Megafire
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17. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Rich Palestro,” interviewed by Bureau of Land Management Special Agent Shannon Tokos, Colorado State Forest Service, Golden District Office, Golden, CO, March 30, 2012.
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11. OFF TO THE RACES
1. Felisa Cardona, “Colorado Wildfire Victims Sam and Linda Lucas Remembered at Lakewood Service,” Denver Post, March 30, 2012, http://www.denverpost.com/2012/03/30/colorado-wildfire-victims-sam-and-linda-lucas-remembered-at-lakewood-service-2/.
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2. Andy Hoover, interview by Ron Zappolo, Zappolo’s People, Fox 31, KDVR, Denver, http://kdvr.com/2012/05/02/zappolos-people-andy-hoover/.
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3. Kirk Mitchell, “Colorado Wildfire Devours Futuristic Engineering, Historical Treasures,” Denver Post, April 29, 2012.
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4. “911 Told Fire Victim That Fire Was Controlled Burn,” TheDenverChannel.com, April 4, 2012, http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/911-told-fire-victim-that-fire-was-controlled-burn.
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5. Colleen Curry, “Colorado Wildfire Deaths Blamed on 911 Malfunction,” ABC News, April 4, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/US/colorado-wildfire-deaths-blamed-911-malfunction/story?id=16072575.
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6. John Ingold and Kirk Mitchell, “Lower North Fork Fire Ambushed Crews, Surprised Residents,” Denver Post, April 28, 2012.
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7. “Raw Video: Escaping the Lower North Fork Fire,” DPTV, Denver Post, March 28, 2012, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdBaqfiynLE.
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8. “Deputy David Bruening Narrative, Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office,” Report 12-8273, Supplement 1, April 2, 2013.
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9. Ibid.
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10. “Deputy Randal Barnes Narrative, Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office,” Report 12-8273, Supplement 3, April 2, 2013.
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12. RED ZONES
1. Howard Botts et al., “Wildfire Hazard Risk Report: Residential Wildfire Exposure Estimates for the Western United States” (CoreLogic, 2015), http://www.corelogic.com/research/wildfire-risk-report/2015-wildfire-hazard-risk-report.pdf.
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2. S. M. Stein et al., “Wildfire, Wildlands, and People: Understanding and Preparing for Wildfire in the Wildland-Urban Interface” (U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-99, January 2013), https://www.fs.fed.us/openspace/fote/reports/GTR-299.pdf.
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3. “The Blue Ribbon Panel Report on Wildland Urban Interface Fire” (International Code Council, April 4, 2008), https://inawf.memberclicks.net/assets/blueribbonreport-low.pdf.
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4. Headwaters Economics, “Montana Wildfire Cost Study Technical Report” (August 8, 2008), http://www.headwaterseconomics.org/wildfire/HeadwatersEconomics_FireCostStudy_TechnicalReport.pdf.
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5. Ross Gorte, “The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection” (Headwaters Economics, June 2013), https://headwaterseconomics.org/wp-content/uploads/fire-costs-background-report.pdf.
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6. “Colorado Wildfires: State and Private Lands,” Colorado State Forest Service, http://www.leg.state.co.us/CLICS/CLICS2013A/commsumm.nsf/b4a3962433b52fa787256e5f00670a71/789014afd43d5ebd87257bc80051a1ea/$FILE /130815%20AttachE.pdf.
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7. Headwaters Economics, “As Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Develops, Firefighting Costs Will Soar,” February 2013, https://headwaterseconomics.org/dataviz/wui-development-and-wildfire-costs/.
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13. PLAYING WITH FIRE
1. Elizabeth Hernandez, “New Count Shows Lefthand Canyon with the Heaviest Cyclist Use in Boulder County,” Boulder Daily Camera, April 16, 2014, http://www.dailycamera.com/boulder-county-news/ci_25581681/new-count-shows-lefthand-canyon-heaviest-cyclist-use.
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2. Tom Ragan, “Fire Department: Golfer Starts 12-Acre Blaze,” Los Angeles Times, August 30, 2010, http://www.latimes.com/tn-dpt-0831-fire-20100830-story.html.
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3. Randy Youngman, “How Hot Was It at Arroyo Trabuco?,” Orange County (CA) Register, July 22, 2011, http://www.ocregister.com/articles/parsons-305539-hot-golf.html.
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4. Bill Gabbert, “Golf Club May Have Started Poinsettia Fire in California,” Wildfire Today, October 19, 2014, http://wildfiretoday.com/2014/10/19/golf-club-may-have-started-poinsettia-fire-in-california/.
