Manufacturing Hysteria
Page 40
35. Goldman, “Promoters of the War Mania,” pp. 5–11.
36. Quoted in Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise, p. 21.
37. NYT, June 6, 1917.
38. NYT, June 12, 1917.
39. NYT, June 16, 1917.
40. Wall Street Journal, July 11, 1917.
41. CR 55, 65th Cong., 1st sess., p. 1695.
42. Ibid., p. 2062.
43. LAT, April 21, 1917; NYT, June 4, 1917.
44. NYT, May 23, 1917.
45. CR 55, 65th Cong., 1st sess., p. 1779.
46. Ibid., p. 2062.
47. Ibid., pp. 1695, 1696.
48. Ibid., p. 1780.
49. 40 U.S. Stat. 217–19.
50. Borah to E. A. Burrell, quoted in Claudius O. Johnson, Borah of Idaho, p. 214.
Chapter 3: The Heel of the Government
1. American Socialist, April 21, 1917.
2. Blum, “A. S. Burleson,” pp. 74–75.
3. See Chapter 2, above.
4. Sinclair to Wilson, Oct. 22, 1917, Woodrow Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, LOC.
5. Burleson to Postmasters of the First, Second, and Third Classes, June 16, 1917, quoted in Murphy, World War I and the Origins of Civil Liberties in the United States, p. 98.
6. American Socialist, May 5, 1917.
7. NYT, Oct. 10, 1917.
8. Gerald Gunther, Learned Hand, p. 153, quoted in Stone, Perilous Times, p. 164.
9. William L. O’Neill, The Last Romantic, p. 40, quoted in Stone, Perilous Times, p. 164.
10. Report of the Attorney General for 1918, p. 52.
11. Pinchot, Eastman, and Reed to Wilson, July 12, 1917, Wilson Papers.
12. Eastman, “Post Office Censorship,” p. 24.
13. Eastman, Pinchot, and Reed to Wilson, July 12, 1917, Wilson Papers.
14. Wilson to Burleson, July 13, 1917, Wilson Papers.
15. Masses Publishing Company v. Patten, 244 Fed. 535 (SD NY, 1917). Zechariah Chafee discusses the decision at length in Freedom of Speech, pp. 46–56. Freedom of Speech is dedicated to Learned Hand.
16. Eastman, Love and Revolution, p. 61. The judge began his decision by saying, “No other instance of application to a Judge of the Appellate Court to stay an appealed order of this nature is known to me.”
17. Sinclair to Wilson, Oct. 22, 1917, Wilson Papers.
18. Baker, Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7, pp. 178–79.
19. Wilson to Burleson, Oct. 11 and 18, 1917, Wilson Papers.
20. Wilson to Burleson, Sept. 4, 1917, Wilson Papers. Only twice did Wilson direct Burleson to lift a mailing ban, and both were personal favors. The first involved Norman Thomas’s World Tomorrow, the second Villard’s Nation. See Johnson, “Wilson, Burleson, and Censorship in the First World War,” pp. 54–56.
21. Wilson to Herbert Croly, Oct. 22, 1917, Wilson Papers.
22. Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, p. 147.
23. Quoted in National Civil Liberties Bureau, The Truth About the I.W.W., pp. 17–18.
24. Quoted in ibid., p. 9.
25. Quoted in Preston, Aliens and Dissenters, p. 41.
26. Solidarity, May 14, 1914.
27. F. W. Estabrook to Charles D. Hilles, Sept. 5, 1912, DOJ file 150139, NARA.
28. Taft to George W. Wickersham, Sept. 7, 1912, DOJ file 150139-28, NARA.
29. Industrial Worker, Feb. 10, 1917.
30. Solidarity, Feb. 17, 1917.
31. “Confidential Report on California, Oregon, and Washington,” quoted in Hyman, Soldiers and Spruce, p. 45.
32. National Civil Liberties Bureau, Truth About the I.W.W., p. 3.
33. Bruère, Following the Trail of the I.W.W., p. 5.
34. Gannett, “I.W.W.,” p. 448.
35. G. W. Anderson to Gregory, DOJ file 186701-22-1, NARA.
36. National Civil Liberties Bureau, Truth About the I.W.W., p. 37.
37. Parks to Gregory, Aug. 29, 1917, DOJ file 186701-27-17, NARA. A devastating indictment of the labor practices and unconstitutional procedures of the Butte mine owners can be found in Lowndes Maury (law partner of the U.S. attorney for Montana, Burton K. Wheeler) to Wilson, Sept. 25, 1917, Wilson Papers.
38. Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, p. 373.
