62, 263–64
Japan invasion of China proper (1937), 43, 87
Japan seizure of Manchuria (1931), 87
and Kosygin’s peace attempts, 139–40, 144
and Long March, 41–42
opening talks with Canada, 164–67
and Paris Peace Conference, 39
power struggles (1973-76), 319–22
proclamation of, 27
recognized by UK, 31
relationship with US, 6
relationship with West, 2
re-opening of diplomatic relations, 164, 167
RN and US policy, 52
Shanghai communiqué, 330–34
signing of Sino-Soviet treaty 1950), 103
testing of first nuclear weapon (1964), 113, 132
Philadelphia Orchestra, 319
Philippines, 105, 310
Phnom Penh, 264
‘ping-pong’ diplomacy, 174–77
Polo, Marco, 2
Polo One (HK’s secret detour to China, 1971), 185
Pol Pot, 264
Pravda, 282
press and TV See media relations Price, Raymond, 48, 57
Prince Timahoe (RN’s dog), 150
Q
Qianlong Emperor, 34, 47, 73, 147
Qiao Guanhua, 146, 157, 225, 228, 274
HK sharing of US intelligence with, 236–37, 307
illness and death (1983), 320, 322
personal background, 293, 294
Shanghai communiqué, 226, 254, 278, 294–98, 301–3, 305, 306
Qin Empero
r, 69, 83, 276
Qing dynasty, 34–35, 36, 37, 68, 71, 79, 241, 271
Qongqing (earlier Chungking), 87
Quemoy Island (Taiwan), 130, 131, 242, 245
R
Radford, Charles, 186
Rather, Dan, 148
Rawalpindi, 187, 197
Reagan, Ronald, 213, 238, 289, 323, 324
Realpolitick, 50
Rebozo, Bebe, 19, 78, 150, 270, 310
Red-Ass Saloon (US bar, Beijing),315
Red Detachment of Women, The (PRC opera), 275
Red Guards, 28, 44, 82, 107,114–15, 138, 194. See also Little
Red Book
Red Star over China (Snow), 69
Republican Party, 54, 103, 104–5, 67, 313, 316, 318
Republic of China. See Chiang
Kai-shek; Guomindang;
Taiwan
Reston, James, 150, 193
Rice, Condoleezza, 55
Richard M. Nixon Memorial
Library, 324
Richardson, Elliot, 63, 121, 138
Road Runner (Ron Walker’s code name), 204
Robertson, Walter, 105
Rockefeller, Nelson, 51, 54, 57, 183
Rogers, William, 7, 25, 166, 182, 197, 198, 210, 220
character and background, 62
exclusion from RN–Mao Tse-tung meeting, 76
isolation by State Department, 61–64, 161, 178, 186, 189, 197–98, 226–27, 286, 293, 298, 300, 306–7, 309–10
relegation at RN and Mao Tse-tung meeting, 95
Shanghai communiqué disagreement, 300–3
suitability for State Department, 63
tensions with HK, 48, 63, 64, 212, 293
Roosevelt, Franklin D, 98
Roosevelt, Theodore, 13
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 83
Rumsfeld, Donald, 162
Rusk, Dean, 111–12, 113 Russia. See Soviet Union
Russo-Japanese War (1904–05),
126, 135
Ryckmans, Pierre (aka Simon Leys), 30
s
SALT. See Strategic Arms
Limitations Talks San
Francisco World’s Fair (1815),148
Sassoon, Sir Victor, 304 Sato Eisaku, 285, 286–88, 310
Scali, John, 20–21, 301
Segretti, Donald, 303–4, 316
Service, Jack, 252
Sevareid, Eric, 153, 157
Shandong, 35
Shangai Industrial Exhibition (earlier Sino-Soviet Friendship Building), 305, 306
Shanghai, 33, 35, 41, 85, 221, 224, 272, 304
Shanghai Children’s Palace, 304
Shanghai Revolutionary Committee, 304, 307
Shawcross, Sir Hartley, 157
Shen, James, 289, 314
Shenyang, 36
Siberia, 134