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5. Pat Reavy and Jeff Finley, “Nearly 9,000 Residents Evacuate Neighborhoods Near Saratoga Springs Fire,” Deseret News, June 22, 2012, http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865557959/Evacuations-ordered-near-Saratoga-Springs-fire.html.
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6. Cimaron Neugebauer, “Two Men Charged for Allegedly Starting the Dump Fire in Utah County,” Salt Lake Tribune, October 18, 2012, http://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/sltrib/news/55109351-78/fire-shooting-target-sltrib.html.csp.
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7. Bill Gabbert, “Exploding Targets, an Increasing Wildfire Problem,” Wildfire Today, October 11, 2012, http://wildfiretoday.com/2012/10/11/exploding-targets-an-increasing-wildfire-problem/.
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8. Bill Gabbert, “Update on the Legality of Sky Lanterns—Banned in 29 States,” Wildfire Today, December 31, 2015, http://wildfiretoday.com/2015/12/31/update-on-the-legality-of-sky-lanterns-banned-in-28-states/.
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14. NUCLEAR FRYING PAN
1. Robert Alvarez and Joni Arends, “Fire, Earth and Water: An Assessment of the Environmental, Safety and Health Impacts of the Cerro Grande Fire on the Los Alamos National Laboratory, a Department of Energy Facility” (Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety and the Nuclear Policy Project, December 2000), http://www.nuclearactive.org/docs/CerroGrandeindex.html.
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2. Kathleene Parker, “Predictable Disaster: Ten Years After the Cerro Grande Fire,” Forest Magazine (Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics), Spring 2010.
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3. Ibid.
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4. J. Marshak, E. Teller, and L. R. Klein, “Dispersal of Cities and Industries,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1, no. 9 (April 15, 1946).
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5. Roger Kennedy, Wildfire and Americans: How to Save Lives, Property, and Your Tax Dollars (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007).
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6. Ibid.
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7. Ibid.
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8. Ibid.
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9. Ibid.
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10. Sergiy Zibtsev et al., “Wildfires Risk Reduction from Forests Contaminated by Radionuclides: A Case Study of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone” (paper presented at the Fifth International Wildland Fire Conference, Sun City, South Africa, May 9–13, 2011).
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11. Ron Broglio, “The Creatures That Remember Chernobyl: Radioactive Boars and Bunnies Won’t Let Us Forget About the Nuclear Disaster,” Atlantic, August 26, 2016.
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12. Timothy A. Mousseau et al., “Highly Reduced Mass Loss Rates and Increased Litter Layer in Radioactively Contaminated Areas,” Oecologia 175, no. 1 (2014): 429, doi:10.1007/s00442-014-2908-8.
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13. Nikolaos Evangeliou et al., “Wildfires in Chernobyl-Contaminated Forests and Risks to the Population and Environment, Environment International 73 (2014): 346–58.
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14. Stephen Lendman, “Forest Fires in Ukraine: Chernobyl All Over Again,” Global Research, April 29, 2015, http://www.globalresearch.ca/forest-fires-in-ukraine-chernobyl-all-over-again/5446108.
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15. LeRoy Moore, “LeRoy Moore: Rocky Flats Burn a Bad Idea,” Boulder Daily Camera, November 21, 2014, http://www.dailycamera.com/guest-opinions/ci_26988064/leroy-moore-rocky-flats-burn-bad-idea.
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15. THE VANISHING FOREST
> 1. “Las Conchas: Incident Overview,” InciWeb, Incident Information System, Santa Fe National Forest, June 26, 2011, last updated June 2, 2013, https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/2385.
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2. “The Las Conchas Fire,” Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, https://www.nps.gov/band/learn/nature/lasconchas.htm.
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3. Mary Caperton Morton, “Fire-Driven Clouds and Swirling Winds Whipped Up Record-Setting New Mexico Blaze,” Earth, April 12, 2015, http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/fire-driven-clouds-and-swirling-winds-whipped-record-setting-new-mexico-blaze.
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4. Christina L. Tague, Nathan G. McDowell, and Craig D. Allen, “An Integrated Model of Environmental Effects on Growth, Carbohydrate Balance, and Mortality of Pinus ponderosa Forests in the Southern Rocky Mountains,” PLOS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080286.
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5. David M.J.S. Bowman et al., “Abrupt Fire Regime Change May Cause Landscape Wide Loss of Mature Obligate Seeder Forests,” Global Change Biology 20, no. 3 (2014): 1008–15, doi:10.1111/gcb.12433, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12433/full.
