The Girls of Atomic City: The Untold Story of the Women Who Helped Win World War II
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Tubealloy for, see Tubealloy
Louisville & Nashville Railroads, 21, 123, 127–28
M
MacArthur, Douglas, 290–91
Madden, Helen, 197
Madison Square Area Engineers Office, 9
magazines, 154, 165
Mahone, Katie, 90
Maiers, Rosemary, see Lane, Rosemary Maiers
Mallinckrodt, 99
Manhattan Project (Manhattan Engineer District), xvii, 288, 298
Clinton Engineer Works, see Clinton Engineer Works
creation of, 56, 62, 242
expenses and funding for, 62, 101, 224–25
Groves’s direction of, 18, 259
high school girls recruited by, 69, 109–10
need for workers for, 48–50, 64, 85
Roosevelt’s death and, 224
Smyth Report on, 291–92
Stalin and, 243
summer encampment of, 15–17
Truman and, 225–27
Tubealloy in, see Tubealloy
VE Day and, 230
women’s importance to, 97–98, 108
Manhattan Project National Park, 313
Mariana Islands, 230, 245, 251
Marshall, George, 272
mass, conversion into energy, 60
McClure Newspaper Syndicate, 157
McDonough, Father, 172
McKellar, Kenneth, 17, 147
Mead, Margaret, 306
Meigs, Douglas, 172
Meitner, Lise, xiv, 57–62, 80, 228, 234, 245, 262–63
Nobel Prize and, 293–94
Mellor’s Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, 119
Mendeleev, Dmitri, 34
Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab), see Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory
Midwest Piping, 102
Miller, J. Howard, 30
Milne, A. A., 76
Modern Screen, 127
Morgan, Fred, 24
Motohashi, Major, 289–90
Murrow, Edward R., 217
Museum of Atomic Energy, 304
Mussolini, Benito, 61, 227
Mutual Broadcasting Company, 155
M. W. Kellogg, 259
N
Nagasaki, 252
atomic bombing of, 272–73, 288–89, 291
Nature, 32, 61
Naturwissenschaften, 61
neutrons, 32–34
bombardment of Tubealloy with, 33, 58–59
fission and, 61, 76, 100
New Deal, 22
Newell, Hattie, 45
New Hope Center, 314
newspapers, 111–12, 154–55
censorship of, 290, 291
New York, N.Y.:
Celia Szapka as Project secretary in, 5, 9–11
Project research in, 9–10
New York Times, 227, 228, 244, 275
Nichols, Jacqueline, 264
Nichols, Kenneth (“the Engineer”), xv, 16–17, 54, 192, 264, 276, 290, 296
and decision to use atomic bomb on Japan, 242–43, 246
Sengier’s meeting with, 18–19
Tubealloy production contest and, 109–10
women’s dormitories and, 94
nitric acid, 119
nitrogen, liquid, 119
Nobel Prize, 293–94
Noddack, Ida, xiv, 32–34, 47, 59, 61, 62, 80
Noddack, Walter, 34, 59
Norris Dam, 22–23, 25, 142, 274
Norris Lake, 23
nuclear fission, 61, 76, 100, 260, 263, 293–94
nuclear reaction, first self-sustaining, 76–78
O
Oak Ridge, Tenn., xvi, 81
author’s visit to, 311–15
Clinton Engineer Works at, see Clinton Engineer Works
Oak Ridge Journal, xiv, 20, 35, 42, 52, 63, 71–72, 81, 89–90, 109, 133, 136, 156–58, 165–66, 176, 183, 209, 232, 240, 249, 269, 274–76, 287
Oak Ridge Law, 297
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 312
Office of Censorship, 154, 157, 237, 259–60
Office of Scientific Research and Development, 62
Office of War Information, 143
Okinawa, 227, 238
O’Leary, Jean, 238
Oppenheimer, J. Robert (“the Scientist”), xv, 16, 174, 177–78, 207–8, 228, 244, 259, 299
atomic bomb test and, 235–36
Hinduism studied by, 236, 244
Truman’s meeting with, 291–92
Operation Epsilon, 228
Operation Meetinghouse, 229
“Our Friend the Atom,” 299
P
Panser, Maybelle, 40
