Megafire
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9. El Paso County Sheriff’s Office, “Waldo Canyon Fire After Action Report” (Colorado Springs, CO, April 19, 2013), http://wildfiretoday.com/documents/Waldo_Canyon_Fire_Sheriff_Report.pdf.
[back]
10. Cassandra Profita, “Court: Yellowstone Grizzlies Still Need Protection,” Ecotrope, Oregon Public Broadcasting, November 22, 2011, updated February 19, 2013, http://www.opb.org/news/blog/ecotrope/court-yellowstone-grizzlies-still-need-protection-as-beetle-outbreaks-kill-a-key-food-source/.
[back]
11. Bill Gabbert, “Bark Beetles and Wildland Fire Behavior—A Summary of Research,” Wildfire Today, June 1, 2012, http://wildfiretoday.com/2012/06/01/bark-beetles-and-wildland-fire-behavior-a-summary-of-research/.
[back]
12. Matt Jolly et al., “Mountain Pine Beetle Effects on Fire Behavior,” U.S. Forest Service, 2011, https://www.fs.fed.us/research/highlights/highlights_display.php?in_high_id=395.
[back]
13. Gail Wells, “Bark Beetles and Fire: Two Forces of Nature Transforming Western Forests,” Fire Science Digest (Joint Fire Science Program), 12 (February 2012).
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14. Jeffry B. Mitton, Scott M. Ferrenberg, and Craig W. Benkman, “Mountain Pine Beetle Develops an Unprecedented Summer Generation in Response to Climate Warming,” American Naturalist 179, no. 5 (2012): E163–71, doi:10.1086/665007.
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15. Jennifer K. Balch et al., “Introduced Annual Grass Increases Regional Fire Activity Across the Arid Western USA (1980–2009),” Global Change Biology, 19 (2013): 173–83, doi:10.1111/gcb.12046.
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16. “Invasive Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum),” University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2014/klein_shan/.
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19. FOREST JIHAD
1. Randy Kreider, “Al Qaeda Magazine Calls for Firebomb Campaign in US,” ABC News, May 2, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/al-qaeda-calls-massive-forest-fires-montana/story?id=16263981.
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2. Diane French, “Forests Under Fire: Religious-Inspired Pyro-Terrorism in U.S. Forests” (research paper, International Forestry course, Johns Hopkins University, n.d.).
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3. Miriam Elder, “Russia Accuses al-Qaida of ‘Forest Jihad’ in Europe,” Guardian, October 3, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/03/russia-al-qaida-forest-jihad.
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4. Jerry Williams et al., “Findings and Implications from a Course-Scale Global Assessment of Recent Selected Mega-Fires” (paper presented at the Fifth International Wildland Fire Conference, Sun City, South Africa, May 9–11, 2011).
[back]
5. John Ingold, “Decade After Hayman Fire, Questions Linger About Fire’s Start,” Denver Post, June 2, 2012, http://www.denverpost.com/2012/06/02/decade-after-hayman-fire-questions-linger-about-fires-start/.
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6. “Nearly 350 Homes Destroyed in Colorado Springs, Officials Say,” CNN, June 28, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/28/us/western-wildfires/.
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7. Jeffrey T. Prestemon and David T. Butry, “Wildland Arson: A Research Assessment,” in Advances in Threat Assessment and Their Application to Forest and Rangeland Management, vol. 1 (U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-802, September 2010), https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr802/Vol2/pnw_gtr802_prestemon02.pdf.
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8. Jennifer K. Balch et al., “Human-Started Wildfires Expand the Fire Niche Across the United States,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 11 (February 27, 2017): 2946–51, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/02/21/1617394114.full.
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20. MOUNTAIN SHADOWS
1. Ryan Maye Handy and Daniel J. Chacon, “Waldo Canyon Fire: Homes Burn as Evacuation Calls Go Out,” Colorado Springs Gazette, July 19, 2012.
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2. Ibid.
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21. FIRESTORM
1. David Olinger and Jeremy P. Meyer, “Tapes Show Waldo Canyon Fire Evacuations Delayed Two Hours,” Denver Post, July 19, 2012.
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2. Daniel Chacon, “Waldo Canyon Fire Erupts During Press Conference,” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1xqRk7wgTs.
[back]
3. Olinger and Meyer, “Tapes Show.”
[back]
4. Ibid.
[back]
5. City of Colorado Springs, “Waldo Canyon Fire, 23 June 2012 to 10 July 2012: Final After Action Report” (April 3, 2013), https://www.springsgov.com/units/communications/ColoradoSpringsFinalWaldoAAR_3April2013.pdf.
[back]
6. Ibid.
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7. Ryan Maye Handy, “Waldo Canyon Fire: Firefighters Defended Streets They Had Never Known,” Colorado Springs Gazette, July 7, 2012.
