Byzantium, emperor of 220
C
Caesarea 21, 100, 108, 188, 203
Caetani family 210
see Boniface VIII
Cairo, Egypt
origin of 20; created as an administrative capital 50; defences restored 98; proximity to Jerusalem 101; elimination of Fatimids xi, 126, 135; caliphal palace 130, 135; abolition of Ismaili caliphate 146; and Fifth Crusade 178, 180, 181; al-Salih captures 192; and bahriyya 195; Mamluk Sultanate 198–202
Cairo caliphate 127, 222
Calatrava order 217
Caldiran, battle of 229
Calvin, John 268
Camel, battle of the 26, 30
Caoursin, Pierre 216
Capistrano, St John 221
Capitulations 233
Capuano, Peter 172
Castel Sant’ Angelo, Rome 65
Castile, king of 175
Catalonia 217
Cathar heretics 175
Catholic Church 223, 237
Catholicism, Catholics 219, 226
Celestine V, Pope 210
Cenacle, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem 217
Ceuta 226
Châlus castle, near Limoges 164
Champagne, count of 109, 171
chansons de geste 147, 165
Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor 43, 67, 118, 147, 175
Charles, HRH the Prince of Wales xii
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 230, 231, 232
Charles of Anjou 190, 210
Chartres Cathedral xii
Children’s Crusade 177
Chinese army 35
Chinon castle 213
Chinon Parchment 213
Chorlu massacre 220
Christianity
importance of Jerusalem x; variety of opinions within xii; becomes the religion of the Roman Empire 18; and likenesses between monotheisms 37; treatment of Islam 63; the cross as symbol of 75, 272; conversion to 182, 227, 265
Christians 131
Byzantine 5, 6, 32, 267; as dhimmis 6, 55; in Jerusalem 17; allowed freedom of worship by Umar 20; in Cairo 50; forced to wear wooden crosses 57; martyrdom 63; enforced defence of Antioch 86; intermarriage with Franks 112; administrative posts 131; and Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem 144, 145; flight from Jerusalem 185; in Damascus 196; Khadir seizes property 199; destruction of 202–5; Slav 242; exclusion from military service in Israel 252; extremist groups’ interpretation of Scripture 255
Churchill, Winston 246
Cilicia 85, 98
Circassians 207, 229
Cistercians 164
Civitate, battle of 64
Clemenceau, Georges 251
Clement II, pope 63
Clement III, pope 157
Clement V, pope (Bertrand of Got, Archbishop of Bordeaux)
elected 271; and merger of military orders 212; summons James of Molay 212; seeks to rescue Templars 213; calls for crusade at Council of Vienne 214; suppresses Templars 214; aids Hospitallers to take Rhodes 215; bullied by Philip the Fair 211, 214; see Boniface VIII
Clovis, king of the Franks 64
Cluny, abbey of, Burgundy, France 62, 63, 71, 72
Cologne 64, 79
Coloman, King 79
Colonna, Sciarra 211
Colonna family 210
Companions, the (later known as the Emigrants)
early converts 2; emigrate to Medina 4; and election of the Caliph 11–12; in massacre at Yamamah 12; and election of Uthman 22–3; early Companion protests 24; Companions to be venerated 51; cursing of, by al-Hakim 57; early Companions discovered by Mehmed II 224
conquistadors 218–19
Conrad, king of the Romans 118, 119, 121
Conrad IV of Jerusalem 183, 189
Conrad of Montferrat
journeys to Acre 144; revives settlers in Tyre 144; beats off Saladin 152; rejects Guy of Lusignan 152–3, 158; marries Isabella 161; assassinated 169
Constance, Queen of Sicily 175
Constance of Antioch 125
Constantine, Algeria 239
Constantine, Emperor 18, 58
Constantine XI, Byzantine Emperor 223
Constantinople (later Istanbul) 118, 234
and Byzantine Trinitarian doctrine 14; Heraclius retreats home to 15; blockaded by Yazid 29; People’s Crusade army 79; start of First Crusade 81; captured by Fourth Crusade 89, 173, 221, 238; Palaeologi take over 221; captured by Ottomans 207, 216, 223–6; isolation of 220; Mehmed II builds up and renames 224; Renaissance centre of learning 232; capital moved to Ankara 249, 253–4
Cook, John Mason 245