39. Independent, July 21, 1917; Wall Street Journal, July 13, 1917; NYT, July 12, 1917.
40. NYT, June 29, 1917.
41. NYT, July 13, 1917.
42. Rader, “Montana Lumber Strike of 1917,” p. 189.
43. Quoted in Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, p. 385.
44. Wheeler to Gregory, Aug. 21, 1917, DOJ file 186701-27-15, NARA.
45. Report of E. W. Byrn, Aug. 7, 1917, DOJ file 186701-27-15, NARA.
46. Quoted in Bruère, Following the Trail of the I.W.W., p. 13.
47. Baker, Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7, pp. 208, 209.
48. Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 43, p. 128.
49. Quoted in Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, p. 386. In fact, an Army census taken at Columbus showed that on August 6 of the men still held, 468 were citizens (199 native-born, 269 naturalized), 472 had registered for the draft, and 433 were married. Among the foreign-born, twenty nationalities were represented, including 141 Britons and 268 Mexicans, but only 20 Germans. Of the 530 aliens, 181 had taken first papers, and 86 claimed second papers (AG file 370.6, NARA; and Report on the Bisbee Deportations, p. 5).
50. NYT, July 14, 1917; LAT, July 15, 1917.
51. “All Women and Children Keep off Streets Today,” Bisbee Daily Review, July 12, 1917.
52. CR 55, 71st Cong., 2nd sess., p. 8717.
53. Report on the Bisbee Deportations, p. 6.
54. NYT, Aug. 2, 1917. For a fuller account of the Little murder, see Gutfeld, “Murder of Frank Little,” pp. 177–92.
55. “Break the I.W.W. Now,” Independent, July 21, 1917, p. 87.
56. Solidarity, Oct. 20, 1917.
57. Fitts to Fall, Aug. 30, 1917, DOJ file 186701-27-16, NARA.
58. Reed, “One Solid Month of Liberty,” p. 1.
Chapter 4: A Peculiar Sort of Mental Hysteria
1. Francis Garrecht to Gregory, July 14, 1917, DOJ file 186701-49-10, NARA.
2. McConnell to Caminetti, July 21, 1917, INS file 53531/192, NARA.
3. 39 U.S. Stat. 875–76.
4. Caminetti to Post, July 25, 1917, INS file 53531/192, NARA.
5. Caminetti to Post, Aug. 28, 1917, INS file 53531/192, NARA.
6. Quoted in Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, pp. 405–6.
7. Ibid., p. 350.
8. See Chapter 3, above.
9. Gregory to Wilson, Aug. 21, 1917, Woodrow Wilson Papers, Manuscripts Division, LOC.
10. NYT, Sept. 6, 1917.
11. Kane to Gregory, Sept. 7, 1917, DOJ file 186701-39-4, NARA.
12. NYT, Oct. 10, 1917.
13. Report of the Attorney General for 1917, pp. 62–63.
14. Cunningham, Prisoners at Fort Douglas, p. vi.
15. William Barnes Glidden, “Casualties of Caution” (unpublished MS), p. 61; Scheiber, Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties, p. 45.
16. Glidden, “Casualties of Caution,” p. 61, from Glidden’s 1969 interview with John Lord O’Brian.
17. Palmer to Wilson, Nov. 8, 1917, Wilson Papers.
18. NYT, Nov. 21, 1917.
19. National Civil Liberties Bureau, Outrage on Rev. Herbert S. Bigelow of Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 9, 10.
20. NYT, July 3, 1917.
21. NYT, Dec. 2, 1917.
22. NYT, Jan. 20, 1918.
23. See Prologue, above.
24. NYT, April 4, 1918.
25. Collinsville Herald, April 6, 1918.
26. Chicago Daily Tribune, April 6, 1918.
27. Kennedy, Over Here, p. 79.
28. WP, April 12, 1918.
29. Report of the Attorney General for 1918, p. 18.
30. 40 U.S. Stat. 553–54.
31. CR 55, 65th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 4638.
32. “Citizens or Subject?” Kansas City Star, April 6, 1918, reprinted in Roosevelt in “The Kansas City Star,” pp
. 131–32.
33. CR 55, 65th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 6036.
34. Ibid., p. 4562.
35. Ibid., p. 4636.
36. Ibid., App., p. 335.
37. Ibid., pp. 6050, 5541.
38. NYT, April 25, 1918.
39. “Espionage Cases,” pp. 417–20.
40. See National Civil Liberties Bureau, Conviction of Mrs. Kate Richards O’Hare and North Dakota Politics.
41. Quoted in Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, p. 185.
42. Writings and Speeches of Eugene V. Debs, pp. 417–33.
43. Quoted in Ginger, Bending Cross, p. 365.
44. Jensen, Price of Vigilance, p. 193.
45. NYT, Sept. 8, 1918.
46. Gregory to Wilson, Sept. 9, 1918, Gregory Papers, LOC.
47. CR 55, 65th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 9976.
48. “Civil Liberties Dead,” p. 282.
