Manufacturing Hysteria
Page 41
3. See Chapter 5, n. 2, above.
4. Claghorn, Immigrant’s Day in Court, p. 373.
5. John W. Abercrombie to all Commissioners of Immigration and Inspectors in Charge, March 14, 1919, quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 266.
6. Memo for Chief of Bureau, July 16, 1919, quoted in ibid.
7. Memorandum for Mr. Burke, Sept. 15, 1919, quoted in ibid., pp. 264–65.
8. NYT, Nov. 8, 1919.
9. See Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 268, n. 117.
10. See National Popular Government League, To the American People, pp. 11–16.
11. These figures are from Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 268, based on Justice Department figures as given in “List, Union of Russian Workers (Raid of Nov. 7, 1919),” an attachment to Hoover’s Jan. 22, 1920, memo to Burke. Murray’s Red Scare offers numbers of “about 200 men and women” arrested (the same figure the Nov. 8 NYT story gives) and 39 held, for which no source is cited (see Murray, p. 197). Given the sourcing, Schmidt’s figures would appear to be the more reliable.
12. NYT, Nov. 8, 1919.
13. Ibid; New York World, Nov. 8, 1919; NYT, Nov. 9, 1919. For individual testimony, see National Popular Government League, To the American People, pp. 16–20.
14. NYT, Nov. 8, 1919.
15. NYT, Nov. 9, 1919.
16. NYT, Nov. 11, 1919.
17. NYT, Nov. 9, 1919.
18. Ohio State Journal, Nov. 12, 1919; Atlanta Constitution, Nov. 10, 1919; Pittsburgh Post, Nov. 13, 1919.
19. See AG, Investigation Activities of the Department of Justice.
20. Pencak, For God and Country, p. 320.
21. Chaplin, Centralia Conspiracy, p. 120. One witness testified that the ex-mayor’s rope was “possibly twelve feet or more.”
22. Quoted in “American Soldiers in Parade Killed by Reds,” p. 8.
23. CR 59, 66th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 448.
24. Pittsburgh Press, Nov. 13, 1919; Boston Evening Transcript, Nov. 12, 1919; “American Soldiers in Parade Killed by Reds,” p. 8.
25. F. W. McIntosh, report, Nov. 20, 1919, quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 106.
26. Simmons to Burke, telegram, Nov. 15, 1919.
27. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges, p. 108.
28. Quoted in Hays, Trial by Prejudice, p. 267.
29. Howe, Confessions of a Reformer, pp. 274–75.
30. NYT, Nov. 27, 1919.
31. Howe, Confessions of a Reformer, p. 327.
32. NYT, Nov. 27, 1919.
33. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 26.
34. Hoover to Caminetti, Dec. 22, 1919, quoted in Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 281.
35. Quoted in Coben, A. Mitchell Palmer, p. 224.
36. Colyer et al. v. Skeffington, Commissioner of Immigration, reprinted in Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Charges of Illegal Practices of the Department of Justice, p. 53.
37. Quoted in Preston, Aliens and Dissenters, p. 210.
38. Post, Deportations Delirium, pp. 56–57.
39. Quoted in Preston, Aliens and Dissenters, p. 218.
40. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Charges of Illegal Practices of the Department of Justice, pp. 398–99.
41. NYT, Jan. 1, 1920.
42. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 90.
43. NYT, Jan. 4, 1920.
44. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 92.
45. NYT, Jan. 4, 1920.
46. Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States for the Year 1920, p. 176.
47. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 95.
48. Colyer et al. v. Skeffington, Commissioner of Immigration, in Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Charges of Illegal Practices of the Department of Justice, p. 58.
49. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 97.
50. National Popular Government League, To the American People, p. 11.
51. Quoted in Post, Deportations Delirium, pp. 139–40.
52. Quoted in ibid., p. 143.
53. Quoted in Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Charges of Illegal Practices of the Department of Justice, p. 346.
54. NYT, Jan. 21, 1920.
55. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 159.
56. Ibid., p. 187.
57. Investigation of Administration of Louis F. Post, pp. 78–79. Post also intervened in the case of the unofficial Soviet ambassador Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, whom Palmer was planning to arrest in a spectacular manner and then have deported. Post arranged for Martens to surrender quietly at the Labor Department office and allowed him to leave the country on his own. When Martens arrived in Russia, Post canceled the deportation order so that Martens would not be banned from reentering the United States at a later time.