Coptic Church 20
Coptic Monophysites 14, 20, 36
Copts 58
Cordoba 218
Cortés, Hernán 219
Council of Clermont 72–4
Council of Piacenza 71–2, 81
Courtois, Eugène-Henri 239
Crete 29, 157
Crimean Tartars 248
Crimean War 246–8
Crusade for Temperance 268
Crusader States of Outremer 85, 101, 102–3, 104–115, 132, 138, 139, 201, 204, 239, 240
County of Edessa 101; Principality of Antioch 101, 153; County of Tripoli 99, 101, 109, 110, 125, 166; Kingdom of Jerusalem 101, 104–7; defence 108–11; settlement 111–13; the fatal flaw 113–15; Acre as its capital 168; destroyed by the Mamluks 182; field army defeated 185
Ctesiphon 22
Cyprus 157–8, 161, 164, 168, 186, 207, 212, 215, 233, 243
Cyrus, Byzantine patriarch 20
D
da Gama, Vasco 233
Daibert of Pisa 100
dais (Fatimid missionaries) 48, 50
Damascus, Syria 41, 101, 102, 117, 137, 168
Abu Bakr’s armies lay siege to 14; Muawiya’s power base 28; caliphal capital 31–2; attacked in Second Crusade 119, 120–22; Nur al-Din’s objective 123; fall of 124, 126; hospital 130; surrenders to Saladin 136; Saladin’s death 164; surrender to Mongols 196; and Ghazan 212; Saladin’s tomb 245
Damietta 132, 177–81, 187, 188
Chain Tower 178
Dandolo, Doge of Venice 169, 170, 171–2
Daniel 16
Danishmends 83
Dante Alighieri 240
Dathin, battle of 14, 19
David, King 106, 197
‘David of the Indies, King’ 180, 181
Dayan, Moshe 252
Denis, St 118
Derah 250
Desiderius, Peter 93
Devonshire, duchess of 259
devshirme (military levy) 234
dhimmis (Peoples of the Book) 6, 7, 31, 34, 40, 55, 107, 112, 225, 249
Diderot 237
Digby, Kenelm: The Broad Stone of Honour 241
Dirgham 133
Divine Right of Kings 268
diwan system (pensioning warriors) 20, 24
Dog river 100
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
and Mount Moriah 18; shrine by Abd al-Malik 33; believed by crusaders to be Solomon’s Temple 105; grille at entrance 105; cross removed by Saladin 145; and Frederick II 184; restored by Baybars 202; and Ablutions Tower 208; preserved by Moshe Dayan 252
Dominic, St 177
Dominican order 177, 190, 191, 211
Dore, Gustave 94, 238
Doria, Admiral Roger 230
Dorylaeum 83, 119
Dowding, Lord 251
Druze 58, 251
Duqaq, atabeg of Damascus 87
E
Eastern Churches 104, 217
Eastern Question 248
Ecry-sur-Aisne, near Rheims 171
Edessa 85, 88, 91, 97, 100, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122
Edirne (previously Adrianople) 220, 228
Edward, Lord 190, 205
as Edward I, King of England 209, 211, 266
Edward III, King of England 216
Edward VII, King of England 259
Egypt
Muslim capture of 19–20; Uthman killed by Egyptian rebels 25; becomes a
new centre of Muslim power 45; Jawhar’s successful attack 49–50; Baldwin’s plan to destabilise 101, 125; Fatimid lands 127; Amalric forced to withdraw 132; and Palestine 162; importance in conquest of Jerusalem 164, 167, 170; in Fourth Crusade 171, 172, 173–4; fall of 229; Napoleon’s dash to 258; the veil in 255
Eighth Crusade 190
Eleanor of Aquitaine
married to Louis VII 119; stays with Louis at Antioch 119; marriage annulled 148; marries Henry II 148–9; incites rebellion against him 149; put in custody 150; gives falcon to Richard Lionheart 150; escorts Berengaria of Navarre to Sicily 157
Eleanor of Provence 205
Elizabeth I, Queen 231
Ellenblum, Ronnie 111–12, 113
Emich, Count 79
Emigrants (previously known as the Companions) 11, 21, 24, 128
End of Time 47, 146, 157
England 77, 148, 163, 253, 272
attitude to Richard Lionheart 151, 164; crusade levies in 186; and restraints on dictatorship 208; effects of Hundred Years War 216; and Jacobites 237; and revival of Hospitallers 259; changing Victorian views of Richard 241; see also Britain, Edward I, Edward III
Enlightenment 237, 238, 241, 274
Enver Pasha 246
Epiphany procession 57
Eraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem 144
Erdmann, Carl 70
Erlembald (street fighter) 65
Eschiva (Raymond of Tripoli’s wife) 141
