Naked
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1. David Allyn, Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution, an Unfettered History (New York: Little, Brown, 2000), 41, 80–81, 132–133; Martin Esslin, “Nudity: Barely the Beginning?,” New York Times, December 15, 1968, D18.
2. Quoted in Jean Teeters, “Lennon and Nudity,” AbsoluteEslewhere.net, http://articles.absoluteelsewhere.net/Articles/lennon_nudity.html (accessed May 16, 2012).
3. Paul O’Neil, “Nudity: Being a Somewhat Scandalized Report on the Growing Urge of More and More Americans to Appear in Public without Any Clothes On,” Life, October 13, 1967, 107–116.
4. Sam Brinkley, Getting Loose: Lifestyle Consumption in the 1970s (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), 172.
5. William E. Hartman, Marilyn Fithian, and Donald Johnson, eds., Nudist Society: An Authoritative, Complete Study of Nudism in America (New York: Crown, 1970); Manfred F. DeMartino, The New Female Sexuality: The Sexual Practices and Experiences of Social Nudists, “Potential” Nudists, and Lesbians (New York: Julian, 1969); Martin Weinberg, “The Nudist Management of Respectability” (1970), Kinsey Institute Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Fred Ilfred, Jr., and Roger Lauer, Social Nudism in America (New Haven, CT: College and University Press, 1964); Lawrence Casler, “Some Sociopsychological Observations in a Nudist Camp: A Preliminary Study,” Journal of Social Psychology 64, no. 2 (1964): 307–323; Leonard Blank and Robert H. Roth, “Voyeurism and Exhibitionism,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 24 (1967): 391–400.
6. Albert Ellis, If This Be Sexual Heresy (New York: Lyle Stuart, 1963), 66.
7. Whitney Strub, Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 146.
8. Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Daughters of Aquarius: Women of the Sixties Counterculture (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), 66.
9. Ibid., 71.
10. Brinkley, Getting Loose, 177.
11. “Dr. Ilsley Boone, Nudist, 89, Dead: A Founder of Movement in U.S. Was a Baptist Pastor,” New York Times, December 12, 1968, 47.
12. “Maurice Parmelee, Economist Ousted for Nudism Stand, Dies,” New York Times, March 28, 1969, 50.
13. Cec Cinder, The Nudist Idea (Riverside, CA: Ultraviolet, 1998), 577.
14. Judy Klemesrud, “Don’t Forget to Pack Your Birthday Suit,” New York Times, August 29, 1971, XX1.
15. Ibid.
16. Hartman, Fithian, and Johnson, Nudist Society, 79–82.
17. Ibid., 85.
18. DeMartino, New Female Sexuality, 12.
19. Weinberg, “Nudist Management of Respectability,” 6.
20. Ibid.
21. “Nudists Reject Liquor,” New York Times, August 11, 1967, 38; Elliot Carlson, “‘Should Nudes Drink’: A Dispute Is Bared at Nudist Colonies,” New York Times, October 21, 1968.
22. John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 172–173.
23. Clayton Freese, “Stonehenge News,” September 14, 1964, 5, in “New York City Nudism,” 1964, Carton 1, folder 33, Sexual Freedom League Records, 1962–1983, BANC MSS 83/181 c, Bancroft Library, University of California–Berkeley (hereafter cited as SFL Records).
24. “Jersey Nudist Park Accused of Refusing to Admit a Negro,” New York Times, June 16, 1966, 49.
25. “Jersey Nudist Camp Owner Apologizes to Negro Woman,” New York Times, June 22, 1966, 14.
26. Sarah Schrank, “Naked Houses: The Architecture of Nudism and the Rethinking of the American Suburb,” Journal of Urban History 38, no. 4 (2012): 635–661.
27. Weinberg, “Nudist Management of Respectability,” 6.
28. Allyn, Make Love, Not War, 207.
29. Hartman, Fithian, and Johnson, Nudist Society, 110–111.
30. DeMartino, New Female Sexuality, 130.
31. Jefferson Poland, “Picketing for Sex,” in Sex Marchers, ed. Jefferson Poland and Sam Sloan (New York: Ishi, 1962), 11.