58. NYT, May 2, 1920.
59. Quoted in Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 233.
60. Investigation of Administration of Louis F. Post, pp. 61–62.
61. Quoted in Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 246.
62. Investigation of Administration of Louis F. Post, p. 248.
63. National Popular Government League, To the American People, p. 4.
64. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges, pp. 6, 73–74.
65. Indianapolis News, June 2, 1920; Christian Science Monitor, June 25, 1920.
66. NYT, Nov. 12, 1919.
67. NYT, Sept. 18, 1920.
68. Rocky Mountain News, Sept. 18, 1920.
69. See Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti, pp. 204–7.
70. Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 158.
71. Murray, “Outer World and Inner Light,” p. 265.
72. Murray, Red Scare, p. 17.
73. See Chapter 6, above.
74. Quoted in Post, Deportations Delirium, p. 327.
75. Ibid., p. 326.
Chapter 8: Grave Abuses and Unnecessary Hardships
1. CR 64, 67th Cong., 4th sess., p. 3027.
2. See ibid., pp. 3051–73.
3. Hearing Before Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations, Department of Justice Appropriation Bill, 1923, pt. 2, pp. 131, 145.
4. Hearing Before Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations, Department of Justice Appropriation Bill, 1925, p. 93.
5. See Lowenthal, Federal Bureau of Investigation, p. 293; and Crawford, “J. Edgar Hoover,” p. 232.
6. Investigation of Hon. Harry M. Daugherty, vol. 1, p. 88.
7. Ibid., p. 90.
8. Ibid., p. 89.
9. Quoted in American Civil Liberties Union, The Nation-Wide Spy System Centering in the Department of Justice, p. 3.
10. See Powers, Secrecy and Power, pp. 138–39.
11. See Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Charges of Illegal Practices of the Department of Justice, p. 19.
12. Quoted in Cummings and McFarland, Federal Justice, pp. 430–31.
13. Quoted in NYT, March 30, 2007.
14. See Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, p. 7.
15. Ibid., p. 9.
16. See Divine, American Immigration Policy, p. 53.
17. See Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, p. 7.
18. “Immigration from Countries of the Western Hemisphere,” p. 782.
19. Ibid., p. 739.
20. Quoted in Chinea, “Ethnic Prejudice and Anti-immigrant Policies in Times of Economic Stress,” p. 10. Also see www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/conquest5.html.
21. “Immigration from Countries of the Western Hemisphere,” p. 43; “Western Hemisphere Immigration,” p. 75.
22. Divine, American Immigration Policy, p. 57.
23. McKay, “Federal Deportation Campaign in Texas,” p. 109; newspaper quoted in ibid., p. 108.
24. Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, p. 40.
25. Quoted in ibid., p. 43.
26. Quoted in Guerin-Gonzales, Mexican Workers and American Dreams, p. 81.
27. Both quoted in Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, p. 43.
28. Quoted in Guerin-Gonzales, Mexican Workers and American Dreams, p. 81.
29. LAT, Jan. 13, 1931.
30. Quoted in Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, p. 44.
31. LAT, Jan. 31, 1931.
32. LAT, Feb. 10, 1931.
33. NYT, Feb. 16, 1931.
34. Jackson, “Doak the Deportation Chief,” pp. 295–96; Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration, 1931, p. 35.
35. Report on the Enforcement of the Deportation Laws of the United States, p. 177.
36. Oppenheimer, “Deportation Terror,” pp. 231–32.
37. LAT, Feb. 15, 1931.
38. Quoted in Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, p. 57.
39. La Opinión, Feb. 27, 1931. In Unwanted Mexican Americans, Hoffman points out inconsistencies in the reporting (see p. 62). Unfortunately, this was the only newspaper account published.
40. Quoted in Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, p. 65.
41. “Editorial Paragraphs.”
42. LAT, June 8, 1931.
43. McWilliams, North from Mexico, p. 193. McWilliams mistakenly dated the departure as having taken place in February, which was when it was originally scheduled, but it was delayed until March 23.