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6. Thomas W. Swetnam et al., “Multiscale Perspectives of Fire, Climate and Humans in Western North America and the Jemez Mountains, USA,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371, no. 1696 (June 5, 2016), doi:10.1098 /rstb.2015.0168.
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7. Christopher I. Roos and Thomas W. Swetnam, “A 1416-Year Reconstruction of Annual, Multidecadal, and Centennial Variability in Area Burned for Ponderosa Pine Forests of the Southern Colorado Plateau Region, Southwest USA,” Holcene 22, no. 3 (2011): 281–90.
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8. John Fleck, “New Effort Aims to Protect Watersheds,” Albuquerque Journal, January 4, 2014, https://www.abqjournal.com/521019/new-effort-aims-to-protect-watersheds.html.
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9. A. Park Williams et al., “Temperature as a Potent Driver of Regional Forest Drought Stress and Tree Mortality,” Nature Climate Change 3 (2013): 292–97, doi:10.1038/nclimate1693.
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10. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “New Aerial Survey Identifies More Than 100 Million Dead Trees in California,” news release, November 18, 2016, https://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/new-aerial-survey-identifies-more-100-million-dead-trees-california.
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11. Kurtis Alexander, “An Eye-Opening Flight over California’s Dying Forests,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 6, 2016, http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/A-hair-raising-flight-over-California-s-dying-9127084.php.
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12. Jeffrey A. Hicke et al., “Effects of Biotic Disturbances on Forest Carbon Cycling in the United States and Canada,” Global Change Biology 18 (2012): 7–34.
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13. Jose Iniguez, “Whitewater Baldy Fire” (Southwest Fire Science Consortium, November 2012), http://swfireconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Whitewater_Baldy_Iniguez_bsw_reduced.pdf.
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14. Molly E. Hunter, Jose M. Iniguez, and Calvin A. Farris, “Historical and Current Fire Management Practices in Two Wilderness Areas in the Southwestern United States” (U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-325, August 2014), https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr325.pdf.
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16. THE FIRE-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
1. James E. Hubbard, “2012 Wildfire Guidance” (U.S. Forest Service, May 25, 2012), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/407523-2012-wildfire-guidance-memo-may-25.html.
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2. U.S. Forest Service, “The Rising Cost of Wildfire Operations: Effects on the Forest Service’s Non-Fire Work” (August 4, 2015), https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Fire-Budget-Report.pdf.
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3. Phil Taylor, “ ‘It’s Just Nuts’ as Wildfires Drain Budgets Once Again,” Greenwire, E&E News, October 30, 2013, http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059989688.
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4. Bill Gabbert, “New Mexico Fire Becomes Largest in State History,” Wildfire Today, May 30, 2012, http://wildfiretoday.com/2012/05/30/new-mexico-fire-becomes-largest-in-state-history/.
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5. “Quadrennial Fire Review 2009” (final report, U.S. Departments of the Interior and Agriculture and National Association of State Foresters, January 2009), https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/strategy/documents/foundational/qfr2009final.pdf.
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6. Robert W. Mutch, “Wilderness Experience Right in Our Backyard Offers Lesson in Fires,” Missoulian, October 10, 2012, http://missoulian.com/news/opinion/columnists/wilderness-experience-right-in-our-backyard-offers-lesson-in-fires/article_a9a9e7cc-12e3-11e2-86a9-001a4bcf887a.html.
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7. Steven Pearce, “Managing Our National Forests,” Congressional Chronicle, C-SPAN Video Library, June 21, 2012, http://www.c-spanvideo.org/video Library/clip.php?appid=601883050.
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8. “Company History,” National Wildfire Suppression Association, http://nwsa.publishpath.com/nwsa-history.
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9. William A. Derr for Steve Pearce, “Wildfire Review Report: Whitewater Baldy Complex and Little Bear Fires; New Mexico, May thru June 2012,” https://pearce.house.gov/sites/pearce.house.gov/files/Derr%20Fire%20Report.pdf.
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17. HIGH PARK
1. “Family Reported Fire, Watched It Smolder for Hours,” 9News, KUSA, Denver, June 12, 2012.
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2. “Firefighter Continues to Battle High Park Fire After Losing His Home,” CBS4, Denver, http://denver.cbslocal.com/2012/06/13/firefighter-continues-to-battle-blaze-after-losing-his-home/.