32. “Sexual Freedom League Handbook,” 1968, 1, Carton 1, folder 11, SFL Records.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., 4.
35. Ibid., 3.
36. Ibid., 2.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Freese, “Stonehenge News,” 6.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. A. R. Blazing to Jefferson Poland, August 25, 1964, Carton 1, folder 33, SFL Records.
43. Marlin Ballard to Jefferson Poland, May 27, 1964, Carton 1, folder 33, SFL Records.
44. Jerry Shaw to Jefferson Poland, August 26, 1964, Carton 1, folder 33, SFL Records.
45. Freese, “Stonehenge News,” 6.
46. Mac and Ellie Collins to Jefferson Poland, September 18, 1964, Carton 1, folder 33, SFL Records.
47. Poland, “Picketing for Sex,” 18–22.
48. “San Francisco Nude-Ins by Jefferson Poland,” April 1968, Carton 1, folder 33, SFL Records.
49. Sam Sloan, “Making the League Sexual,” in Poland and Sloan, Sex Marchers, 87–107.
50. “Free-Sex Movement,” Time, March 11, 1966, 66.
51. In 1958, Stan Sohler, president of the American Sunbathing Association, organized a gathering of almost one hundred nudists at Davenport Landing, twelve miles north of Santa Cruz, California. Sohler cleared the event, known as “XB-58,” with local police, barred alcohol, and denied entry to single men and women. He wanted to demonstrate that public beaches constituted a trouble-free site for nudist activities. Despite an uneventful afternoon of activities, the nudist-club owners who played an influential role in shaping ASA policies found little reason to support nudist activities on public beaches. Cinder, Nudist Idea, 587–589.
52. Jefferson Poland, “Committee for Free Beaches,” in Poland and Sloan, Sex Marchers, 82. The popularity of nude beaches in Europe is discussed in Dagmar Herzog, Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 203–204.
53. Poland, “Committee for Free Beaches,” 82.
54. “Unusable Background on SG,” April 1966, Carton 5, folder 19, SFL Records.
55. Poland, “Committee for Free Beaches,” 84–85.
56. Ibid., 80.
57. Cinder, Nudist Idea, 594.
58. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
59. Allyn, Make Love, Not War, 24–25.
60. Ibid., 157.
61. Ibid., 162.
62. Armistead Maupin, Tales of the City (1978; repr., New York: Harper Perennial, 2007), 99.
63. Ibid., 99.
64. Kristi Witker, “The Seaweed Bikini, or, My Day at a California Nudist Beach,” New York Times, August 29, 1971, XX11; Judith Kinnard, “On Coast, a Trend to Nudity,” New York Times, June 29, 1972, 44; Doug Smith, “Summer ’72: Nude Impact at Beaches,” Los Angeles Times, October 1, 1972, WS1; “‘Dress Optional’ for Naked Protest,” Chicago Tribune, August 18, 1975, 8.
65. Jane Weisman Stein, “Black’s Beach: A Gawk in the Sun,” Los Angeles Times, August 5, 1975, E1.
66. Cal. Pen. Code, § 314, subd. 1.
67. Chad Merrill Smith v. California, 7 Cal. 3d 362 (1972).
68. “But at a Secluded Beach: Court OKs Nude Sunbathing,” Los Angeles Times, June 14 , 1972, A3.
69. Smith, “Summer of ’72,” WS1.
70. Chad Merrill Smith v. California, 7 Cal. 3d 362 (1972).
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Judith Kinnard, “On Coast, a Trend to Nudity,” New York Times, June 29, 1972, 44.
74. Smith, “Summer of ’72,” WS1.
75. Jane Weisman Stein, “Black’s Beach: A Gawk in the Sun: Lawsuit Pending over Swimsuit Optional Zone,” Los Angeles Times, August 5, 1975, E1.
76. “‘Nude Zone’ Plan Wins Approval of City Council Unit,” Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1974, D1.
77. Monica Gray, Michael Waller, and John C. Schaffer, “Nude Sunbathing at V
enice Beach,” Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1974, 12.