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8. Ibid.
[back]
9. “Colorado Wildfires Escalate into Major Disaster,” Colorado Pols, June 27, 2012, http://www.coloradopols.com/diary/18031/colorado-wildfires-escalate-into-major-disaster#sthash.D5rBflfO.kTj4l0hB.dpbs.
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22. SEEING RED
1. Bill Gabbert, “Two Air Tanker Incidents, One Crash and One Wheels-Up Landing,” Wildfire Today, June 3, 2012, http://wildfiretoday.com/2012/06/03/two-air-tanker-incidents-one-crash-and-one-wheels-up-landing/.
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2. Bill Gabbert, “20 Fatalities in P2V Air Tanker Crashes Since 1987,” Wildfire Today, June 7, 2012, http://wildfiretoday.com/2012/06/07/24-fatalities-in-p2v-air-tanker-crashes-since-1974/.
[back]
3. “Federal Aerial Firefighting: Assessing Safety and Effectiveness; Blue Ribbon Panel Report to the Chief, USDA Forest Service, and Director, USDI Bureau of Land Management” (December 2002), https://www.fs.fed.us/fire/publications/aviation/fed_aerial_ff_assessing_safety_effectivenss_brp_2002.pdf.
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4. Brian Skoloff and Scott Sonner, “ ‘The Air Tanker Fleet Continues to Atrophy,’ ” Associated Press, CBS13, KVAL, Denver, June 3, 2012, http://kval.com/outdoors/the-air-tanker-fleet-continues-to-atrophy.
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5. Randall Stephens, “Is Washington Policy Conducive to a Stable Civil AFF Industry?” Fireplanes (blog), May 30, 2012, https://fireplanes.wordpress.com/2012/05/30/washington-will-let-americans-die-in-2012-wildfires-due-to-attention-deficits/.
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6. Michelle Malkin, “How Obama Bureaucrats Fueled Western Wildfires,” MichelleMalkin.com, June 20, 2012, http://michellemalkin.com/2012/06/20/how-obama-bureaucrats-fueled-western-wildfires/.
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7. “National Guard Firefighting Planes Sit Idle as Obama Authorizes $24 Million for New Aircraft,” Associated Press, FoxNews.com, June 15, 2012, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/06/14/as-wildfires-rage-modern-tanker-planes-sought.html.
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8. White House, “Readout of President Obama Signing S. 3261, Contract for Large Air Tankers,” news release, June 13, 2012, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/06/13/readout-president-obama-signing-s-3261-contract-awards-large-air-tankers.
[back]
9. Ibid.
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10. Jeremy P. Meyer, “Officials Disagree on Ability of Nation’s Old, Thin Air Tanker Fleet,” Denver Post, June 16, 2012, http://www.denverpost.com/2012/06/16/officials-disagree-on-ability-of-nations-old-thin-air-tanker-fleet/.
[back]
11. Bill Gabbert, “Air Tankers in the News,” Wildfire Today, June 15, 2012, http://wildfiretoday.com/2012/06/15/air-tankers-news/.
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12. “Modular Airborne Fire Fighting Systems (MAFFS),” Fire and Aviation Management, U.S. Forest Service, https://www.fs.fed.us/fire/aviation/airplanes/maffs.HTML.
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13. Michael Collins, “Debate over Use of MAFFS an Old Battle,” Ventura County Star (Camarillo, CA), July 9, 2012, http://www.military.com/daily-news/2012/07/09/debate-over-use-of-
maffs-an-old-battle.html.
[back]
14. Herbert E. McLean, “The Great Air Tanker Debacle,” American Forests, May 1, 1994.
[back]
15. “Only the Godfather: CIA and Subsidiaries Exposed in Court Documents as Active Drug Smugglers Using Military Aircraft Washed Through Forest Service,” From the Wilderness Newsletter, December 1998, http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/pandora/forest_service_c130s.html.
[back]
16. Bill Gabbert, “Summary of the Investigation into the Iron Complex Fire, 9-Fatality Helicopter Crash,” Wildfire Today, December 8, 2010, http://wildfiretoday.com/2010/12/08/summary-of-the-investigation-into-the-iron-44-fire-9-fatality-helicopter-crash/.
[back]
17. Chuck Sheley, “The Selected Few and ‘The List,’ ” Smokejumper, July 2015, http://smokejumpers.com/index.php/smokejumpermagazine/getitem/articles_id=396.
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18. Nichole Grady and Ann Skarban, “Fire’s Fury Presents Challenges to MAFFS Operationally, Personally,” 302nd Airlift Wing, June 27, 2012, http://www.302aw.afrc.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/2343/Article/190252/fires-fury-presents-challenges-to-maffs-operationally-personally.aspx.
