Empress
Page 30
Bust, 23
Camp of Good Fortune (Mu’askar-i Iqbal). See Mu’askar-i Iqbal (Camp of Good Fortune)
caravans, 22, 23–24
Chagatai Muslims, 138
Chahardara, 160
chauchalas, 70
China, 15
Chingiz (Genghis) Khan, 1, 89, 222
Chingiz hatli, 211
chirbeha, 62
Chishti, Salim, 32–33
Chiterin (Lady artist and her model), 271–272n, 282n
Chittagong, Bengal, 69
Chitta Pani, 210
coins, struck with Mughal names, 143–144, 159, 186, 216, 218
comet, 14
Coming of Age in Nineteenth-Century India: The Girl-Child and the Art of Playfulness, 247–248
cousin marriages, 168
Dai Dilaram, 25, 48, 60, 67–68, 72–74, 79, 92, 112, 137–141, 170, 237–238, 276n
Dal Lake, 158, 160, 161
Damodar River, 69, 70
Daniyal, 35, 76
Dara Shukoh, 191
darshan, 151, 261n
Dawar Bakhsh, 181, 210, 238
execution of, 215–216
proclaimed Mughal king, 213–214
as puppet king, 213–215
travels to Kashmir, 208
Deccan, 18, 76, 124–125, 137, 182, 187, 189, 191, 202–203, 209, 283n
campaigns in, 125–127, 131–135, 136, 156, 163–165, 172, 174, 177–179, 283n, 284n
troubles escalating in, 156, 193–194
De Goes, Bento, 24, 259n
Delhi, India, 7, 31, 88, 155
Della Valle, Pietro, The Travels of Pietro Della Valle in India, 164
Dhaka, Bengal, 69
Dholpur, 178
Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World, 247
Dow, Alexander, 27–28
History of Hindostan, 27–28, 65–66
Draupadi, 52
Dürer, Albrecht, 26, 145
Durga, 73
Dutch East India Company, 86, 118
Elephant Gate (Hathi Pol), 95
elephants, 2–4, 33, 155, 156, 157, 193, 194
Elizabeth of England, 83
Elliot, H. M., 287n
Elphinstone, Mountstuart, History of India, 66
emperor, ritual weighing of, 109–110
Esan Dawlat Begim, 141
Faqirpur, Bengal, 69
Farid Bhakkari, 107–108, 112, 119, 152, 171, 179–180, 184, 201, 211–212, 238, 256–257n
Dhakhiratul Khawanin, 285n
farmans, 141, 142
Fatehpur-Sikri, 14, 30, 32–33, 34–39, 42–44, 49–50, 121, 151, 183, 187, 261n
Fath Gaj, 106
Fath-jang, 263–264n
fathnama, 249
feminist viewpoint, 247, 249
Fidai Khan, 182, 200
filuniya, 116
Firdausi, Shahnama (Book of Kings), 46, 263n
fitna, 177–191, 207, 215, 284n
foster brothers, 86
gaind-gitta, 5
Galen, Claudius, 172
Gandhi, Indira, 8
Ganesha, 73
Ganga River, 40, 68, 173, 189
Ghiyas Beg, 39, 43–59, 98, 110, 113, 123–125, 127, 136, 156–157, 160, 164–165, 224, 238–239
in Agra, 50
Ali Quli and, 63–64
Asmat’s death and, 173
audience with Akbar, 35–37, 261–262n
background of, 256–257n
birth of Mihr un-Nisa and, 22–28
clan of, 168
death of, 174–175, 177, 180
Deccan problem and, 156
as diwan, 36, 49, 108, 265n
expressive inheritance of, 53–54
in Fatehpur-Sikri, 32–33, 34–37, 38, 45
given employment by Grand Mughal, 36–37
as governor of Lahore, 109
granted tuman tugh, 124
I’timad ud-Daula’s Tomb, 175–176
Jahangir and, 102
in Kangra, 174
Ladli’s wedding and, 168, 169, 170
in Lahore, 29–32
left in charge of Agra Fort, 88
Mihr un-Nisa’s first marriage and, 61
passage from Persia to Al-Hind, 15–19, 256n
permits Ladli to marry Shahryar, 164–165
released from prison, 92–93
religion and, 254–255n
rises to prominence, 112
settles in India, 29–37
complicity in plot against Jahangir, 89–90
titles and ranks of, 85, 102, 109, 124, 262n
travels to Kashmir, 153–157
upbringing of children, 56–59
gift exchanges, 106, 168
girls, education of, 51–52, 54–56
Godavari River, 76
Grand Trunk Road, 67, 148, 166
Great Comet, 14–15. See also Zu-Zanab
Great Mughals. See Mughal rulers
Great Salt Desert, 23
Gujarat, sultanate of, 12, 39, 40, 140, 144, 181
Gulbadan Banu Begum, 38–39, 41–42, 56, 80, 99, 101, 114, 203, 239, 247–248, 282n
hadith, 55–56
Hafiz, 31, 52, 116–117
Haidar Malik Chadurah, 90–91, 92, 160, 269n
Hakim Arif, 53
Hakim Humam, 116
