Naked
Page 37
198. Michigan v. Hildabridle, Appellant Brief, 33.
199. Hildabridle v. Michigan (1956), Amicus Curiae Brief of the American Sunbathing Association, Inc., 11, State Law Library, Library of Michigan, Lansing, Michigan.
200. Ibid., 11.
201. Ibid., 35.
202. Ibid., 36.
203. Ibid., 40.
204. Jenkins, Moral Panic, 72.
205. See Michigan v. Hildabridle (1956), Brief of the People of the State of Michigan, 9, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, State Law Library, Library of Michigan, Lansing, Michigan.
206. Ibid., 20.
207. John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 35.
208. Michigan v. Hildabridle, Brief of the People of the State of Michigan, 18–19.
209. Ibid., 15.
210. Ibid.
211. Ibid., 9.
212. Michigan v. Hildabridle (1956), Appendix, 7a, State Law Library, Library of Michigan, Lansing, Michigan.
213. Ibid.
214. Ibid., 8a.
215. Jenkins, Moral Panic, 93.
216. Michigan v. Hildabridle, 353 Mich. 562, 587 (1958).
217. Ibid., 583.
218. Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 166; Lawrence M. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 303.
219. Michigan v. Hildabridle, 353 Mich. at 587.
220. Jon L. Breen, Novel Verdicts: A Guide to Courtroom Fiction, 2nd ed. (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1999), 212; Robert Traver [John D. Voelker], Anatomy of a Murder (New York: St. Martin’s, 1958).
221. Eileen Kavanagh, “Robert Traver as Justice Voelker—The Novelist as Judge,” Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 10, no. 91 (2005): 92; Robert Traver [John D. Voelker], The Jealous Mistress (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 79–93.
222. Kavanagh, “Robert Traver as Justice Voelker,” 93.
223. Ibid., 123.
224. Michigan v. Hildabridle, 353 Mich. at 578.
225. Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999), 117–157; G. Theodore Mitau, Decade of Decision: The Supreme Court and the Constitutional Revolution, 1954–1964 (New York: Scribner, 1967); Richard H. Sayler, Barry B. Boyer, and Robert E. Gooding, eds., The Warren Court: A Critical Analysis (New York: Chelsea House, 1980).
226. Kavanagh, “Robert Traver as Justice Voelker,” 97.
227. Michigan v. Hildabridle, 353 Mich. at 592–593.
228. Ibid., 567.
229. Ibid.
230. Ibid.
231. Ibid., 582.
232. Ibid.
233. Benjamin Spock, “Dr. Spock Talks with Mothers,” Ladies’ Home Journal, September 1955, 26–38. Also See Dr. Spock’s discussion of “parental nudity” in the home in his The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1957), 379–380.
234. Spock, “Dr. Spock Talks with Mothers,” 34.
235. Michigan v. Hildabridle, 353 Mich. at 591.
236. Ibid.
237. Ibid., 584.
238. “Feature Press Service, Weekly Bulletin # 1971,” November 17, 1958, Box 777, folder 3, Michigan v. Hildabridle, 1958, ACLU/UIUC.
239. Ibid.
240. No articles covering the Hildabridle decision appeared in the Detroit Free Press, the Chicago Tribune, the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, or the Hartford Courier in the days after the Michigan Supreme Court reached its decision on September 9, 1958.
241. Kavanagh, “Robert Traver as Justice Voelker,” 92.
Chapter 5: Pornography versus Nudism
1. William O’Brien, in “Official Transcript of Proceedings before the Post Office Department,” 93, U.S. District Court for DC, Civil Action No. 74-55, Sunshine Book Co. v. Summerfield, Box 1578, tabbed, 16W3/17/32/02, RG 21, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.
2. “Publisher’s Desk—In Temporary Mourning,” Sunshine and Health, May 1947, 1.
3. The American Civil Liberties Union formed in response to the Red Scare of 1919 in order to oppose antiunion government policies and to defend the civil liberties of political radicals. Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999), 11–45; Judy Kutulas, The American Civil Liberties Union and the Making of Modern Liberalism, 1930–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 1–15.
4. Joanne J. Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Martin Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s–1970s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
5. Calvin W. Hassell, “In the Matter of the Mailability of the May and July 1948 Issues of ‘Sunshine and Health’ under the Provisions of 18 U.S. Code 334,” Box 759, folder 2, Sunshine and Health 1947–50, American Civil Liberties Union Archives 1950–1990, History and Philosophy Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (hereafter cited as ACLU/UIUC).
6. Andrea Friedman, “Sadists and Sissies: Anti-pornography Campaigns in Cold War America,” Gender & History 15, no. 2 (August 2003): 201–227.