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19. Ann Skarban, “MAFFS 2012: Busy Year for 302nd Includes Battling Fires in Own ‘Backyard,’ ” Citizen Airman, September 27, 2012, http://www.citamn.afrc.af.mil/News/Features/tabid/8673/Article/195113/maffs-2012-busy-year-for-302nd-includes-battling-fires-in-own-backyard.aspx.
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20. “United States Air Force Aircraft Accident Investigation Board Report: C-130H3, T/N 93-1458” (North Carolina Air National Guard, Charlotte, NC, November 2, 2012).
[back]
21. Ibid.
[back]
22. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Wildland Fire Management: Improvements Needed in Information, Collaboration, and Planning to Enhance Federal Fire Aviation Program Success” (Washington, DC, August 2013), http://wildfiretoday.com/documents/2013_GAO_Air_Tanker_Study.pdf.
[back]
23. David E. Calkin et al., “Large Airtanker Use and Outcomes in Suppressing Wildland Fires in the United States,” International Journal of Wildland Fire 23 (2014): 259–71, http://wildfiretoday.com/documents/LAT.pdf.
[back]
24. “ ‘It Was a Red River’: Fire Retardant Drop Kills Fall River Fish, Reaches Deschutes,” Bend (OR) Bugle, August 2002, https://www.bendbugle.com/2002/08/it-was-a-red-river-fire-retardant-drop-kills-fall-river-fish-reaches-deschutes/.
[back]
25. Bruce Finley, “Wildfire: Red Slurry’s Toxic Dark Side,” Denver Post, June 16, 2012, http://www.denverpost.com/2012/06/16/wildfire-red-slurrys-toxic-dark-side/.
[back]
26. Julie Cart and Bettina Boxall, “Air Tanker Drops in Wildfires Are Often Just for Show,” Los Angeles Times, July 29, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-wildfires29-2008jul29-story.html.
[back]
27. G. Sam Foster et al., “Serious Accident Investigation Report: Steep Corner Fire Fatality” (North Fork Ranger District, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho, January 2, 2013), http://wildfiretoday.com/documents/Steep_Corner_Fatality_SAI.pdf.
[back]
28. Ibid.
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29. SAFENET, Wildland Fire Safety and Health Reporting Network, “Steep Corner” (ID # 8X6NAGSAFE, August 14, 2012), http://safenet.nifc.gov/view_safenet.cfm?id=25666.
[back]
30. Ibid.
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31. Foster et al., “Serious Accident Investigation Report.”
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32. U.S. Forest Service, “Forest Service 2016 Wildland Fire Risk Management Protocols,” https://www.fs.fed.us/r1/fire/nrcg/wfdss/NR%20Support%2Docs/2016%20Fire%20Risk%20Management%20Protocols.pdf.
[back]
33. Betsy Z. Russell, “Wildland Firefighter’s Death Raises Safety Questions,” Spokesman Review (Spokane, WA), August 22, 2012, http://www.firehouse.com/news/10762682/wildland-firefighters-death-raises-safety-questions.
[back]
34. Foster et al., “Serious Accident Investigation Report.”
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35. Bill Gabbert, “OSHA Revises Fine and Citation for the Steep Corner Fire Fatality,” Wildfire Today, March 22, 2013, http://wildfiretoday.com/2013/03/22/osha-revises-fine-and-citation-for-the-steep-corner-fire-fatality/.
[back]
36. Nicholas K. Geranios, “ ‘I Felt Like My Heart Ripped Apart’: Mother of Fallen Female Firefighter, 20, Killed in Wildfire Speaks of Devastation,” Associated Press, Daily Mail, August 17, 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2190126/US-Wildfires-Mother-fallen-female-firefighter-killed-wildfires -speaks-devastation.html.
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23. NEVER WINTER
1. “Wildfires—August 2012,” State of the Climate, National Centers for Environmental Information, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/fire/201208.
[back]
2. Betsy Z. Russell, “Fires Intensify, Rafters Shuttled Out from Middle Fork of Salmon River,” Eye on Boise (blog), Spokesman Review (Spokane, WA), August 15, 2012, http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/boise/2012/aug/15/fires-intensify-rafters-shuttled-out-middle-fork/.
[back]
3. Kelly Andersson, “Oklahoma Firefighters Scrambling,” Wildfire Today, August 3, 2012, http://wildfiretoday.com/2012/08/03/oklahoma-firefighters-scrambling/.
[back]
4. “Emporia State Student-Athlete Pays It Forward,” Emporia State University News, March 1, 2013, https://www.emporia.edu/news/03/01/2013/emporia-state-student-athlete-pays-it-forward/?.
[back]
5. “Wildfire Rips Through Miles of Central Wash.,” CBS News/Associated Press, August 14, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wildfire-rips-through-miles-of-central-wash/.