49. NYT, Sept. 6, 1918.
50. Ibid.
51. CR 55, 65th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 10063.
52. NYT, Sept. 6, 1918.
53. Gregory to Wilson, Sept. 9, 1918, Gregory Papers.
54. Report of the Attorney General for 1918, p. 26.
55. Powers, Secrecy and Power, p. 55.
56. Cushman, “Civil Liberty After the War,” p. 6.
Chapter 5: The Gravest Menace to the Country
1. NYT, Dec. 20, 1919.
2. Murray in Red Scare, p. 196, gives the lower number; Post in Deportations Delirium, p. 22, cites the higher figure.
3. NYT, Dec. 22, 1919.
4. NYT, Dec. 23, 1919.
5. New York Tribune, Dec. 22, 1919.
6. NYT, Dec. 22, 1919.
7. Sisson, German-Bolshevik Conspiracy, p. 3.
8. Donner, Age of Surveillance, p. 33.
9. On November 12, the day after the armistice was signed, Stevenson had submitted a report to MID claiming that “without a question, there is an organized conspiracy to overthrow the present form of the American government” (see Hagedorn, Savage Peace, p. 32). As for his claim to be a BI agent, Regin Schmidt notes that this is impossible to validate, as the bureau files on Stevenson are missing from NARA (see Red Scare, p. 139).
10. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Brewing and Liquor Interests, vol. 3, pp. 14–16, 36.
11. Ibid., p. 35.
12. NYT, Jan. 25, 1919.
13. Hagedorn, Savage Peace, p. 57.
14. NYT, Feb. 1, 1919.
15. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Brewing and Liquor Interests, vol. 2, p. 2717.
16. Ibid., p. 2780.
17. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 893.
18. Howe, Confessions of a Reformer, pp. 273–74.
19. Quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, pp. 128–29.
20. CR 55, 65th Cong., 3rd sess., p. 3637.
21. NYT, Feb. 8, 1919.
22. Seattle Union Record, Feb. 4, 1919.
23. Seattle Star, Feb. 4, 1919, quoted in Murray, Red Scare, p. 61.
24. LAT, Feb. 8, 1919.
25. Ibid.
26. WP, Feb. 10, 1919. The editorial called the strike “a revolutionary movement aimed at existing government.”
27. Thirteen men were arrested in a “riot” several days before the strike began. Pointing out that more than half were Russians, the Washington congressman Albert Johnson referred to them as “a great array of Slovinskys and Ivan Kerenskys and names of that sort” (NYT, Feb. 8, 1919; the Times story misidentifies Johnson as “Representative Royal Johnston.” Royal Johnson [no t] was a congressman from South Dakota).
28. NYT, Feb. 8, 1919.
29. NYT, Feb. 9, 1919.
30. Proceedings of the Conference with the President of the United States and the Secretary of Labor of the Governors of the States and Mayors of Cities in the East Room of the White House, p. 33.
31. Christian Science Monitor, March 12, 1919.
32. NYT, March 11, 1919; LAT, March 11, 1919.
33. NYT, March 21, 1919. The committee’s official name was the Joint Legislative Committee Investigating Seditious Activities.
34. His name is alternately spelled “Kaplan” in both contemporary and later reports.
35. NYT, May 1, 1919.
36. NYT, May 2, 1919.
37. Nation, May 10, 1919.
38. NYT, May 4, 1919.
39. Ibid.
40. Quoted in Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 39.
41. NYT, May 21, 1919.
42. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 39.
43. WP, July 3, 1919.
44. NYT, June 4, 1919. In the same editorial, the Times also resurrected the nativist scare, saying “the old German propaganda, pretty effectually silenced while we were in the war, is again heard in the land.”
45. Literary Digest, June 14, 1919, p. 9.
46. Ibid.
47. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 44.
48. Quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 150.
49. Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill, 1920, p. 306.
50. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 49.
51. Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill, 1920, p. 304.
52. Flynn subsequently denied that he had pinpointed July 4 as the day.
53. See Chapter 1, n. 18, above.
54. NYT, June 13, 1919.
55. New York Tribune, June 22, 1919.
Chapter 6: A Skimming of the Great American Melting-Pot
1. NYT, June 19, 1919; LAT, July 4, 1919.
2. LAT, July 4, 1919.
3. “News of the Week,” Christian Register, July 10, 1919.
4. Quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 182.
5. New York Tribune, July 29, 1919; NYT, July 28, 1919.
6. AG, Investigation Activities of the Department of Justice, p. 162.
7. NYT, July 31, 1919.
8. NYT, Aug. 27, 1919.
9. AG, Investigation Activities of the Department of Justice, p. 13.
10. Baltimore Sun, quoted in Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 49.
11. Annual Report of the Attorney General for 1920, pp. 173–74.
12. See Annual Report of the Attorney General for 1921, p. 129.
13. Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill, 1922, pt. 2, p. 1150.