Hakim Khan, 59
Hakim Ruhullah, 172
Hakim Rukna, 172
Hakim Sadra, 172
Hall of Public Audience, 215, 216
Hamideh Banu Begum, 39, 41–42, 80, 141, 239
hammams, 18, 70, 167
Hamzanama, 43
Hamzeh, 43
Hardwar, 173–174
harems, 10–13, 39–42, 45, 95–98, 99, 101, 109–110, 122, 137–138, 157, 189, 276n, 280n
allowances given to harem women, 137
in Mu’askar-i Iqbal, 104, 105–107
Nur Jahan leaves harem, 219–220
rivalries in, 115
widowed Nur Jahan sent to harem, 92, 95–98, 101, 102
Hari Parbat, 158–159
Hari Rud River, 23
Harkha, 32–33, 98–99, 105, 109, 112, 125–126, 137, 141, 151, 153–157, 168, 170, 225
Hasan Abdal, 156–157
Hasan Sijzi, 31–32
Hastgari, 62
havelis, 47–48, 49–50, 70
Hawkins, William, 100
Heart-Contenting Garden, 213, 218–219
Heer, 5
Heer-Ranjha, 5
Helmand River, 24
henna party, 168–169
Herat, Persia, 15–16, 23
Trismegistus, Hermes, 43
Himalayan region, 76, 155, 163, 173
Hindavi, 48, 74
Hinduism, 42, 73, 128, 174
Hindu ascetism, 11–12
Hindu deities, 1, 73
Hindu Rajputs, 42–43, 138
Hindustan. See India
Hoshyar Khan, 204
hukm, 141, 142
Hulhul Anika, 99
Humayun, 19, 77, 83, 84, 114, 116, 155
hunting, 128–130, 210–211
Husain, martyrdom of, 51
Husaini, 287n
‘Ibn al-Arabi, 42
Ibrahim (in Quran), 50
Ibrahim Khan (brother of Mihr un-Nisa), 46, 57, 58, 109, 263–264n
‘Id, 50
‘Id-gah, 50
Illuminists, 43
Imam Quli, 171
India, 11, 19, 29–37
Hindu social rituals, 57
languages spoken in, 31–32
Persian migrants to, 18–19, 22
plural culture of, 11–12
tolerance in, 18
Indian Muslims, 79, 138
Indian ports, 258n
Indo-Persian culture, 31–32
Indus River, 11, 29, 201
Irano-centrism, 258–259n
Islam, 42, 43–45, 254–255n, 257–258n
Islamic history, women in, 222
Islamic law, 185
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Islamic sovereignty, official signs of, 143
Isma’il, 17, 50, 257–258n
Isma’il II, 16–17, 62, 222, 254–255n
I’timad ud-Daula’s Tomb, 175–176
Itiqad Khan, 263–264n. See also Asaf Khan
‘itr-i-Jahangiri (Jahangir’s perfume), 111, 273n
Jadrup, 127–128, 132, 154–155, 239–240, 283n
Jadu, 139
Jafar Beg, 61
Jagat Gosain, 99, 100, 106, 113, 114–115, 136, 149, 151, 162, 240
jagir, 70–71, 131, 132
jagirdars, 70–71, 193, 203
Jahanara Begum, 143, 224–225
Jahangir (Prince Salim), 1–7, 16, 32–35, 43, 54, 72, 76, 123, 129, 138, 144, 240, 250. See also Jahangirnama (The memoirs of Jahangir)
accession to the throne, 83, 84–85
accompanies Akbar to Punjab, 115–116
alcohol and, 10, 116–119, 172, 220–221, 223
Ali Quli and, 75
assumes title Nur ad-Din Jahangir, 83
becomes fourth Mughal emperor, 83
birth of, 99, 146
birth of fourth son, 85
chosen as Akbar’s successor, 81, 83
confrontation of Shah Jahan, 187–191
court in Allahabad, 78–80
courtly activities of, 132
death of, 8, 211–221
distrust of Ali Quli, 84
education of, 57–58
expectations for Khurram, 112
first marriage of, 100
funeral and burial of, 213–214
Ghiyas Beg’s death and, 174–175
health issues of, 163–165, 171, 172–173, 178, 179, 187, 209–210
interactions with Mihr un-Nisa’s family, 101–102
insurgency of, 78–81
in Kabul, 194–195
Kandahar campaign and, 180–181
in Kangra, 174
Khurram and, 106, 178–191
kidnapping and rescue of, 8, 192–207
kingship style of, 119–120, 223
Ladli’s wedding and, 168, 169, 170
laments death of wife Man Bai, 87–88
leads Mughal forces against Rajput state of Mewar, 78
Mahabat Khan and, 181–182
marriage to Mihr un-Nisa (Nur Jahan), 7, 9, 101, 102–103, 122
messages to Nur Jahan during kidnapping, 198
mobility of his court, 121–123
in Mu’askar-i Iqbal, 104–105
Nur Jahan as co-sovereign, 185–186
observations of nature, 144
opium and, 10, 116, 119, 209
orders Nur Mahal Begum be called Nur Jahan Begum, 123–124, 234
paintings of, 223–224