44. See Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza, p. 28.
45. NYT, April 12, 1931.
46. Quoted in McKay, “Federal Deportation Campaign in Texas,” p. 108.
47. See Bogardus, “Mexican Repatriates,” p. 174.
48. McWilliams, “Getting Rid of the Mexican,” p. 323.
49. NYT, Dec. 8, 1931.
50. NYT, July 9, 1932.
51. See Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, pp. 124–25.
52. Ibid., p. 126; Balderrama, Decade of Betrayal, pp. 149–51.
53. Clark, Deportation of Aliens from the United States to Europe, p. 488.
Chapter 9: The Utmost Degree of Secrecy
1. NYT, May 25, 1923.
2. See Chapter 8, above.
3. “The ACLU and the FBI,” p. 25.
4. See Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, pp. 208–9.
5. Church Committee, vol. 6, p. 554.
6. Ibid., p. 556.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 555.
9. Dern to Cummings, Jan. 6, 1936, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 393.
10. Stone to Hoover, May 13, 1924, quoted in Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 127.
11. Church Committee, vol. 6, p. 559.
12. J. Edgar Hoover, confidential memo, Aug. 24, 1936, in Theoharis, From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover, p. 180.
13. Ibid., p. 181.
14. J. Edgar Hoover, confidential memo, Aug. 25, 1936, in ibid., p. 182.
15. See Donner, Age of Surveillance, pp. 53–55. Unfortunately, Hoover’s memos are the only surviving accounts of these two meetings. Although one of the memos states that Roosevelt said “he would … put a handwritten memorandum of his own in his safe in the White House, stating that he had instructed the Secretary of State to request this information,” no such document has ever been found among FDR’s papers (see Theoharis, From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover, p. 181).
16. Quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 396.
17. See ibid.
18. Theoharis, Spying on Americans, p. 40.
19. Edward Tamm (FBI assistant director) to Hoover, August 28, 1936, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 397.
20. Ibid., p. 564.
21. Ibid., p. 565.
22. Ibid., p. 566.
23. FDR cut Hoover’s requested funding in half, to $150,000, and granted the two military intelligence agencies $50,000 apiece, an increase of $15,000 from the requested amount.
24. See Theoharis and Cox, Boss, p. 172.
25. Quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 413.
26. Theoharis and Cox, Boss, p. 172.
27. Hoover to All Law Enforcement Officials, press release, Sept. 6, 1939, in Theoharis, From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover, p. 184.
28. NYT, Sept. 15, 1939.
29. Quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 413.
30. Hoover to SACs [Special Agents in Charge], June 15, 1940, www.foitimes.com/internment/chrono.htm.
31. See Chapter 2, above.
32. Roosevelt to Jackson, Stephen Spingarn Papers, National Defense—Internal Security Folder 2, Harry S. Truman Library, quoted in Theoharis, Spying on Americans, pp. 98–99.
33. Hoover to McGuire, memo, Aug. 21, 1940, DOJ file 66-6200-100-13, NARA.
34. Address at Graduation Exercises, 15th sess., National Police Academy, Oct. 5, 1940, quoted in Lowenthal, Federal Bureau of Investigation, p. 360.
35. Jackson to All Departmental and Agency Heads, memo, n.d., in Theoharis, From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover, pp. 185–86.
36. Hoover to Jackson, memo, April 1, 1941, in ibid., p. 190.
37. Hoover to SACs, DOJ file 66-6200-100-33X, NARA.
38. See www.internmentarchives.com/specialreports/smithsonian/smithsonian10.php.
39. Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 206.
40. www.foitimes.com/internment/chrono.htm.
41. Morton Grodzins, interview with Ennis, Sept. 17, 1942, quoted in Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 232.
42. See Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied, p. 55.
43. Mangione, An Ethnic at Large, p. 284.
44. Public Hearings of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, July 14, 1980, reel 1, p. 52.
45. Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 208.
46. Ibid.
47. Public Hearings of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, July 14, 1980, reel 1, p. 47.
48. Hearings on the Sixth Supplemental National Defense Appropriation Bill for 1942, pt. 1, pp. 393, 395.
49. Both cases are discussed in Harris, “Alien Enemy Hearing Board.”
50. Buchanan, United States and World War II, vol. 2, p. 326.
Chapter 10: A Jap Is a Jap
1. DeWitt, Final Report, p. 3.
2. See Schmidt, Red Scare, p. 203, n. 150, for the sources of all the quotations in this paragraph.
3. Japanese Immigration Legislation, p. 22.
4. Ibid., pp. 48, 41.
5. Division of Far Eastern Affairs to State Department, memo, Aug. 24, 1934, State Department file 894.20211-131, NARA, quoted in Kumamoto, “Search for Spies,” p. 49.