Eugenius III, pope 118, 222–3
Euphrates river 13, 15, 27, 41, 117, 200
Excalibur 156
F
Faisal, King 249, 250, 251
Fashoda, Sudan 249
Fatih mosque, Istanbul 224
Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter) 3, 41, 48, 49, 51
Fatimid Caliphate xi, 101
origins 48–51; and Kilij Arslan 53; al-Hakim 56; aids rebuilding of Church of Holy Sepulchre 60; corruption of 81; hopes for crusader help 83, 88; replaces Ortoqids at Jerusalem 88; feared by Crusaders 92, 94, 95; resists attacks on Ascalon 98–9, 100; weakened by deaths 102; target for Nur al-Din 126–8, 131; decadence 130–31, 134; eliminated by Saladin 135
female infanticide 1, 21
Ferdinand III of Castile, St 191, 217–18
Ferdinand of Aragon 226, 228
Fertile Crescent 16
Field of Blood 111
Fifth Crusade
preparations 174–7, 183; the expeditions and their fate 177–81, 187
Filangieri, Richard 184, 185
First Crusade 59, 69, 118, 119, 164, 175, 270
themes of 66; Urban calls the crusade to Jerusalem 63, 70–71, 73; cavalry-led expedition 62; symbols of 74–5; charters issued by arms-bearers 75–6; number of crusaders 76–7, 92; financial costs 77; start of journey 60, 81; battles with the atabegs 81–5; siege of Antioch 85–92, 203; Jerusalem 92–5, 262, 263; massacre in Jerusalem 95–8; Ascalon and the aftermath of the Crusade 98–103; creates a link between crusade and jihad 102
First World War 158, 245, 246, 248–50, 271
Western Front 246, 249
Firuz (a non-Muslim defender in Antioch) 88
Flanders, count of 77
Fleury on the Loire monastery 61
Florence 64
Forbelet 139
Fort St Elmo, Valletta, Malta 231
Fort Sant’ Angelo, Malta 261
Fourth Crusade 89, 169–74, 221
Fourth Lateran Council 174, 175
France 34, 71, 112, 149, 170, 186, 190, 217, 243, 272
inner disorders 67–8; and counter-reaction through Peace movement 68; preaching of Urban II 72, 77; and Compostela pilgrimage 61–2; role in growth of military orders 109; kings’ attitudes to pope’s crusading appeals 77, 150–51, 159, 186–90, 210–15; French contingents in Third Crusade 159, 162; distracted through Avignonese Papacy 215; and Hundred Years War 216; Francis I avoids helping Hungary against Ottoman attack 230; Enlightenment enemy of crusading 237; and hostile reaction of Michaud 238–9; Napoleon III 246–8; and Lavigerie 260–61; effects on Islamic world of Napoleon in Egypt 253; and of F. Georges-Picot 250; Clemenceau manipulates Mandate in Syria and Lebanon 251; southern France raided by Muslims 34; and tensions between Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine 119; leper conspiracy in 215
France, John 60, 66–7, 92, 94
Francis I, King of France 230, 233
Francis of Assisi, St 177, 178–9
Franciscan order 52, 177, 217, 218
Franks
jihad against 103, 120, 122–3, 125, 126, 127, 137, 146, 168; intermarriage with Eastern Christians 113; massacred at Edessa 116; truce with Nur al-Din 136; defence of Tyre 152; war-chargers 160
Frederick, archbishop of Tyre 110
Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor (Frederick of Swabia) 118, 154–5, 166, 170, 244, 245
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 174–5, 180, 183–4, 189, 210, 244, 245
Frederick VI of Swabia 155
French army 194, 210
French Revolution 237, 238, 247, 258
French Romanesque 106
Frisians 178
Frogmore 241
Fulcher of Chartres 97
Fulk V, Count of Anjou, King of Jerusalem 106, 111, 114, 122, 132, 148
Fulk of Villaret 215
furusiyya 193
Fustat, Egypt 20, 24, 50, 57, 135
G
Gabriel, Archangel 2, 19, 106
Galilee 113, 140, 185
Gallipoli 220, 246, 248, 249
Gandhi, Mahatma M. K. 254
‘garden of death’ 13
Gascons 211
Gaza 19, 144
Genghiz Khan 181–2, 195, 222
Genoa 61, 170
Genoese 86, 90–91, 92, 108, 188, 201, 215, 226
Geoffrey (brother of Guy of Lusignan) 153
Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 150
Geoffrey de Sergines 189
Geoffrey of Charnay 214
Georges-Picot, François 250
Georgia 168, 232