78. Cinder, Nudist Idea, 607.
79. Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 161.
80. Smith, “Summer ’72,” WS1.
81. Doug Smith, “Nude Bathers Plan Battle for Beach in Venice,” Los Angeles Times, March 9, 1972, WS1.
82. Ibid.
83. Smith, “Summer ’72,” WS1.
84. Irv Burleigh, “Letters, Calls Deplore Nudity on City Beaches,” Los Angeles Times, July 11, 1974, SF1.
85. Ibid.
86. Cinder, Nudist Idea, 608–609.
87. Erwin Baker, “‘Stroller’ Strips, Council Follows with Nudity Ban,” Los Angeles Times, July 12, 1974, A1.
88. William Farr, “Nude Not Lewd—Only Disruptive,” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1947, B1.
89. Ibid.
90. Myrna Oliver, “Judge Upholds Ban on Nudity: Police Make 1st Arrest,” Los Angeles Times, August 3, 1974, 1.
91. Ibid.
92. “Nude Bathers Move to Reclaim Cape Cod Beach,” New York Times, August 18, 1975, 23.
93. Lee Baxandall, World Guide to Nude Beaches and Recreation, ed. Jan Smith (New York: Stonehill, 1980), 18, 9.
94. Ibid., 9.
95. Ibid.
96. Mark Storey, “The History of the Naturist Society,” Nude & Natural 28, no. 3 (2009): 24.
97. Ibid., 28.
98. Richard P. Jones, “A Liberating Experience: Skinny-Dippers Get Organized,” Los Angeles Times, September 9, 1981, F11.
99. Baxandall, World Guide, 9.
100. Jones, “Liberating Experience,” F11.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. Lemke-Santangelo, Daughters of Aquarius, 64–65.
104. Sandra Morgan, Into Our Hands: The Women’s Health Movement in the United States (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002).
105. Storey, “History of the Naturist Society,” 24.
106. Baxandall, World Guide, 12.
107. Ibid., 18.
108. Nikki Craft, “The Nikki Wiki: All About Nikki Craft,” November 2008, http://www.nikkicraft.com (accessed October 10, 2011).
109. Nikki Craft, “Liberty Summer,” Clothed with the Sun 6, no. 2 (1986): 56.
110. Jay Blotcher, “Grin and Bare It: The World of Gay Nudists,” OutWeek, June 19, 1990, 35.
111. Baxandall, World Guide, 38, 87–88.
112. Scott Herring, Another Country: Queer Anti-Urbanism (New York: NYU Press, 2010), 68.
113. Blotcher, “Grin and Bare It,” 35.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
116. See Andrea Dworkin, Pornography: Men Possessing Women (New York: Plume, 1979); Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women’s Equality (Minneapolis, MN: Organizing Against Pornography, 1988).
117. Nikki Craft, “Busting Mr. Short-Eyes,” On the Issues: The Progressive Woman’s Quarterly 4 (Winter 1995): 20.
118. Nikki Craft, “Nudism, ‘Naturism,’ & Naturism: A Tainted Heritage,” Clothed with the Sun 6, no. 2 (1986): 76.
119. Ibid., 76.
120. Ibid., 77, 78.
121. Ibid, 78.
122. Lee Baxandall to Ed Lange, December 10, 1987, available online at Nikki Craft’s No Status Quo, http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/NudistHallofShame/lange/BaxLange.html (accessed October 10, 2011).
123. See “Playboy and Naturism,” “Who Pleads for Porn?,” and “Citizen Action against Porn,” in Clothed with the Sun 6, no. 2 (1986): 41–51.
124. Lee Baxandall, “Naturists & The Meese Commission Report,” Clothed with the Sun 6, no. 2 (1986): 37.
125. Baxandall to Lange, December 10, 1987.
126. Lee Baxandall to Arne Erikson, March 23, 1988, available online at Nikki Craft’s No Status Quo, http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/NudistHallofShame/BaxASA.html (accessed October 10, 2011).
127. “Ravings,” Clothed with the Sun 7, no. 1 (1987): 11.