Parker, Lew, 52, 53, 54, 93, 111, 280
transfer to CEW, 53
Parsons, Captain, 252
Patterson, Robert R., 85, 230, 271
Pauli, Wolfgang, 293
Pearl Harbor, 56, 154, 250, 253, 273, 308
pearling industry, 23
periodic table, 32–34
Peters, Benjamin, 22
Peters, Toni, see Schmitt, Toni Peters
Philadelphia Navy Yard, 172–73
Physics Today, 294
Pierce Foundation, 83
Piper, Mac, 68
Photographer, the, see Westcott, James Edward “Ed”
plutonium, see Element 94
Pollock, Bill, 178–79
“Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher Than 92” (Fermi), 32
Potsdam Conference, 236, 238–39, 243, 244, 246
Potsdam Proclamation, 245, 255
press, 111–12, 154–55
protons, 32, 33
Puckett, Beverly, 314
Puckett, Jane Greer, xiii, 1, 42–46, 120–22, 176–78, 247, 254, 260–61, 271–72, 298, 300–301, 314
acceptance of CEW job, 44–45
at college, 44, 95, 120
Doris and, 45–46
investigation of, for CEW job, 43
marriage of, 300
training of, 121
work of, 120–22
Puckett, Jim, 45–46, 300
R
Raby, Parlee, 24
radiation, 33, 207, 279
from Japan bombings, 288
radioisotopes, 295
railroads, 21, 84, 122–24, 127–28
derailment accident, 128
Rea, Charles, 96, 127–29, 197, 198, 250, 256, 257, 277, 278
recreational activities, 134–38, 142, 144–45
Recreation and Welfare Association, 134
Regas Brothers Cafe, 13–14
religious services, 52–53, 141–42, 145
Reservation, the, see Clinton Engineer Works
rhenium, 34
Ritz Club, 143
Roane-Anderson Company, 89, 92, 134, 136, 139, 145
Robinson, George O. (“Gus”), 275–76
Rockwell, Norman, 30
Rom, Marty, 314
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 8, 17, 22, 61–62, 92, 223, 225, 242, 253
censorship and, 154
death of, 224, 225, 227
reelection of, 191
Rosenberg, Ethel, 298
Rosenberg, Julius, 298
Rosie the Riveter, 30
Ross, B. W., 92
Rowan, Bess, 82, 84, 86, 87, 126, 127, 190, 280, 281, 306
Rowan, Brien, 84, 215
Rowan, Colleen, see Black, Colleen Rowan
Rowan, Harry, 190
Rowan, James (Colleen’s father), 86, 87
Rowan, Jimmy (Colleen’s brother), 82, 189–90, 281, 306
Rowan, Jo, 87, 127
Rowan, John, 82
Rowan, Sara, 190
Rowan family, 82, 86, 87
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 293
Russia, see Soviet Union
Rutherford, Ernest, 32
Ryan, Al, 187
S
S-50 plant, xiv, xvi, 100, 106–7, 191–92, 206, 259
construction of, 172, 192
liquid thermal diffusion process at, 1
01, 107–8, 192
operations started at, 205
Sachs, Alexander, 62
Sato, Naotake, 255
Saturday Evening Post, 11, 30
Schmitt, Chuck, 179–81, 249, 265–67, 282–85
parents of, 282–85, 303
Toni’s marriage to, 303–4
Schmitt, Toni Peters, xiii, 1–2, 20–23, 26–27, 29–31, 84, 111–12, 148–50, 189, 249, 265–67, 269, 303–4
arrival at CEW, 40–42
badge of, 150
Chuck Schmitt and, 179–81, 249, 265–67, 282–85
Chuck’s marriage to, 303–4
dictation taken by, 41–42, 112
Ken York and, 180–81
promotion declined by, 129–30
ROTC dance outing of, 148–49
work of, 112
Scientist, the, see Oppenheimer, J. Robert
Seaborg, Glenn, 207, 230
Secretary, the, see Stimson, Henry
Secret City Festival, 312, 313, 314
seditious activity, 168–69
Segrè, Emilio, 174, 294
Senate Special Committee, 226
Sengier, Edgar, 17, 18–19, 99
Shenandoah, Pa., 4
Celia Szapka in, 4, 7, 9
Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg, 58
Siener, Father, 52, 53, 148, 195, 281
silver, 104–5
Site W, see Hanford, Washington
Site X, see Clinton Engineer Works
Site Y, see Los Alamos, N.Mex.
Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, 83, 297
Smedley, Barbara, 247–48
Smith, Jesse, 209
Smith, Ray, 314
Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, 313
Smitz, Mr., 39, 54, 194
Smyth, Henry DeWolf, 291
Smyth Report, 291–92
Socorro Chieftain, 237
Soviet Union, 152, 225, 236, 239, 243, 245, 255, 272
in Cold War, 298, 299
nuclear bombs of, 298, 299
U.S. atomic program and, 243, 298
Spaatz, Carl Andrew, 244
Spam, 217, 219
Special Engineer Detachment (SED), 49, 139, 172, 175
Spivey, Virginia, see Coleman, Virginia Spivey
Stalin, Joseph, 236, 238, 239, 242, 243
Manhattan Project and, 243
Standard Oil, 16
Statement of Availability program, 84, 87, 168
Stimson, Henry, 17, 224–27, 230–31, 232, 238
and atomic bombing of Japan, 243, 244, 246, 251
CEW toured by, 223–24, 226
statement on bombing of Japan, 258–60
Strickland, Dorothye, 302
Strickland, Harvey, 35, 36, 47
Strickland, Kattie, xiii, 1, 90–93, 122–24, 145, 189, 201–3, 219–20, 247, 260, 276, 301–2, 314
arrival at CEW, 46–48
biscuit making of, 92–93, 123–24, 169–71, 314
black cafeteria and, 92–93
exhaustion suffered by, 220
housing and, 47–48, 85
journey to CEW, 35–37
winter and, 202
work of, 122
Strickland, Willie, 35, 36, 46, 47, 48, 85, 91, 122–24, 169–71, 219, 276, 301–2
Stimson, Henry (“the Secretary”), xv
Stone & Webster (S&W), 83
Strassman, Fritz, 58, 59, 61, 263
Sunday Punch, 219–21
surveyors, 22, 23
Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, 58
Szapka, Al, 6, 7, 11
Szapka, Celia, see Klemski, Celia Szapka
Szapka, Clem, 6, 7, 11, 94, 161, 194–96
Szapka, Ed, 7, 8, 12, 195, 196
Szapka, Kathy, 7, 12
Szapka, Mary, 7–11, 13
Szilard, Leo, 61, 174, 230, 242
T
Teeter, Captain, 135
Teller, Edward, 47, 174, 234
Tennessee Eastman Corporation, 45, 105, 109, 118, 159, 259
Tennessee Valley Authority, 22, 223
textile mills, 147
Thomas, Charles, 236
Three Mile Island, 304
Tibbets, Paul, 173, 252
Time, 57
Tinian, 245, 251, 252
Tojo, Hideki, 273
Townsite, xvi, 52, 55, 71, 88, 97
construction of, 82–84
dances at, 137–39, 143, 178–79, 181
Happy Valley trailer encampment, 63, 81, 82, 84–89
amusement fairway at, 142
laundry in, 89
shopping in, 89
streetlights in, 87
telephones in, 88
water supply in, 87
hospital facilities at, 128, 197–99
housing in, 40, 45–46, 63, 82, 84–89
off-site outings and, 142–44
recreational activities at, 134–38, 142, 144–45
religious services at, 52–53, 141–42, 145
social adjustment to life at, 135
as social experiment, 97–98
as social limbo, 110
stay-at-home wives at, 182–84, 264
swimming pool at, 144–45
trains, 21, 84, 122–24, 127–28
derailment accident, 128
Treasury, U.S., 104–5
Trinity test, 233–38, 239, 241, 242, 244, 251, 275