[back]
6. “Wildfire Shuts Down Pony Express Road,” Ogden (UT) Standard-Examiner, August 13, 2012, http://www.standard.net/Local/2012/08/13/Wildfire-shuts-down-Pony-Express-Road.
[back]
7. Ronnie Cohen, “Western Wildfires Force Evacuations, Firefighter Killed,” Reuters, Chicago Tribune, August 13, 2012, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-08-13/news/sns-rt-us-usa-california-wildfirebre87c0zr-20120813_1_forestry-and-fire-protection-fire-management-team-daniel-berlant.
[back]
8. Bill Gabbert, “Old Fire Arsonist Receives Death Penalty,” Wildfire Today, January 28, 2013, http://wildfiretoday.com/2013/01/28/old-fire-arsonist-receives-death-penalty/.
[back]
9. “Fern Lake Fire Offers Challenges, Opportunities: Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Cohesive Strategy—Response to Wildfire,” Fire Stories, Fire and Aviation Management, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/fire/wildland-fire/connect/fire-stories/2012-parks/rocky-mountain-national-park-3.cfm.
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24. BLACK FOREST
1. Bruce Finley, “West Fork Fire Complex in Colorado Feeding on Beetle-Ravaged Forests,” Denver Post, June 22, 2013, http://www.denverpost.com/2013/06/22/west-fork-fire-complex-in-colorado-feeding-on-beetle-ravaged-forests/.
[back]
2. Jeri Clausing, “Firefighters Keep Guard over Mountain Enclave,” Associated Press, June 22, 2013, https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2013/06/22/firefighters-keep-guard-over-mountain-enclave.
[back]
3. Ryan Maye Handy, “Investigation into Waldo Canyon Fire Has Stalled, Detective Says,” Colorado Springs Gazette, June 7, 2013, http://gazette.com/investigation-into-waldo-canyon-fire-has-stalled-detective-says/article/1502054.
[back]
4. “Former Detective Reveals Black Forest Fire Theory,” CBS11, KKTV, Colorado Springs, October 19, 2016, http://www.kktv.com/content/news/Former-detective-reveals-Black-Forest-Fire-theory-397688431.html.
[back]
5. Alison Noon, “Complete Timeline of Black Forest Fire Events,” Colorado Springs Gazette, June 15, 2013, http://gazette.com/complete-timeline-of-black-forest-fire-events/article/1502358.
[back]
>
6. David Fisher, “Black Forest Fire/Rescue Protection District Investigative Report” (Fisher Enterprises LLC, Black Forest Fire/Rescue Protection District, March 14, 2014).
[back]
7. Ibid.
[back]
8. Micholas Ricardi, “Neighbors: Couple Killed in Black Forest Fire Waited for Order to Leave,” Associated Press, Colorado Springs Gazette, June 19, 2013, http://gazette.com/neighbors-couple-killed-in-black-forest-fire-waited-for-order-to-leave/article/1502489.
[back]
9. Fisher, “Black Forest Fire.”
[back]
10. Ibid.
[back]
11. SAFENET, Wildland Fire Safety and Health Reporting Network, “Black Forest Fire” (ID # 20131015-0001, October 15, 2013), http://safenet.nifc.gov/view_safenet.cfm?id=30121&__ncforminfo=Umo1cfXEb0lDGme9HeeAyZNxlAdsYIbYHGZ8WvqTvNCjFFLW3HIRahuGJJpQgtwUZ0OouCKQqEKC5W3khr FaI7wHiGAYiTXn.
[back]
12. Fisher, “Black Forest Fire.”
[back]
13. Ryan Parker, “Black Forest Fire: Report Says Crew Diverted, Sheriff Calls It ‘Garbage,’ ” Denver Post, March 14, 2014, http://www.denverpost.com/2014/03/14/black-forest-fire-report-says-crew-diverted-sheriff-calls-it-garbage/.
[back]
14. El Paso County Sheriff’s Office, “Black Forest Fire, 11–21 June 2013, After Action Report/Improvement Plan” (Colorado Springs, May 15, 2014), http://wildfiretoday.com/documents/Black_Forest_Fire_EPSO_AA_Report.pdf.
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25. TRICKLE DOWN
1. Susan Cannon and Joseph Gartner, “Wildfire-Related Debris Flow from a Hazards Perspective,” in Matthias Jakob and Oldrich Hungr, Debris-Flow Hazards and Related Phenomena (Chichester, UK: Springer, 2005).
[back]
2. Jenny Deam, “A Year After Waldo Canyon Fire, Colorado Town Contends with Flooding,” Los Angeles Times, August 29, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/29/nation/la-na-manitou-springs-20130830.
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3. “Preliminary Evaluation of the Fire-Related Debris Flows on Storm King Mountain, Glenwood Springs, Colorado” (U.S. Geological Survey, 1995), https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr-95-0508/skrep2.html.