Gerald of Wales 74, 150
Gerard of Ridefort 140, 141, 143, 153
German Empire 227
German Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem 245
German-Danish War 259
Gesta Francorum 96, 264
Ghadir Khumm oasis 10, 27
Ghazan, Mongol Ilkahn of Persia 212
ghazis (Muslim fighters against non-Muslims) 219, 224, 236
al-Ghazzali 53–4
Ghazznavid dynasty 14, 253
Gibbon, Edward 240–41
Gisors, Normandy 151
Glaber, Raoul 60, 151
Gladstone, W. E. 244
Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East 242–3
Glanvill, Ranulf 151, 158
Gnosticism 272
Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 90, 93, 94, 96, 98–101, 185, 266
Golan Heights 15
Golden Horde 200
Gordon, General 253
Gospels 7, 107, 218, 237, 274
Gottschalk (a sub-leader of the People’s Crusade) 79
Granada 226
Great Exhibition 241
Great Mosque, Damascus 120, 122, 128, 266
Great Occultation 47
Great Schism 211, 215, 222
Greco-Turkish war 248
Greek Orthodox Church 13, 221
Gregorianism 71
Gregory IX, pope 183, 184
Gregory VII, pope 64–6, 70, 71, 72, 77, 173, 176, 267
Gregory X, pope (Teodaldo Visconti) 190, 191
Gui, Bernard 215
Guiscard, Robert 80
Güllen, Muhammed Fathullah 270
Gunther, bishop of Bamberg 61
Guy (half-brother of Bohemond) 87
Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem bailli to Baldwin the Leper 141; chosen as husband by Sibylla and crowned 139–40; relationship to Raymond of Tripoli, and reconciliation 140–41; influenced by Gerard of Ridefort 115
, 141; tactics at Hattin 141–3; attempts to induce Ascalon to surrender 143; released by Saladin and breaks oath 153; conflict with Conrad of Montferrat 153–4; besieges Acre 166–7; granted lordship of Cyprus by Richard 114–15, 158, 161; see Baldwin II, Aimery
H
Habsburgs 230, 234, 268
hadith 37, 43, 44, 46, 52, 269
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople 64, 224
hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) 9, 10, 14, 32, 41, 43, 49, 125, 202
al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 32, 34, 35
al-Hakim, Fatimid caliph 251
al-Hakim bi-amr Allah 55–9, 60, 61
al-Hallaj 46
Hanbal, Ahmed ibn 44, 45, 236
ul-Haq, Zia 254
al-Haqqani, Nizam 274
Haram al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary of the Muslims), Jerusalem 18, 110
haram (pagan sanctuary) 1–2
Harem, Syria 86
Harim 123, 125, 137
Harra, battle of the 30, 31
Harun al-Rashid 43
Hasan (Shiite imam) 42
Hasan i-Sabah, Grand Master of Assassins 81
Hashemites 2
Hattin, battle of 140–45, 147, 152, 158, 165
Hauran 123
Hebrew Scriptures 7, 37
Hebron 105
Helena, St 13
Helpers of Medina 12, 16, 21–6, 29
Henry I of Cyprus 184
Henry II of Cyprus 206
Henry II, King of England 140, 141, 148–9, 150, 151, 155
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 63, 65, 68
Henry III, King of England 185, 186, 187, 190, 205
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 65, 70, 71, 77
Henry IV, King of England 227
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 163, 170, 175, 176
Henry of Champagne 161, 168
Henry the Young King 149, 150
Heraclea 84, 85
Heraclius, Byzantine Emperor 5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 20
Hermann of Salza 227
Herod the Great 18
Herod’s Temple, Jerusalem 267
Herzl, Theodor 248
Hesychasm 221
Hetum of Armenia 198
hijab 255, 272
Hijaz, Western Arabia 2, 32, 52
railway 249, 250
Hillary, Sir Richard 258, 259
hilm 28
Hindus 34
Hira, Iraq 2, 16, 22
battle of 15–16
Hirsau abbey, Black Forest 62
Hisham 39
Hodierna (daughter of Baldwin II) 115
Hohenstaufen dynasty 174, 176, 183
see Frederick II
Holpesch, Grand Master Ferdinand von 257, 258, 259
Holy Lance 89, 91
Holy Places 78, 184, 202, 246, 247, 248
Holy Roman Empire 268
Holy Sepulchre, Church of the, Jerusalem 13, 17, 18, 57–61, 78, 96, 100, 101, 105–6, 113, 145, 150–51, I75, 176, 184, 185–6, 217, 226, 237, 245, 246–8
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