7. O’Brien, in “Official Transcript of Proceedings before the Post Office Department,” 79–80.
8. Hassell, “In the Matter of the Mailability,” 7.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Jeffrey P. Moran, Teaching Sex: The Shaping of Adolescence in the 20th Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 118–155; Susan K. Freeman, Sex Goes to School: Girls and Sex Education before the 1960s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008).
12. Hassell, “In the Matter of the Mailability,” 6.
13. Ibid.
14. Harold Lenenthal to Cliff Forester, Official Correspondence, 1948, Box 759, folder 2, Sunshine and Health 1947–50, ACLU/UIUC.
15. Ibid.
16. Hassell, “In the Matter of the Mailability,” 18.
17. Ibid.
18. Lenenthal to Forester.
19. Philip Jenkins, Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 90–93.
20. “Initial Decision and Recommendations of Hearing Examiner,” U.S. District Court for DC, Civil Action No. 74-55, Sunshine Book Co. v. Summerfield, Box 1578, tabbed, 16W3/17/32/02, RG 21, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland, 6.
21. Ibid., 5.
22. Roger Baldwin, “Affidavit: In the Matter of Sunshine and Health, May 1948 Issue,” June 1948, annex A, Box 759, folder 3, Sunshine and Health Cont., ACLU/UIUC.
23. Ibid.
24. Roger Baldwin to Elmer Rice, January 7, 1948, Box 759, folder 2, Sunshine and Health 1947–50, ACLU/UIUC.
25. Baldwin, “Affidavit,” annex A.
26. Robert Searle to Roger Baldwin, June 1948, annex A, Box 759, folder 3, Sunshine and Health Cont., ACLU/UIUC.
27. Evans Clark to Roger Baldwin, June 1948, annex A, ibid.
28. Cecig B. Corwin to Roger Baldwin, June 1948, annex A, ibid.
29. James Truslow Adams to Roger Baldwin, June 1948, annex A, ibid.
30. Dorothy Kenyon to Roger Baldwin, June 1948, annex A, ibid.
31. John Marquand to Roger Baldwin, June 1948, annex A, ibid.
32. Ilsley Boone to Roger Baldwin, October 14, 1947, Box 759, folder 2, Sunshine and Health, 1947–50, ACLU/UIUC.
33. Elmer Rice to Roger Baldwin, January 2, 1948, ibid.
34. Sunshine and Health, July 1947, 14–15.
35. Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins, Reading “National Geographic” (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 172–178.
36. Sunshine and Health, February 1955, 14.
37. “Nude Bodies Pose Problem,” New York Amsterdam News, June 28, 1947.
38. William Graham Sumner, Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals (New York: Dover, 1906), 446.
39. Weston LaBarre, “Obscenity: An Anthropological Appraisal,” Law & Contemporary Problems 20 (1955): 533.
40. Ibid.
41. Quoted in Friedman, “Sadists and Sissies,” 216.
42. Summerfield v. Sunshine Book Company, 221 F. 2d 42 (D.C. Cir. 1954).
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid
46. Luther Huston, “Post Office Power as Censor Curbed,” New York Times, December 17, 1954, 22.
47. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 128 F. Supp. 564, 567 (1955).
48. Ibid., 571–572.
49. Peter Stearns, Fat History: Bodies and Beauty in the Modern West (New York: NYU Press, 1997), 71– 88.
50. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 128 F. Supp. at 570–571.
51. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 108–109; Marilyn Yalom, A History of the Breast (New York: Knopf, 1997), 191–202.
52. John Rogge, in “Official Transcript of Proceedings before the Post Office Department,” 58–59.
53. O’Brien, in ibid., 46–47.
54. Ibid., 29–30.
55. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 128 F. Supp. at 573.
56. Ibid., 571.
57. David K. Johnson, “Physique Pioneers: The Politics of 1960s Gay Consumer Culture,” Journal of Social History 43, no. 4 (2010): 867–892; Maria Wyke, “Herculean Muscle! The Classicizing Rhetoric of Body-building,” Arion 4 (1997): 59–60.
58. Thomas Waugh, Hard to Imagine: Gay Male Eroticism in Photography and Film from Their Beginnings to Stonewall (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 9.
59. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 128 F. Supp. at 571.
60. Ibid., 570.
61. Ibid., 571.
62. Benjamin Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1957), 379.
63. Henry Jenkins, “The Sensuous Child: Benjamin Spock and the Sexual Revolution,” in The Children’s Culture Reader, ed. Henry Jenkins (New York: NYU Press, 1998), 209–230.
64. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 128 F. Supp. at 570, 573.
65. Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 495 (1957).
66. “Dealer in Obscenity Gets a 5-Year Term,” New York Times, February 8, 1956, 26.
67. Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 234.
68. Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. at 484, 487, 488 (1957).
69. Ibid., 489.
70. Ibid., 513.
71. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 101 U.S. App D.C. 358 (1957).
72. On the same basis, the Court also ruled in favor of nudist magazines in Mounce v. United States, 355 U.S. 180 (1957), a companion case that involved the seizure of imported magazines.
73. Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. at 495.
74. Excelsior Pictures Corp. v. Regents of the University of the State of New York, 165 N.Y.S. 2d 42, Record on Appeal, April 4, 1957, 3, Records of Higher State Courts, New York State Archives, Albany, New York.
75. “Garden of Eden,” Box 776, folder 24, Garden of Eden, ACLU/UIUC.
76. “Best L.A. Labor Day Biz in 5 Yrs.; Dragnet Hooking Sock $56,400, 3 Sites; Egyptian Big 40G, Eden 19G,” Variety, September 8, 1954, 8.
77. Barbara Wilinsky, “‘A Thinly Disguised Art Veneer Covering a Filthy Sex Picture’: Discourses on Art Houses in the 1950s,” Film History 8, no. 2 (1996): 143–158.
78. Edward De Grazia, Banned Films: Movies, Censors, and the First Amendment (New York: Bowker, 1982), 97; Frank Walsh, Sin and Censorship: The Catholic Church and the Motion Picture Industry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 241–328; Gregory D. Black, Hollywood Censored: Morality Codes, Catholics and the Movies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
79. Eric Schaefer, “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!”: A History of Exploitation Films, 1919–1959 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), 95.
80. Ibid.
81. Excelsior Pictures Corp v. Regents of the University of the State of New York, Record on Appeal, 3.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Schaefer, “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!,” 83.
85. “Garden of Eden: The First Motion Picture to Bear the Seal of Approval of the Great American Sunbathing Association,” American Nudist Leader 35 (1954): 6–9.
86. Ibid.
87. New York World-Telegram and Sun, December 18, 1957; Tampa Daily News, January 27, 1955; New York Daily Mirror, December 18, 1957; New York Times, December 18, 1957.
88. Linda Williams, Hard Core: Power, Pleasure, and the “Frenzy of the Visible” (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 80.
89. Waugh, Hard to Imagine.
90. Excelsior Pictures Corp v. Regents of the University of the State of New York, 165 N.Y.S. 2d 42, Brief of Petitioner, April 4, 1957, 4, Records of Higher State Courts, New York State Archives, Albany, New York.
91. Ibid., 5.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid., Brief of Petitioner-Respondent, May 3, 1957, 10.
95. Ibid., 11.
96. Ibid.
97. Excelsior Pictures Corp. v. Regents of the University of the State of New York, 165 N.Y.S. 2d 42 (1957).
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. Laura Wittern-Keller, Freedom of the Screen: Legal Challenges to State Film Censorship, 1915–1981 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008), 194.
104. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Obscene Matter Sent through the Mail: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Postal Operations, 87th Cong., 1st sess. (1961).
105. Ibid., 2.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid.
108. Sunshine and Health, November 1958, inside cover.
109. Ibid., 9.
110. Ibid., 3.
111. Ibid., 23.
112. Dian Hanson, Naked as a Jaybird (Berlin: Taschen, 2003), 26.
113. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Obscene Matter Sent through the Mail, 104.
114. Ibid., 106.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid.
117. See the annotated bibliography of nudist publication in the appendix of William E. Hartman, Marilyn Fithian, and Donald Johnson, eds., Nudist Society: An Authoritative, Complete Study of Nudism in America (New York: Crown, 1970), 407–419.
118. Robert Self, “Sex in the City: The Politics of Sexual Liberation in Los Angeles, 1963–79,” Gender & History 20, no. 2 (2008): 288–311.
119. Schaefer, “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!,” 300.
120. Nude on the Moon, directed by Doris Wishman (1961; Something Weird Video, 2009).
121. “Memorandum from Maurice V. Tofani to Mr. Sidney Bernstein,” License Application Case Files, 1921–1965—Nude on the Moon, Film Censorship Records, New York State Archives, Albany, New York.
122. Ken Price, “So Far So Bad,” Sunshine and Health, October 1960, 25.
123. Ibid.
124. Whitney Strub, “The Clearly Obscene and the Queerly Obscene: Heteronormativity and Obscenity in Cold War Los Angeles,” American Quarterly 60 no. 2 (2008): 386–389.
125. Price, “So Far So Bad,” 25.
126. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Obscene Matter Sent through the Mail, 289.
127. Ibid.
128. Ibid., 299.
129. Ibid., 300.
130. Ibid., 311–313.
Chapter 6: Free the Beach