The Darkening Age
Page 27
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33. Theodoret, Treatment of Greek Diseases, 3.79, tr. Gazda (1981), quoted in Kristensen (2013), 224.
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34. C. Th., XV.1.36, dated 1 November 397.
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35. Chuvin (1990), 79.
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36. Jacob of Serugh in Stewart (1999), 177, to whom these paragraphs are indebted.
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37. Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History, V.21.
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38. Augustine, Expositions on the Psalms, 98.2 and 98.14, quoted in Shaw (2011), 234.
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39. Elvira Canon 60; see Stewart (1999), 173; Gaddis (2005), 176, for discussion.
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40. Mark the Deacon, The Life of Porphyry, 61.
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41. Acts of John, 37–43, in Anon.,The Apocryphal New Testament.
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42. Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History, V.21.
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43. Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History, V.21.
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44. Sulpicius Severus, Life of St. Martin, XIV.1–2.
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45. Attwater (1965), 233–34.
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46. Pollini (2007), 212–13.
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47. Brown, Authority and the Sacred (1997), 49.
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48. Mark the Deacon, Life of Porphyry, 61–62.
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49. Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History, V.21.
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50. Libanius, Oration 30.28–29.
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51. On the vexed question of whether this was true religious tolerance, see Garnsey (1984).
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52. Themistius, Speech 5.68b–c.
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53. Augustine, City of God, 18.54.
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54. Sulpicius Severus, Life of St. Martin, 14–15.
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55. For a full discussion on the stone, the probable composition of the cross that is likely to have stood on this, and the question of whether or not there was a statue of Artemis there beforehand, see Kristensen (2013), 9–13.
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56. Libanius, Oration 18.23.
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57. Figures from Kaegi (1968), 249.
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58. Isidore of Pelusium, Ep 1.270 PG LXXVIII.344A, quoted by Brown in Cameron and Garnsey, eds. (1997), 634.
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59. Symmachus, Memorandum 3.8–10, in Lee (2000), 115ff.; see Cameron (2011), 37, on Symmachus’s moderation as a “pagan.”
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60. Deuteronomy 12:2–3; see also Pollini (2008), 186, and Shaw (2011), 229, for the fact that to do so was thus not wrong but part of a “beneficent process.”
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61. MacMullen (1997), 14.
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62. Cyril of Jerusalem, Mystagogic Catecheses 1.4–8, quoted in Tsafrir (2008), 122.
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63. C. Th., 16.10.19.2.
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64. Symmachus, Memorandum 3.10.
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9. THE RECKLESS ONES
1. This translation assumes that the correct spelling was “parabolani” and that it subsequently became changed to “parabalani” as the years went on.
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2. Procopius, History of the Wars, II.xxii.
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3. On taking risks to do good deeds: Bowersock (2010), passim.
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4. Bowersock (2010), passim; on lack of education: Dzielska (1995), 96.
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5. Number: Dzielska (1995), 96.
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6. See Brown (1992), 103, to which this paragraph and the next are indebted; Ignatius of Antioch, to Polycarp, 6, quoted in Hopkins (1998), 9; see Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, 27.3.12 for the description of the “alarming” violence: “adherents of both did not stop short of wounds and death”; for the admission, see Ambrose, Epistles, 40.6.
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7. Bowersock (2010), passim; C. Th., 16.2.42 (29 September 416).
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8. In March, according to Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.15.
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9. Synesius, Dion, 9, quoted in Dzielska (1995), 48, to whom this section on Hypatia is indebted; painting is by Charles William Mitchell (1885); quotations from Kingsley (1894), 12.
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10. Beauty and virginity: PH, 43; cloak and virginity: Dzielska (1995), 103; quotation from PH, 43A–C.
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11. In Canfora (1990), 20.
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12. Range: Epiphanius, De Mensuris et Ponderibus; translation: Byzantine treatise quoted in Canfora (1990), 24.
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13. This paragraph is indebted to Ward’s wonderful essay in MacLeod, ed. (2005), 170–71.
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14. Food and living: MacLeod, ed. (2005), 4; zoo: MacLeod, ed. (2005), 42; Timon, quoted in MacLeod, ed. (2005), 62.
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15. Vitruvius, The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Book IX.9–11.
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16. The precise number is thanks to a fourth-century register of the city’s five districts—see Hahn (2008), 336–37.
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17. Rufin (Rufinus of Aquileia), HE 11.29; Hahn (2008), 356, for this as an act of Christianization.
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18. Dzielska (1995), 82–83.
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19. Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.15.
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20. Visits: PH, 43; friendship of Orestes: Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.15.
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21. Luminous: Synesius, Dion, 9, in Dzielska (1995), 48.
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22. PH, 43.
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23. Letter of Aristeas, 9–33.
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24. John Chrysostom, Discourses Against Judaizing Christians, 1.3.1.
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25. Nazis: Laqueur (2006), 48; speech: John Chrysostom, Discourses Against Judaizing Christians, 1.3.1; presence of parabalani: Dzielska (1995), 96; the conclusion of the riot: John of Nikiu, Chronicle, LXXXIV.87.