Sihanouk, Prince (of Cambodia), 47, 163, 169, 200, 262
Singapore, 310
Six Crises, The (Nixon), 17, 73, 203
Smedley, Agnes, 88
Smith, Adam, 83
Snead, Sam, 147
Snow, Edgar, 69, 80, 82, 99, 114, 132, 171–72, 178, 184, 246
socialism. See Marxism
Somoza, Anastasio, 180
South Vietnam, 232, 255, 260–61, 263, 310, 313
fall of Saigon (1975), 264
Provisional Revolutionary Government (1972), 332 Soviet Union
Brezhnev Doctrine, 120 and Chinese Communist Party, 40
clashes on USSR–PRC border (1964–69), 134–41
explosion of first atomic bomb, 129
growing tensions with PRC, 114, 115, 124–34, 234
influence over Chinese Communists and Guomindang, 40, 86, 126
invasion of Czechoslovakia(1968), 133, 160, 259
and Kosygin’s peace attempts 139–40, 144
role in India–Pakistan crisis (1971), 217–19
Sino-Soviet treaty (1950), 103, 128
US and SALT I agreement (1972), 313
and Yugoslavia, 102
Spencer, Herbert, 37
Spirit of ‘76. See Air Force One
Spock, Mr (TV and film character), 329
Stalin, 67, 90, 91, 93, 102, 126, 127, 128, 129, 300
Stanford University, 267
State Department. See also Rogers, William changes in, 112
HK dislike of, 48, 56, 60–64, 95, 159–60, 167–68, 226–27’, 300 isolation from policymaking, 21, 56, 60–64, 108, 159, 167–68, 170, 173, 186, 220, 226–27, 230, 307
RN and HK contempt for, 60–64
Stevenson, Adlai, 111
Stilwell, General Joseph, 242
St Laurent, Louis, 164
Stockholm, 166 Stoessel, Walter, 167, 168
Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT), 15, 236, 237, 281 US–USSR agreement (SALT I, 1972), 189, 283, 313
Strong, Anne Louise, 100
Sukhodrev, Viktor, 57
Summer Palace (Beijing), 34, 206, 271
Summit Conference of Indo-Chinese Peoples (1970), 332
Sun Yat-sen, 40, 83
Supreme Court (US), Watergate conspiracy, 317
Suzhou, 322
Sweden, 166
Syria, 120
T
table tennis championships,173–74, 176–77, 178
Tainan Giants (Taiwan baseball team), 290
Taipei, 241, 289
Taiping Rebellion (1851–64), 81
Taiwan
alternative government on, 43
attacks on Quemoy and Matsuislands, 130, 131, 245–47
Chiang Kai-shek retreat to (1949), 43, 102, 241, 243 and Guomindang, 43
importance to PRC, 127, 168, 178, 184–85, 191, 193, 207–10, 227–28, 240–54, 326–27
internal revolt against Guomindang (1947), 241
Japan takes possession of, 35, 241
loss of China seat at UN,210–14, 289
relations with US, 104, 112,173, 288–91, 326–27
retention of China seat at UN, 105
Shanghai communiqué (1972), 296–98, 300–1, 306, 333–34
Taiwan Independence Movement,248
Tanaka Kakuei, 288
Tang dynasty, 231, 276
Tang Wensheng (aka Nancy; Mao Tse-tung’s personal interpreter)73, 147, 188, 202
Tashkent, 139
Temple of Heaven, 31
Test Ban Treaty (US–USSR,1963), 132
Thailand, 310
Third Front (PRC invasion preparation, 1964), 132, 133
Thomas, Helen, 153
‘Three Hundred Percenters’, 30
Three States period (China), 69
Three Towers Reflecting the Moon(RNs villa, Hangzhou), 298 Tiananmen Square, 28, 32, 169,171, 320
and Forbidden City, 27
prepared for RN visit, 24
pro-democracy crackdown (1989), 323, 325
RN welcome in, 26
Tianjin, 36–37, 39
Tibet, 105, 215, 242
Time (magazine), 21, 58, 108, 169, 196, 316
