Armies of Heaven

by Jay Rubenstein

misconceptions about

  and Nicea

  See also Seljuk Turks

  II Thessalonians

  Urban II,

  and Adhémar

  and Alexius II,

  and Antichrist

  and Chosen People

  and Christian identity

  and Clermont, sermon at

  and Council of Clermont

  and crusade indulgence

  death of

  and monks

  and Otbert of Liège

  preaching itinerary of(map)

  problems of

  and Raymond of Saint-Gilles

  recruitment campaign of

  and visions, radical

  Ursinus

  Violence

  against Jews

  against Muslims

  of siege warfare

  See also Brutality

  Visionaries

  new

  radical

  See also Peter Bartholomew; Peter the Hermit; Stephen of Valence

  Visions

  at Antioch

  and army

  of the Cross

  of crusade army

  of Godfrey, as ruler of Jerusalem

  of Holy Lance

  and Jerusalem

  and popular crusade

  radical

  See also under Peter Bartholomew; under Peter the Hermit; Signs; under Stephen of Valence

  Walo of Chaumont-en-vexin

  Walter of Breteuil

  Walter of Poissy

  Walter of Sansavoir

  army of

  Waltheof (earl)

  Warhorses

  Warriors

  and code of conduct

  and combat fatigue

  and stipends, military

  See also Army

  Water, scarcity of

  Weaponry. See also Army

  West, vs. East

  Western culture

  Whalen, Brett Edward

  White horse, apocalyptic rider on

  Wibert (archbishop of Ravenna). See Clement III

  William Badboy

  William (bishop of Orange)

  William Goodson

  William Hugh of Monteil

  William II (king of England)

  William of Malmesbury

  William of Normandy

  William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy)

  Winemer

  Woman clad in the sun, plate 10

  Women

  Xerigordos

  Yaghi-Siyan

  and Antioch, truce at

  and Antioch, truce at, failure of

  and Antioch, victory at

  and Orontes River battle

  and relief army

  and religious buildings, defacing of

  Zemun

  Copyright © 2011 by Jay Rubenstein

  Published by Basic Books,

  A Member of the Perseus Books Group

  All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books, 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-8810.

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  Maps courtesy of the University of Tennessee Cartographic Services Laboratory, Will Fontanez, cartographer.

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Rubenstein, Jay, 1967–

  Armies of heaven : the first crusade and the quest for apocalypse / Jay Rubenstein. —1st ed,

  p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

  eISBN : 978-0-465-02748-4

  D161.2.R73 2011

  940.1’8—dc22

  2011004195