128. “Joining the Fundamentalists,” Clothed with the Sun 7, no. 1 (1987): 12.
129. Nikki Craft, “Feminist Plaintiffs Withdraw from Cape Cod Nudity Case,” Nudist/Naturist Hall of Shame, http://nudisthallofshame.info/Shirtfree3.html (accessed December 21, 2011).
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.
132. Lisbeth Lipari, “Dissention Rips Nudists, Feminists,” Provincetown Advocate, December 22, 1988.
133. Jefferson Poland, “Pedophile Confession,” Nude and Natural 10, no. 1 (1990): 78.
134. Nikki Craft, “Jefferson Clitlick Freedom Poland: Convicted Naturist Pedophile,” Nudist/Naturist Hall of Shame, http://nudisthallofshame.info/Clitlick.html (accessed December 12, 2011).
135. Poland, “Pedophile Confession,” 78.
136. Ibid.
137. Ibid.
138. Ibid.
139. Ibid.
140. Craft, “Jefferson Clitlick Freedom Poland.”
Epilogue
1. Katie Hafner, “The Boys in the Band Are in AARP: It’s a Life of Married Sex, Cholesterol Drugs and Rock ’n’ Roll,” New York Times, June 17, 2007; Jon Pareles, “Simon and Garfunkel, Together Again, but Worn by Time,” New York Times, December 3, 2003.
2. Buck Wolf, “Nude Resorts on a Winning Streak,” ABC News Online, July 11, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/WolfFiles/story?id=2206613.
3. Guy Trebay, “All Undressed and So Many Places to Go,” New York Times, September 2, 2001.
4. John Sikes, Jr., “ASA Becomes American Association for Nude Recreation,” Bulletin 43, no. 8 (1994): A1.
5. AANR, “There’s an (AANR) App for That,” February 2, 2011, http://www.aanr.com/downloads/press/?file=958.
6. Deborah Sullivan Brennan, “The State: Pedestrian Bridge Users Can Be Barefoot—or Bare-Bottomed; A Palm Springs Span Lets Nudist Resort Guests Pass Unseen over Busy Indian Canyon Drive,” Los Angeles Times, February 23, 2003.
7. Evan Perez, “Tourism Expose—Clothing-Optional Resorts Are Taking Off, Targeting Affluent, Au Naturel Crowd,” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2003.
8. Cecilia Rasmussen, “It’s a Wrap for a Rustic, Remote Nudist Refuge,” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2007, 2.
9. Philip Jenkins, Moral Panic: Changing Conceptions of the Child Molester in Modern America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 198.
10. The kidnapping and murder of Polly Klaas from her Petaluma, California, home in 1993 gained national media attention as police and volunteers searched for her body for over two months. The case helped galvanize support for California’s three-strikes law since her killer was on parole at the time of the murder. At the federal level, it also helped the passage of legislation such as Megan’s Law (Sexual Offender Act of 1994), which required persons convicted of sex crimes against children to notify local law enforcement of any changes in their address or employment after release from prison or a psychiatric facility. President Clinton used these incidents to present himself as an advocate for child safety and to guard against attacks on his own moral character.
11. “Transcripts: What’s Wrong with Nude Camps for Teens,” aired June 20, 2003, CNN Online, http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0306/20/se.18.html (accessed June 4, 2012).
12. Gail Sheehy and Judy Bachrach, “Don’t Ask . . . Don’t E-mail,” Vanity Fair, January 2007.
13. Jenkins, Moral Panic, 138.
14. Institute of Global Communications, http://www.igc.org.
15. Nudist/Naturist Hall of Shame home page, http://nudisthallofshame.info.
16. Associated Press, “Child Pornographer at Nudist Camp Sentenced,” ABC News Online, October 24, 2011, http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news/state&id=8403013; “Child Porn Nets Prison Term,” Windsor Star, January 27, 2012, http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=938255c5-31ab-49f9-a8a2-b1bf3fe04d33; “Couple Set Up Nudist Forum Website as Cover for Paedophile Ring, Court Hears,” Mirror Online, Sept
ember 28, 2011, http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/couple-set-up-nudist-forum-273632.