Truman, Harry S., 191, 225–27, 230, 231, 232, 296
and atomic bombing of Japan, 241–44, 251, 255–56, 278, 292
Meitner and, 294
Oppenheimer’s meeting with, 291–92
at Potsdam Conference, 236, 238–39, 244, 246
Trinity test and, 239, 242
Truman Committee, 226
Tsuzuki, Masao, 289–90
Tubealloy (Tuballoy; Tube-Alloy; uranium), xvii, 10, 33, 99, 118, 260–62, 298, 301
accident at Philadelphia Navy Yard, 172–73
amount needed, 105–6
from Belgian Congo mines, 18, 99
bombardment with neutrons, 33, 58–59
division of nucleus of, 60
enrichment of, 17, 19, 99, 107, 109–10, 131–32, 205–6, 226–27, 243, 246, 247, 251, 295
first self-sustaining nuclear reaction with, 76–78
forms of, 99–100, 104
Germany’s research on, 62, 119, 228, 252–53, 258
oxide, 119
production contest for, 109–10
purchase of, 17, 18–19
separation of isotopes by electromagnetic method, 101, 102–5, 106, 109, 192
separation of isotopes by gaseous diffusion, 101–2, 191, 192
separation of isotopes by liquid thermal diffusion, 101, 107–8, 172–73, 192
shipment from Site X to Site Y, 131–32, 206–7
T-235, 99–105, 107, 118
T-238, 100–104, 107
tetrafluoride, 131
workers’ knowledge about, 118–19
Turner Construction, 89
U
Union Carbide, 85, 259
Union Minière du Haut Katanga, 18
unions, 153
United Nations, 299
United States Employment Service, 85
United States Engineering Department, 89
Università di Roma La Sapienza, 33
University of California, 16
Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, xv, 16, 102, 152
Uppuluri, Shigeko, 307
uranium, see Tubealloy
Urey, Harold, 47
V
Vanden Bulck, Charles, 10–11, 39, 112, 148, 196
Celia Szapka and, 54, 55
VE Day, 227, 229, 230
VJ Day, 273, 276
W
Walker, Joel, 312
War Department, 152, 290, 291
letter to CEW workers from, 270–71
War Manpower Commission (WMC), 46
War of the Worlds, 57
War Powers Commission, 85
Warren, Stafford, xv, 153, 183
, 206–7
in Japan, 288–90, 291
Warren, Vi, xiv, 35, 63, 81, 109, 133, 176, 183–84, 209, 232, 249, 264, 269, 290, 291
radio address of, 286
Washington News, 287
Washington Press Club, 298
Waters, Enoch P., 301
Weil, George, 77
Wells, H. G., ix, 57
Wendover Army Air Field, 173
Westcott, James Edward “Ed” (“the Photographer), xv, 30–31, 156, 232–33, 239–41, 245–46, 260, 273, 312
Western Worker, 174
Westinghouse, 99
Whitaker, Carl, 199–200
Whitehead, Ed, 112
Wigner, Eugene, 61, 78, 174
Wilcox, Bill, 262, 273–74, 314
Wilkins, J. Ernest, Jr., 47
Wilkinson, Dorothy Jones (“Dot”), xiv, 2, 68–71, 94–95, 189, 216–19, 247, 260, 286–87, 304–5, 308–9, 314
arrival at CEW, 70
as calutron cubicle operator, 114, 115, 117, 118
on date, 163–64
marriage of, 216, 217–18
Paul Wilkinson and, 116
pregnancy of, 218
social life of, 115–16
training of, 68–69