Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor

by Charles R. Allen

  Bühler, Professor Georg, 286, 287, 295, 311, 314, 315, 327–8

  Burgess, James, 90–2, 117, 303–5

  Burma, xiii, 78, 80, 186, 300, 333

  Burnouf, Eugène, 128, 184, 185–6, 187, 196, 200, 222, 223, 225

  Burt, Lieutenant Thomas, 138, 139, 221, 269

  Calcutta (now Kolkata), 26, 70, 71, 81, 87, 115, 121, 142, 154, 183, 263; Bengal Supreme Court, 25–6, 29, 30; Christian cemetery, 28–9; eclipse of by Bombay in Indian studies, 285–6; Fort William College, 73, 74, 121, 130; Indian Museum in, 276, 322; Mint, 74, 124, 129, 130; Prinsep memorial structure, 121–3, 122; Sanskrit college, 75, 310

  Cambridge University, 310

  Canna dynasty, 36

  Canning, Lord, 252, 263

  Carllyle, Archibald, 263–4, 269, 291–5, 293

  caste system, xix, 264, 286, 287, 357, 368, 369, 371, 400; authority of the Brahman order and, xv, xviii; Buddhist criticism of, 126, 357; caste rules of kingship, 34–5, 76; Dalit untouchable caste, 357; intolerance and, 22, 205; Kshatriya caste, 34–5, 76, 193, 209–10, 308, 357, 363, 364, 373; Shudra caste, 34, 291; Vaisya caste, 32, 364; see also Brahman caste

  caves: of Ajanta, 72, 116–19, 117, 288; at Barabar Hills, 38, 39, 225, 298; Ellora cave temples, 41, 109, 288; Hathigumpha or ‘Elephant’s Cave’ (Khandagiri, Orissa), 108–9, 110, 112–13, 133, 154, 155; inscriptions in, 38–40, 108–9, 112–13, 133, 225, 268, 269, 295, 304; Kanheri caves (near Bombay), 116; Lomas Rishi Cave, 39; MRE sites, 349, 350, 351, 352, 376; at Nagarjuni Hills, 38–40, 39, 41, 169, 225, 395; paintings in, 115–19, 117, 294; Panguraria site, 349–51, 376; Sassaram cave inscription, 268, 269, 351

  Ceylon, xiii, 78, 98–100, 102–4, 116, 141, 199, 310; Anuradhapura, 104–5, 147, 149, 150, 151; Ashoka and, 147–50, 151, 199, 296, 298, 386, 387, 390; becomes crown colony (1796), 97–8; Buddhism in, 98–102, 104–5, 116, 164–5, 186–7, 199; Mahinda’s mission to, 148–9, 152, 296, 386; see also Mahavamsa (’Great Dynastic Chronicle’)

  Champollion, Jean François, 250

  Chanakya, Brahman, 35, 66–7, 83, 101, 143, 363–5, 366, 368, 371, 372, 373, 375; Arthashastra (’Treatise on State Economy’), 306–9, 365, 367, 369, 372, 375

  Chandagirika, 190, 191

  Chandragupta, King (also Androkottos/Sandrokoptos/Sisikottos/Siso costus/Sashigupta): abdication of, 84, 372; administrative system of, 307, 370–1; Alexander the Great and, 50–1, 53, 55, 57–8, 365–6; arrival of Buddhim in Lanka and, 199; background of, 363–4, 366; Brahman Chanakya and, 35, 66–7, 83, 101, 143, 306, 363, 364–5, 366, 367; chronology of reign, 178, 296, 297, 366–7; as founder of Maurya dynasty, 35, 36, 200; as Jain devotee, 84, 372, 374; as Meroes, 53, 58, 365; omitted from Legend of King Ashoka, 188; overthrow of Nanda dynasty by, 35, 66–7, 68, 83–4, 143, 306–7, 363, 365, 366; in the Puranas, 35, 68; Rudradaman inscription, 289; rule of, 369–71; Seleukos and, 57–8, 59–61, 67, 68, 176, 367–9, 376; twelve-year famine during reign of, 316

  Chandragupta II, King, 205

  Chapman, Captain J. J., 104–5

  Chennai Museum, 88, 90, 91, 92

  Chetiyagiri (’the Hill of the Stupa’), 148, 152, 244, 248; see also Sanchi (chaitya giri or ‘hill of shrines’)