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26. Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.13.
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27. Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.14.
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28. Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.14.
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29. Dzielska (1995), 87; Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.14–15.
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30. John of Nikiu, Chronicle, LXXXIV.87.
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31. Standing between Orestes and Cyril: Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.15—who to his credit disowns this rumor; on the involvement of the parabalani in spreading these rumors: Dzielska (1995), 96; “bestial men”: PH, 43E; John of Nikiu, Chronicle, LXXXIV.87.
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32. John of Nikiu, Chronicle, LXXXIV.100.
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33. John of Nikiu, Chronicle, LXXXIV.100.
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34. Accounts of the attacks vary: Socrates, the most reliable, has her murdered with “tiles”—presumably flayed by the sharp edges of pottery shards. John of Nikiu (Chronicle, LXXXIV.87) has her dragged through the streets till she died; Damascius (fr. 43) has her eyes gouged out. Hesychius, quoted in Dzielska (1995), 93, has her body scattered across the city.
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10. TO DRINK FROM THE CUP OF DEVILS
1. Eco (1980), 36.
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2. Elderly: Basil,Address to Young Men on Reading Greek Literature, tr. Deferrari and McGuire (1934), 365.
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3. Basil, Address to Young Men on Reading Greek Literature.
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4. Aphrodite: Odyssey, Book 8.256ff.; Sophocles, Oedipus the King, 906–10; Dido: Aeneid, IV.129ff.
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5. Basil, Address, IV.
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&nbs
p; 6. Jerome, Letter 22.29.
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7. Catullus, 16, tr. Richlin.
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8. Martial, Epigrams, 1.90.
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9. Ovid, Amores, 1.5.
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10. Basil, Address, IV.
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11. Basil, Address, IV.
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12. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 6.13.
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13. Basil, Address, IV.
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14. Basil, Address, IV.
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15. Tertullian, Apology, 14.2.
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16. Tertullian, Apology, 14.3.
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17. Basil, Address, IV.
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18. God-fearing people: Tertullian, Apology, 14.6; defiled: Tertullian, Apology, 15.3.
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19. Diogenes Laertius, 6.2.59.
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20. Diogenes Laertius, 6.2.45.
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21. Diogenes Laertius, 6.1.4. For a very interesting introduction to ancient atheism, see Tim Whitmarsh’s Battling the Gods (2015).
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22. Basil, Address, IV.
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23. These observations are indebted to Rohmann (2016), 127 and 60–61.
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24. Wilson (1975), 7–9 and 13–14.
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25. Basil, Address, tr. Deferrari and McGuire (1934), 371–72.
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26. Basil, Address, tr. Deferrari and McGuire (1934), 370.
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27. Basil, Address, tr. Padelford (1902), 33.
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28. See, for example, Bohn’s Classical Library 1875 edition of Martial’s Epigrams. Epigram IX, xxvii, “To Chrestus,” is a good example; it begins (for the benefit of Italian speakers): “O Chresto, quantunque porti i testicoli spelati, ed una mentola simile al collo d’un Avotojo . . .” and continues in a similar vein.
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29. Catullus, Poems, tr. Cornish (1904), 19.
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30. Catullus, 16, tr. Whigham (1966).
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31. This observation is indebted to Kendrick (1996), 43. Richlin, finally, translates it correctly in 1983: “I will bugger you and I will fuck your mouths.”
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32. Chrysostom, Homily XV.10, Concerning the Statues.
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33. Chrysostom, Homily XV.10–12, Concerning the Statues.
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34. Index in Chrysostom, ed. Parker (1842), 373.
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35. Shaw (2001), 4.
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36. Chrysostom, Discourses Against Judaizing Christians, 1.4.1.
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37. Protagoras quoted and translated in Plato, Protagoras, ed. Denyer (2008), 101.
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38. Anathema: quoted in Wilson (1970), 71.
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39. 1 Corinthians 3:19.
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40. The Little Labyrinth, quoted in Eusebius, HC, 5.28.13–15.
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41. Athanasius, Life of Antony, 1.1.
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42. Augustine, Confessions, 8.7–8.
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43. Tertullian, On the Prescription of Heretics, VII.
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44. Augustine, City of God, 2.13.
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45. Augustine, Confessions, 1.18.28–29.
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46. Catullus, 84.
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47. Augustine, On Christian Doctrine, 2.13.
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48. Concierge: Augustine quoted in Brown (1967), 458; ramparts: Augustine, Expositions on the Psalms, 54.13, quoted in Shaw (2011), 204.
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49. Jerome, Letter 22.30.
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50. Jerome, Letter 22.30.
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51. Though it was clearly there, in a simple form, earlier in the Gospel of John. But later, it starts to be developed further.
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52. Justin Martyr, Apology, 1.46.
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53. CC, IV.38.
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54. The Little Labyrinth, quoted in HC, 5.28.15.