6. Quoted in Robinson, By Order of the President, p. 56.
7. Roosevelt to Chief of Naval Operations, memo, quoted in ibid.
8. See Kumamoto, “Search for Spies,” pp. 50–51, 54–55.
9. Knox to Roosevelt, Oct. 9, 1940, CWRIC Papers, reel 3, frame 3603.
10. Pacific Citizen, Oct. 18, 1942.
11. Rafu Shimpo, Nov. 12, 1941.
12. See CWRIC Papers, reel 17, frames 19456–61.
13. Curtis Munson, “Japanese on the West Coast,” pp. 13–6, CWRIC Papers, reel 3, frames 3685–88.
14. An Intelligence Officer, “Japanese in America,” p. 497.
15. San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 16, 1941.
16. Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 214.
17. LAT, April 14, 1943.
18. Henry L. Stimson, diary, Feb. 3, 1942, CWRIC Papers, reel 17, frame 19632.
19. Quoted in Hersey, “Mistake of Terrifically Horrible Proportions,” p. 16.
20. Transcript of meeting with Assistant Attorney General Rowe, Jan. 4, 1942, CWRIC Papers, reel 2, frame 1260.
21. DeWitt and Gullion, telephone conversation, Dec. 26, 1941, quoted in Conn, “Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast,” p. 128.
22. MID on Counter Fifth Column, July 29, 1940, MID file 9794-186, NARA, quoted in Kumamoto, “Search for Spies,” p. 53.
23. Quoted in Hersey, “Mistake of Terrifically Horrible Proportions,” p. 20.
24. See Barkley, “Attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese Armed Forces,” pt. 39, pp. 1–21, also available at www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/roberts/roberts.html.
25. Ibid., p. 12.
26. LAT, J
an. 22, 1942. See also Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied, p. 70.
27. San Francisco Examiner, Jan. 29, 1942.
28. LAT, Feb. 2, 1942.
29. F. W. McNabb to Warren, Jan. 3, 1942, quoted in Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 24.
30. Quoted in Taylor, “People Nobody Wants,” p. 66.
31. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 97, 95.
32. See Fox, Unknown Internment, pp. 1–2.
33. Memo for the Provost Marshal General, Jan. 31, 1942, quoted in Conn, “Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast,” p. 134.
34. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 87.
35. Memorandum for the Provost Marshal General, Feb. 4, 1942, RG 389, box 1217, file 014.311, Provost Marshal General’s Office, NARA.
36. Quoted in Hersey, “Mistake of Terrifically Horrible Proportions,” p. 31.
37. Pacific Citizen, Sept. 24, 1949.
38. See www.nps.gov/archive/manz/hrs/hrs2c.htm.
39. WP, Feb. 12 and 15, 1942.
40. Memo, “Luncheon Conversation with the President,” Feb. 7, 1942, CWRIC Papers, reel 5, frame 5750.
41. Biddle to Stimson, Feb. 9, 1942, CWRIC Papers, reel 12, frame 13414.
42. Stimson, diary, Feb. 10, 1942, quoted in Irons, Justice at War, p. 55.
43. In “The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast,” Stetson Conn says that an afternoon White House conference took place between Stimson and Roosevelt (p. 143), whereas in “Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast,” Conn states that their communication was in a telephone call (p. 131).
44. Conn, “Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast,” p. 142.
45. Stimson, diary, Feb. 11, 1942, quoted in Irons, Justice at War, p. 58.
46. McCloy and Bendetsen, telephone conversation, quoted in Conn, “Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast,” p. 132.
47. See Chapter 8, above.
48. DeWitt, Final Report, p. 34.
49. See CWRIC Papers, reel 5, frames 5754–55.
50. Morton Grodzins, interview with Rowe, Oct. 15, 1942, Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Records, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, frame :0208, folder A 7.02.