  Childers, Robert, xvii, 310

  China, 78, 186, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 219; Buddhist pilgrims to India, 201, 203–9, 210–19, 235, 253, 317, 318 (see also Faxian; Xuanzang); Cultural Revolution, 203

  Chola tribes, 175

  Christianity: Capuchin mission (from 1707), 22–3; English Puritanism, xv; evangelical Anglicisation of India, 114–15, 154; William Jones and, 37; Tibet-Hindustan Mission of the Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith in Rome, 23

  Claphamite Sect, 114

  coinage, 111, 113, 131–2, 135, 221, 238, 276–7, 289; Bactrian, 133, 134, 163, 229, 234, 262; Cunningham and, 134, 201, 234, 261–2, 276, 302; Hellenistic, 46, 60, 113, 133, 163, 234, 262, 276, 336; Mackenzie and, 83, 110, 133; Prinsep and, 129, 133–4, 135, 137, 161, 163, 201; punch-marked coins, 133–4, 135, 261–2, 285, 314, 371–2

  Colebrooke, Henry, 42, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 113–14, 137

  Collège de France, 184

  constitution, Indian (November 1949), 357

  Cook, Captain James, 25

  Cornwallis Permanent Settlement (1789), 37

  Court, General Claude Auguste (French mercenary), 131, 132, 229, 260, 261

  Cowell, Edward, 310

  cricket, 7

  Cunningham, General Sir Alexander: archaeology and, 136–7, 235–6, 237–40, 243, 244, 245, 246–9, 261, 270–6, 295, 304; on Asiatic Society of Bengal, 285–6; Bharhut excavation site, xvii, 269–78, 319, 377; classical Gandharan art and, 338; coinage and, 134, 201, 234, 261–2, 276, 302; Director of the Archaeological Survey of India, 252–63; Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, xvii, 236, 263–78, 291, 294–302, 304, 305, 312, 318–19; Inscriptions of Asoka (1877), 295–7; military career, 134, 137, 221–2, 228, 235, 252, 252–3; public indifference to discoveries of, 249–50; rivalry with Kittoe, 221–2, 224, 225–6; at Sanchi, 236–41, 243, 244, 245, 246–9, 274, 334, 335, 382, 387; at Sankisa, 206, 220–1, 255–7, 255–7, 256; at Sarnath, 136–7, 226, 237, 333; Shahbazgarhi inscription and, 228, 230, 231–2, 233; shrine of Rupnath and, 264–6, 266, 268

  Cunningham, Joseph, 236

  Curtius (Quintus Curtius Rufus), 45, 49, 50, 51, 54

  Curzon, Lord, 332

  Cyrus the Great, 363

  Dalit underclass, Indian, 357

  Damodara, King, 77

  Darius (last Achaemenid emperor), 47, 56

  Darjeeling, 183, 184

  Dasharatha, King, 36, 169, 225, 378, 395, 396

  Dayan Ta (’Wild Goose Pagoda’, China), 203, 219

  de Joinville, Joseph, 98

  de Koros, Csoma, 128–9, 130, 138

  Deimachos, 61, 369

  Delhi, 7–15; Timurid sacking of, 15–16; see also Lat of Firoz Shah (Delhi)

  della Tomba, Father Marco, 23, 38, 138

  Deorkothar monastic complex, 358–9, 397

  Devanamapiyatissa, King, 147–8, 149–50, 151, 164–8, 390

  Devi (wife of Ashoka), 144, 148, 152, 248, 376, 379

  Dhammika, Venerable Shravasti, 171–2, 405

  Dhanyakataka, 91, 305

  Dharma, concept of, xviii–xix, 335, 339, 355–6, 369, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387; Hindu and Jain ethics and, xviii–xix, 358; mahamatras (special religious officers), 283, 383, 389; in Pillar or Rock Edicts, xix, 165, 167, 171–5, 176–8, 179–80, 358, 383, 389; Sakyamuni Buddha and, xix, 78, 165, 335, 386, 387