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3. Max A. Moritz et al., “Climate Change and Disruptions to Global Fire Activity,” Ecosphere 3, no. 6 (2012): 49, http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES11-00345.1.
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4. Katharine Hayhoe, “Climate Scientist, Christian on Climate Change and Wildfires,” Sojourners, June 22, 2012, https://sojo.net/articles/climate-scientist-christian-climate-change-and-wildfires.
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5. Kate Sheppard, “Newt Dumps Christian Climate Scientist,” Mother Jones, January 6, 2012, http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/01/newt-dumps-leading-climate-scientist.
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6. Anthony Leiserowitz et al., “Climate Change in the Texas Mind” (Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2013), http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication-OFF/files/Texas_Climate_Change_Report.pdf.
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7. Donald Wuebbles et al., “CMIP5 Climate Model Analyses: Climate Extremes in the United States,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, no. 4 (April 2014): 571–83.
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8. David M. Romps et al., “Projected Increase in Lightning Strikes in the United States Due to Global Warming,” Science 346, no. 6211 (November 14, 2014): 851–54, doi: 10.1126/science.1259100.
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9. X. Yue et al., “Ensemble Projections of Wildfire Activity and Carbonaceous Aerosol Concentrations over the Western United States in the Mid-21st Century,” Atmospheric Environment 77 (October 2013), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24015109.
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10. W. Matt Jolly et al., “Climate-Induced Variations in Global Wildfire Danger from 1979 to 2013,” Nature Communications 6 (July 2015), doi:10.1038/ncomms8537.
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11. Caroline Perry, “Wildfires Projected to Worsen with Climate Change,” Harvard Gazette, August 28, 2013, http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/08/wildfires-projected-to-worsen-with-climate-change/.
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12. Chris Mooney, “A Stunning Five Million Acres Have Now Burned in Alaskan Wildfires This Year,”washingtonPost, August 10, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/08/10/five-million-acres-have-now-burned-in-alaskan-wildfires-this-year/?utm_term=.a11281ed798c.
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13. “Alaska Entering New
Era for Wildfires,” Climate Central, June 24, 2015, http://www.climatecentral.org/news/alaska-entering-new-era-for-wildfires-19146.
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14. Michelle C. Mack et al., “Carbon Loss from an Unprecedented Arctic Tundra Wildfire,” Nature 475 (July 28, 2011), http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v475/n7357/full/nature10283.html.
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15. David M.J.S. Bowman et al., “Fire in the Earth System,” Science 324, no. 5926 (April 24, 2009): 481–84, doi: 10.1126/science.1163886.
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18. FIREBUGS
1. Jessica Fender, “Ten from Shambhala Community Dig In, Protect Stupa from High Park Fire,” Denver Post, June 15, 2012, http://www.denverpost.com/2012/06/15/ten-from-shambhala-community-dig-in-protect-stupa-from-high-park-fire/.
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2. “Wolves Protected During Fire Evacuations,” CBS4, Denver, June 14, 2012, http://denver.cbslocal.com/2012/06/14/wolves-protected-during-fire-evacuations/#.T9vYnFCaCD0.twitter.
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3. “Vets Think Donkey Minding Draft Horses Did Pasture Heroics During Fire,” Denver Post, June 15, 2012, http://www.denverpost.com/2012/06/15/vets-think-donkey-minding-draft-horses-did-pasture-heroics-during-fire/.
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4. “June 22 to June 28: This Week in Denver Weather History,” ThorntonWeather.com, June 26, 2014, http://www.thorntonweather.com/blog/weather-history/june-22-to-june-28-this-week-in-denver-weather-history/.
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5. “Crews Cede Ground to High Park Fire,” CBS4, Denver, June 23, 2012, http://denver.cbslocal.com/2012/06/23/crews-cede-ground-to-northern-colorado-wildfire/.
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6. Shane Benjamin, “Wind-Whipped Fire Temporarily Closes Highway 550 Near Bondad,” Durango (CO) Herald, June 24, 2012, https://durangoherald.com/articles/40533-wind-whipped-fire-temporarily-closes-highway-550-near-bondad.
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7. “Treasure Fire Burns Between Leadville and Alma,” Aspen (CO) Times, June 25, 2012, http://www.aspentimes.com/news/treasure-fire-burns-between-leadville-and-alma/.
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8. Associated Press, “Coal Mine Smoldering Poses Fire Risk in SW Colo.,” Denver Post, May 7, 2013, http://www.denverpost.com/2013/05/07/coal-mine-smoldering-poses-fire-risk-in-sw-colo/.