14. Benjamin Gitlow, one of the founders of the Communist Labor Party, estimated that the total number of members and sympathizers in 1919 was no more than a million, slightly less than 1 percent of the population (Whole of Their Lives, p. 53).
15. Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 227.
16. According to the immigration commissioner general, Anthony Caminetti, the deportations were not related to the general strike, and “orders for the deportations had been signed before the Seattle situation had developed” (NYT, Feb. 11, 1919).
17. Chicago Tribune, Feb. 10, 1919, reprinted the same day in NYT.
18. Chicago Tribune, Feb. 10, 1919.
19. Literary Digest, March 1, 1919, p. 16. The newspaper quotations that follow are all from this source.
20. Howe, Confessions of a Reformer, p. 275.
21. Daniels, Cabinet Diaries, p. 418.
22. Memorandum upon the Work of the Radical Division, Aug. 1, 1919, to March 15, 1920, quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 254.
23. AG, Investigation Activities of the Department of Justice, p. 30.
24. See Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 256.
25. The information on strikes comes from Monthly Labor Review, June 1920, p. 200.
26. Quoted in Fuess, Calvin Coolidge, p. 206.
27. Boston Herald, Sept. 10, 1919; Boston News Bureau, quoted in Literary Digest, Sept. 20, 1919, p. 3; Boston Evening Transcript, Sept. 10, 1919.
28. Boston Evening Transcript, Sept. 10, 1919.
29. NYT, Sept. 12, 1919.
30. Wall Street Journal, Sept. 12, 1919; Evening Public Ledger, quoted in Literary Digest, Sept. 27, 1919, p. 8.
31. Quoted in Literary Digest, Sept. 27, 1919, p. 7.
32. Quoted in ibid.
33. Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge, p. 134.
34. Burke to G
eorge Kelleher, Sept. 12, 1919, quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 217.
35. NYT, Sept. 15, 1919; Boston News Bureau, quoted in Literary Digest, Sept. 20, 1919, p. 3.
36. Quoted in Senate Report No. 289, Investigating Strike in Steel Industries, 66th Cong., 1st sess., p. 4.
37. NYT, Sept. 1, 1919.
38. NYT, Sept. 11, 1919.
39. New York Tribune, New York World, and Chicago Tribune quotations are all from Literary Digest, Oct. 4, 1919, pp. 12–13; Wall Street Journal, Oct. 23, 1919.
40. Interchurch World Movement, Public Opinion and the Steel Strike, pp. 94–95.
41. NYT, Oct. 14, 1919.
42. Murray, Red Scare, p. 139; NYT, Sept. 23, 1919.
43. Foster, From Bryan to Stalin, pp. 48–49.
44. National Association of Manufacturers, Onward March of the Open Shop, p. 7.
45. Ford and Foster, Syndicalism, p. 28.
46. See Chapter 4, above.
47. CR 58, 66th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 6479, 5854.
48. Brody, Labor in Crisis, pp. 143–44.
49. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges, p. 171.
50. Quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 227.
51. Interchurch World Movement, Public Opinion and the Steel Strike, p. 58.
52. Wood to George W. Perkins, quoted in Brody, Labor in Crisis, p. 135.
53. Uncited newspaper article quoted in ibid.
54. NYT, Oct. 14, 1919.
55. Senate Report No. 289, Investigating Strike in Steel Industries, p. 21.
56. Interchurch World Movement, Report on the Steel Strike of 1919, p. 15.
57. Quoted in Brody, Labor in Crisis, p. 158.
58. Portland Oregonian, Oct. 6, 1919.
59. Quoted in Coben, “Study in Nativism,” p. 72.
60. Quoted in Brody, Labor in Crisis, p. 117. Also see Murray, Red Scare, p. 309, n. 34.
61. NYT, Oct. 15, 1919.
62. Ibid.
63. NYT, Oct. 17, 1919.
64. United Mine Workers Journal, Nov. 1, 1919.
65. Ibid.
66. See Murray, Red Scare, p. 155.
67. Seattle Times, quoted in Literary Digest, Nov. 8, 1919, p. 13.
68. New York Tribune, quoted in ibid.
69. New York World, Nov. 7, 1919.
70. See Schmidt, Red Scare, pp. 231–32.
Chapter 7: A Lawless Government
1. Atlanta Constitution, Nov. 9, 1919.
2. AG, Investigation Activities of the Department of Justice, p. 161. The second quotation is an amalgam of three translations, none of which is satisfying in itself. See the two versions published in the New York Times on Nov. 8 and 9, 1919, and the Justice Department version quoted in AG, Investigation Activities of the Department of Justice.