  Dharmapala, Angarika, 301, 302

  Dharmekh stupa at Sarnath see Sarnath complex of ruins

  Didarganj Yakshi, 322–4, 335

  Diodoros Siculos, 54, 61

  Diodotos Soter, 62, 260

  Dowson, John, 229–30

  D’Oyly, Sir Charles, 39, 63, 79

  du Perron, Abraham Anquetil, 24

  Duncan, Jonathan, 43–4, 85, 136, 225, 286

  Dutch East India Company, 97

  East India Company (EICo), 17, 24, 25, 29, 37, 71–4, 110–11, 184; Anglicisation of India and, 43–4, 115, 250; archaeological enquirers, 221, 224; army campaigns (early nineteenth-century), 71–2, 105–8; end of rule of, 252; Mints, 74, 120, 124–5, 129, 130; Mughal dynasty and, 21, 32; surveying and, 64, 65, 73, 78–81, 82, 85, 292; wars (1845-9), 228

  Ellenborough, Lord, 183–4

  Elliot, Walter, 88, 280–2, 285, 304

  Elphinstone College (Bombay), 286, 288

  Enlightenment, European, 24, 26–7

  epigraphy, 111, 166, 200, 236, 286, 288, 295, 315, 327–8, 350; Epigraphia Carnatica (Lewis Rice), 305

  Eudemos (Macedonian general), 54, 55, 57, 59, 68, 366

  Falconer, Dr Hugh, 131

  Falk, Harry, 311, 313, 350

  Fateh Khan, 15

  Faxian (Chinese Buddhist), 203–9, 211, 212, 225, 253, 260, 296, 302, 312, 317; Foguo-ji (’A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms’), 200–1, 204, 206, 220–1, 224; King
Wuyou and, 205, 206–9, 210, 212, 213, 216

  Fell, Captain Edward, 140

  Fergusson, James, 117, 281, 304

  Feroz Shah Kotla stadium (Delhi), 7

  Finch, William, 13, 16

  Firdusi (Persian poet), 24

  Firishta (Persian historian), 33

  Firoz Shah Tughluq, Sultan, 6, 7, 8–14, 15–16, 20, 24, 296; hunting lodge (North of Delhi), 13, 20; see also Lat of Firoz Shah (Delhi)

  Fleet, Dr John, 286

  Fort William College (Calcutta), 73, 74, 121, 130

  Foucher, Dr Alfred, 337–8, 339, 343, 344, 346, 348; The Monuments of Sanchi (with John Marshall), 339–46

  Fox, Reverend William Buckly, 99–100, 101, 104, 105, 141, 168–9; Dictionary of the Ceylon–Portuguese, Singalese and English Languages (1819), 99

  France, 24, 72, 98, 114, 200–1, 220, 337–8, 339; Hodgson and, 128, 184, 185, 186

  Franklin, Major William, 107–8, 108, 340

  Führer, Dr Anton, 303, 310–14, 311, 322, 326, 327, 328

  Gallé (Buddhist priest), 103, 104

  Gandhara, 132, 209, 243, 273, 328, 338, 339, 399; Alexander the Great and, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 59; Faxian and Xuanzang in, 204–5, 211–12; Macedonian rule, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 131–2, 133, 262, 367; Seleukos’s surrender of, 60, 367

  Gandhi, Indira, 355, 357

  Gandhi, M.K., 348, 356

  Gerard, Dr James, 131, 132

  Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, 8

  Ghulam Qadir, 40

  Girnar edict rock, 112, 230, 231, 232, 257, 266, 279, 282; dating of, 178, 260, 268; Prinsep’s reading of inscription, 163, 170, 171, 175, 176, 177–8; REs 1–14 on, 170, 171, 174, 175, 177, 357, 380; Rudradaman inscription, 288–9; Tod’s discovery of, 111–12, 114, 133, 158, 177

  Gorkhas of Nepal, 106

  Gosala, Maskarin, 225

  Greek mercenaries in India, 189, 272, 377

  Guimet, Musée (Paris), 89, 92

  Gupta era (330–550 CE), 136, 137, 160, 205, 209, 246, 294, 306, 324, 333, 385

  Halhed, Nathaniel, 32, 99

  Harrington, John, 37, 38–40, 41, 42, 169

  Harris, Lieutenant J., 106

  Harsha the Great, 209–10, 214, 218, 390–1, 399

  Hastings, Warren, 29, 30, 31, 33, 43, 114, 115, 332

  Heber, Reverend Reginald, 22

  Hemachandra, Acharya, 83

  Herodotus, 45, 47

  Hinduism: Bhagavad Gita, 19, 33; Buddha in texts of, 37, 41–2; Dharma concept and, xviii–xix, 358; female infanticide and, 43–4, 115; Hindu-Muslim violence in Varanasi (1805), 21–2; Indian nationalism and, xiii, 348, 357–8; Mahabharat, 7, 31–2; Maratha warlords, 21, 72, 105; Muslim iconoclasm and, xv, 7, 9, 19–20, 21; in Nepal, 22; Ramayana, 31–2, 354, 356; Sanskrit and, 23–4, 32–3, 348; sati (immolation of widows), 115; Shaivite, 19, 21, 228, 254, 396; Staff of Shiva at Varanasi, 19–20, 21, 22; temples, xiii–xiv, xv, 9, 19–21, 28, 109–10, 126, 216, 228, 255, 318–19, 322, 359; see also Brahmanism; caste system; Puranas