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55. Knox and McKeown (2013), 7.
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56. Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, 14.6.18.
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57. C. Th., 16.4.2.
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58. Cartledge (2009), 125.
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59. According to the judgment of modern scholars, he succeeded. In the estimation of A.H.M. Jones, he exceeds even Tacitus in his “breadth of view and impartiality of judgement” (quoted by Wallace-Hadrill [1986]). Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, 30.8.
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60. HC, 8.2ff.
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61. Dzielska (1995), 100.
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62. Cover-up campaign: Dzielska (1995), 100; for criticism, see Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, VII.15: “surely nothing can be farther from the spirit of Christianity than the allowance of massacres, fights, and transactions of that sort”; destroyed the last remains: John of Nikiu, Chronicle, LXXXIV.103.
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63. Chadwick (1958), passim. This paragraph is indebted to the ever-excellent MacMullen, especially MacMullen (1984), 6, and MacMullen (1997), 3–4.
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11. TO CLEANSE THE ERROR OF DEMONS
1. Zachariah of Mytilene, The Life of Severus, 37–38.
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2. Rules of Rabbula, can. 50, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 115.
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3. Shenoute, Vita tr. Leipoldt, 13.32.1–3, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 135.
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4. Pietro Bernardo quoted in Plaisance (2008), 65–67.
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5. Augustine, City of God, 18.37.
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6. Augustine, City of God, 18.41, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 114.
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7. Chrysostom, Homily on First Corinthians (Argument); see Rohmann (2016), Chapter 4, for an excellent in-depth discussion of Christian attitudes to materialist philosophy to which this paragraph and the following are much indebted.
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8. The Apostolic Constitutions, 1.6.1–2, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 114.
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9. PH, 80, 85, 86.
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10. PH, 63.
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11. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Vol. IV, Chapter 40, 265.
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12. Zachariah of Mytilene, The Life of Severus, 64–69.
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13. The Life of Simeon Stylites the Younger, 161, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 104.
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14. Zachariah of Mytilene, The Life of Severus, 59–62.
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15. Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, 29.1.23.
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16. Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, 29.1.35.
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17. Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, 29.2.4.
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18. Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, 29.1.41.
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19. Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, 29.1.4–29.2.1.
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20. Observation and translation indebted to Rohmann (2016), 247.
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21. John Chrysostom, Homily 89 in the Acts of the Apostles (PG, 60, 274–75), quoted in Chuvin (1990), 52.
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22. Jerome, Letter 70.2.
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23. Reynolds and Wilson (1968), 70.
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24. Wilson (1970), 72.
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25. See Wilson (1975), 10.
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26. Quoted in Wilson (1970), 72.
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27. Rohmann (2016), 19, and main discussion 290–94.
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28. Reynolds and Wilson (1968), 76, to whom this paragraph and the next are much indebted.
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29. Reynolds and Wilson (1968), 75–76.
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30. Chrysostom, Homily 2 on the Gospel of John, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 201, to whom these paragraphs are much indebted.
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31. Chrysostom, Eiusdem in illud, si qua in Christo, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 203.
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32. Theodoret, Treatment of Greek Diseases, 5.64–66, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 120.
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33. Augustine, Letter 118.3.21, quoted in Rohmann (2016), 171.
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34. H. Gerstinger (1948) and H. Bardon (1952–1956), quoted in Rohmann (2016), 8.
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35. Estimate is that of Manfred Fuhrmann, Geschichte der römischen Literatur, again quoted in Rohmann (2016), 8.
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12. CARPE DIEM
1. Virgil, Aeneid, 1.279.
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2. Palladas, 10.82. By “Greeks” Palladas here means that he worships the old gods.
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3. From the lines that open the “infamous” Chapter 15 of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1896–1900). Not all were so impressed. As the Duke of Gloucester said: “Another damned, thick, square book! Always scribble, scribble, scribble! Eh! Mr. Gibbon?”
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4. John Chrysostom, Testimonies against the Jews, 56.
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5. Justin Martyr, Apology, 1.xii.
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6. Minucius Felix, The “Octavius,” X.
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7. Pliny, Natural History, 2.4.
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8. “The Martyrdom of Montanus and Lucius,” in ACM, 15.11.
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9. See Hopkins (1998), passim, for a discussion of numbers and their implications.
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10. Quoted in Judge (2008), 6.
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11. Quoted in Judge (2008), 6.
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12. Richlin (1983), 146.
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13. Kendrick (1996), 7, to whom these paragraphs are indebted.
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14. Sanager’s History of Prostitution, quoted in Kendrick (1996), 25–26.
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15. Quoted in Fisher and Langlands (2011).
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16. Fanin (1871), vii and title page.
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17. Winckelmann quoted in Fisher and Langlands (2011), 309.
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18. See Fisher and Langlands (2011), 306ff.
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19. Fanin (1871), xvii.
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20. Winckelmann (1771) quoted in Fisher and Langlands (2011), 309.
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21. Date from Fisher and Langlands (2011), 310.