Tokyo, 38
Toronto, 165
trade and exchanges: Shanghai communiqué (1972), 294,295–96, 334
Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
(PRC–USSR, 1950), 103, 128
Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), 125
‘Tricky Dick’. See Nixon, Richard Trudeau, Pierre, 165–66, 173
Truman, Harry S., 100, 260, 270
creation of National Security Adviser, 51
and Guomindang, 243
and Korean War, 103–4
relations with China, 99, 102, 111
and Taiwan, 232, 243
Truman, Margaret, 270
U
United Front, 86
United Kingdom, 107, 114, 213, 280
embassy destruction, 28
embassy in PRC, 32
history with China, 34
recognition of PRC (1950), 31, 101–2, 164
United Nations, 14, 104, 105, 191
PRC admittance to, 111–12, 210–14
United Nations Security Council Resolution, India–Pakistan ceasefire, 331
United States of America. See also Vietnam War attack on Cambodia (1970), 169, 256
attack on Laos (1971), 256
attitudes to China, 3, 4
and China in WWII, 3
civil rights movement, 116–17
cultural changes, 117–18
defence of Quemoy and Matsu islands (1958), 245–46
failure to hold Vietnam elections (1954), 232, 260
fear of communism, 11
freeze towards PRC (post-Second World War), 102–7
Korean War (1950–53), 103–4
McCarthy conspiracy theories, 108
relationship with PRC, 2, 6
relations with Japan, 283–88
relations with UK, 280
and SALT, 15
Seventh Fleet, move into Taiwan Strait (1950), 243
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks(SALT), 236, 237, 281
support for Guomindang, 3–4, 98–99, 100
US–USSR agreement (SALT I, 1972), 189, 283, 313
War on Poverty, 116
Ushiba Nobuhiko, 286
USSR. See Soviet Union Ussuri river, 134, 135
US Table Tennis Association, 176, 177
V
Vassar College, 322
Viet Cong, 257
Vietnam. See Indochina; North Vietnam; South Vietnam; Vietnam War relationship with China, 258
Vietnam War, 6, 49, 58, 113, 118–21, 187, 199
effect on US, 8–9
effect on US-PRC relations, 4
Shanghai communiqué (1972), 331
signing of peace agreement (1973), 264, 314, 316
Tet offensive (1968), 119
unification (1975), 264
Villa 18 (Diaoyutai), 47
Vladivostok, 134, 238
Voice of America (radio station), 160
Voorhis, Jerry, 11
W
Wagner, Richard, 77
Walker, Ron (code name Road Runner), 204–5, 224, 275, 324
Wal-Mart, 296
Walters, Barbara, 153, 309
Walters, Vernon, 170, 259
Wang Guangmei, 274
Wang Hairong (Mao Tse-tung’s grand-niece), 202
Wang Hongwen, 221
Wang-tang mesdemoiselles. SeeTang Wensheng, Wang Hairon Warring States period (China), 69
Warsaw, US–PRC contacts, 109, 143, 160, 161, 163, 167, 168, 169, 246
Washington, George, 50, 83, 97, 225
Washington Post, 316
Watergate conspiracy, 6, 18, 159, 315–18, 324
Watergate Special Prosecution Force, 286
Water Margin, The (Chinese novel), 82
West Berlin, 281, 283
White, Theodore, 11, 150, 299
Whiting, Allen, 113, 138
Whittier High School (US), 269
Wicker, Tom, 16
Wilson, Henry, 14
Wilson, Woodrow, 13–14, 50, 97–98
Witke, Roxanne, 274, 275
Woods, Rose Mary, 270, 307
Woodstock (music festival), 117
Woodward, Bob, 316
World Table Tennis Championship(Japan, 1971), 174. See also ‘ping–pong’ diplomacy