  Hindutva movement, xiii, 357, 358

  Hoare, Captain James, 71, 139, 140

  Hodgson, Brian Houghton, 123, 125–8, 131, 138–9, 140, 183, 184–5, 185; Csoma de Koros and, 128–9; gifts to French scholarship, 128, 184, 185, 186; Nepal and, 123, 125–6, 184

  Hoey, Dr William, 314–17, 315

  Hultzsch, Dr Eugen (Ernst), 309–10

  the Huns, 209–10, 211

  Hunter, Sir William, 184

  India Act (1813), 115

  Indian Antiquary (journal), 282, 304

  Indian Civil Service (ICS), 37, 73, 282, 286

  Indian Mutiny (1857-8), 252

  Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), 29, 122–3

  Indian scholars, native, 286–91

  Indraji, Bhagavan Lal, 288–90

  Indraprastha, 7

  infanticide, female, 43–4, 115

  Ipsus, battle of (301 BCE), 368

  Islam, xvi, 31–2, 33; conquests of India, xii–xiii, 1–5, 7, 234; ‘Mosque of the Staff’ in Varanasi, 19–20, 21, 125; religious intolerance/iconoclasm, xv, xvi, 9, 19–20, 298; see also mosques

  Jaffna, old fortress, 97

  Jagannath temple at Puri (Orissa), xiii, 9

  Jaggayyapeta monument (’Hill of Wealth’), 92, 93, 305

  Jainism, 51, 108, 109, 125, 177, 271, 290, 363, 391, 396; Chandragupta and, 84, 372, 374; Dharma concept and, xviii–xix, 358; Mackenzie and, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86; Mahavira, 84, 225, 366–7; Parisishtaparvan (The Lives of the Jain Elders), 83–5, 366–7, 395; sculpture, 298, 336; temples, 7, 111

  Jalauka, King (son of Ashoka), 77, 228, 396

  Jambudwipa (’Blackberry Island’, Indian subcontinent), 34, 100, 101, 143, 144, 151, 198, 203, 208, 248

  Japan, 186, 219

  Jaugada, 279–80, 281, 281–2, 284–5, 352

  Jehangir, Emperor, 16, 19, 138

  Jesuit order, 23

  Jetavana monastery at Sravasti, 151, 214, 274

  Johnston, Alexander, 98–100, 113–14

  Jones, Anna Maria, 31, 70

  Jones, Sir William, 24–7, 26, 29–38, 40–3, 369; as Asiatic Society President, 30, 41, 67–8, 70–1, 77; death of (27 April 1795), 70; Digest of Hindu and Muslim Law, 70; Lat or pillar inscriptions and, 38, 40–1, 137; Macedonian invasions of India and, 45, 48, 51, 63; Sanskrit and, 32, 33, 65, 75, 101; synchronology and, 44–5, 63–8, 178

  Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal JASB), 119, 130–1, 132–3, 138, 140, 141, 230, 235

  Julien, Stanislas, 200, 201, 253

  Justin (Marcus Junianus Justinus), 49, 57, 58

  Jwalamukhi temple in Kangra, 276

  Kalhana, Rajatarangini or ‘River of Kings’, 76–7, 141, 228

  Kalinga, 9, 360, 373, 383, 397; conquest of, 176–7, 179, 187, 282–4, 285, 298, 361, 380; omission of REs 11–13 in, 170, 177, 282–3, 348, 416–18; Separate Rock Edicts (SREs 1 and 2), 170, 282–4, 348, 352, 416–18

  Kalsi, 257–9, 258, 260, 266, 268, 282, 380

  Kandahar, xix, 47, 151, 338, 339, 352, 367

  Kanishka, King, 204, 210, 212

  Kapilavastu, 19, 191, 214, 312, 313, 317, 322, 326, 327, 329, 330

  Kashmir, 141, 151, 189, 197, 366, 396; Buddhism and, 76–7, 213, 228

  Kasia, statue of the Buddha at, 294

  Keay, John, India Discovered (1981), xv

  Kendriya Vidyalaya Government School (Kolkata), 121

  Keralaputra tribes, 175

  Kern, Johann Hendrik, 297

  Khosrau (Chosroes), King, 209

  Kipling, Rudyard, 29

  Kittoe, Markham, 112, 155–8, 169–70, 201, 221–2, 224–6, 254, 280, 360

  Kolkata see Calcutta (now Kolkata)

  Konarak, temple of Surya at, xiv

  Korea, 186, 219

  Kosambi, 151, 253, 257, 269

  kotla of Firoz Shah (Delhi), 6, 13, 15–16

  Kukkutarama (Cock) monastery see Ashokarama monastic complex (Kukkutarama, ‘Cock’ monastery)

  Kumrahar village (Patna), 319–24, 321, 325

  Kunala (Ashoka’s son), 36, 192–4, 298, 391, 394, 396; blinding of, 193–4, 198–9, 213, 298, 392, 395; as governor of Taxila, 193, 298, 392, 395

  Kushans, 134, 204, 205, 285, 294, 298, 300, 328, 330, 385

  Kushinagara, 191, 207, 215, 294

  Kyd, Colonel, 71

  Laidley, J.W., 224

  Lal Kot (Red Fort) (Delhi), 7, 40

  Lalat Indra Kesari, Raja, 108

  languages and scripts/alphabets: Aramaic, 133, 229, 262, 338, 339, 363, 370; Ashokan Brahmi, xi, 163, 299, 314; Bengali, 32; Devanagri, 38; Grammar of the Bengali Language (Nathaniel Halhed), 32; Kharosthi, xviii, 133, 230, 273, 306, 353–4, 370, 381; Pali, xvii, xviii, xix, 42, 99–100, 103, 128, 142, 161, 185, 187, 286, 310, 348; Persian, 10, 24, 31, 133, 376; Prakrit, xviii, xix, 42, 142, 162–3, 187, 230, 315, 329, 351, 354, 363, 371, 381; Sinhalese (today Sinhala), 99, 103; Tibetan, 128–9, 138–9, 162, 197; see also Brahmi No. 1 script (Brahmi Lipi); Sanskrit

  Langudi Hi
lls, 360–2

  Lanka see Ceylon

  Lat of Firoz Shah (Delhi), 6, 11–16, 40–1, 85, 90, 109, 129, 133, 152, 170–1; eye-copies/rubbings of inscriptions, 24, 40, 71, 139; PE 7 on, 353, 388; Prinsep’s translation of inscription, 137, 139–40, 162, 163–8

  Lauriya-Araraj pillar, 106, 140, 292

  Lauriya-Nandangarh pillar, 17–18, 18, 38, 138, 139–40, 246

  Law, Thomas, 18, 37–8

  Lawrence, Lord, 263

  Layard, Henry, 249

  Leyden, John, 73–5, 232

  London University, 310

  Lumbini, 191, 207, 298, 317, 330; Garden, 312–13; pillar at, 214–15, 303, 312–13, 326, 387

  Lumsden, Captain Harry, 230, 234

  Macaulay, Thomas, 154

  Macedonian Wars of the Diadochi/Successors, 56, 57, 62, 367–8

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 309

  Mackenzie, Colonel Colin, xiv, 69, 82–3, 84, 85–9, 98, 109, 110–11, 133, 280–1

  Magadha, kingdom of: Ashoka as king of, 178, 189–96, 197–9, 207–9, 213, 222–3, 260, 268, 269, 377–95; Chandragupta’s usurption of throne, 363–5, 366–7; end of Maurya dynasty, 36, 218, 396–7; in Great Dynastic Chronicle, 101, 142, 143–5, 147–8, 149; language of, 142, 162–3, 329, 354, 381; in Legend of King Ashoka, 188–96; origins of Buddhism and, 42–3, 78, 101; overthrow of Nanda dynasty, 66–7, 83, 365, 366; Piprahwa inscription, 329–30; in the Puranas, 34–6, 68, 77, 80, 169, 373, 395, 396–7; Rajagriha as first capital, 224; Xuanzang in, 216–19; see also Mauryan dynasty; Pataliputra (capital city of Magadha)