palace gardens and, 166
passion for Mihr un-Nisa, 84, 91–92
penchant for itinerant life, 12–13
plot to assassinate, 89–90
portraits of, 289n
pursuit of Mihr un-Nisa, 65–67
pursuit of philosophic questions, 144
rebelliousness of, 78, 80
recklessness of, 81, 83
returns to Lahore, 207, 210
romance with Nur Jahan, 6–7, 9, 10
royal names given and, 123–124
self-named Nur ad-Din, Light of Faith, 159
state power and, 155–156
story of how he met Nur Jahan, 6–7
strengths and weaknesses of, 12
succession of, 125, 131, 135–136, 153, 163–165, 177–178, 183–184, 211–221
terminology for, 234
territorial consolidation and, 155–156
tomb of, 218–219, 288n
traits of, 84
travels of, 153–163, 192, 208, 250
wives of (other than Nur Jahan), 99–100, 270–271n
Jahangir and Prince Khurram Entertained by Nur Jahan, 135–136
Jahangiri Mahal, 95–98
Jahangirnama (The memoirs of Jahan gir), 3, 100–103, 108, 110–111, 114–115, 121, 144–145, 150–153, 173–175, 181–186, 217–218, 248–250
on Aqayan, 276n
asks Ghiyas to permit Ladli to marry Shahryar, 164–165
on Asmat Begum’s death, 173
first entry about Nur Jahan in, 128–129
frontispiece of, 145
on Ghiyas Beg’s death, 174–175
Islam in, 153
on ‘itr-i-Jahangiri (Jahangir’s perfume), 111, 271n
Jagat Gosain’s death in, 151
Khurram and, 287n
on Khusraw, 269n
on loss at Kandahar, 186
on Mandu, 132–133
Mu’tamad Khan and, 151–152, 181–182
Nur Jahan’s illness in, 150–151
on painting, 147
on portrait of Nur Jahan, 276
on Shah Jahan’s rebellion, 183–184
travels in, 250
travels to Kashmir in, 160
on wedding of Ladli and Shahryar, 267n, 271n
Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Akbar (Akbar), 4, 11–13, 22, 32, 38, 65–67, 80, 220, 223, 236, 249
audiences given by, 33–37, 261–262n
birth of, 19, 146
as boy-king, 83
court of, 30, 45, 261n
dar-al-aman, 19
darshan and, 151
death of, 81, 83, 84, 91
Deccan Plateau and, 124–125
expansion of Mughal Empire, 76
Hindu and Muslim wives of, 40
illiteracy of, 43
illness of, 76
Islam and, 43–45
kingship style of, 119, 223
marriage to Salimeh Begum, 62–63
Neo-Platonism and, 43, 123
political networks and expansion of territory, 40
portraits of, 224
provincial governors and, 71
religion and, 42–45, 152–153
royal names and, 123
Salim and, 57–58, 76–81, 89, 179
succession of, 76–78, 81, 85, 87
tax demands on nobles, 79
tolerance, 42, 45
tomb of, 94
“Universal Peace” philosophy, 42–43
Zu-Zanab comet and, 14–15
Jalandhar, 148
Jami Mosque, 33, 49
Jamkura Diamond, 137
Jamuna River, 175
Jats, 281n
Jaunpur, 81, 83
Jawahir Khan, 184, 193, 200
Jesuits, 12, 24, 40, 79, 176, 259n
Jewel Box, 175–176
jharokha, 4, 33–34, 151–152, 279n
Jhelum River, 192
Jodha Bai, 67
Jotik Rai, 15, 162, 173
kabayas, 72
Kabul, 76, 89, 153, 181, 192, 194–195, 202, 203, 204
Kali, 73
Kamgar Husaini, Maathir-i Jahangiri, 217
Kandahar, 7, 15, 23–26, 29, 76, 171, 178–183, 186–187
Kangra, 163, 174, 183
Karnal, 88
Kashmir, 79, 109, 153–163, 173, 189, 191, 208–210, 211, 224
Kepler, Johannes, 14
Khadija, 46, 58–59, 170
Khafi Khan, 16, 22, 26–27, 34, 36, 65, 114–115, 241, 249–250
Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, 273n
Khandesh, 182–183, 187
Khan-i Abdul Jahan Lodi, 184, 186, 194
Khidmatparast Khan, 197
Khizri, 127
Khurasanis, 138
Khurasan province, Persia, 15
Khurram (Shah Jahan), 96–98, 100–102, 108, 110, 115, 118, 151, 161, 203, 224, 245, 250, 261n, 280–284n
accession to the throne, 216
agrees to surrender, 191
arrival in Allahabad and Banaras, 285n
becomes Emperor Shah Jahan, 115, 135–137
belligerent behavior toward Nur Jahan, 178–179, 181–182, 185–186, 219–220
capture of Kangra fort, 174
claim on succession, 131, 135–136
coins, str
uck with monarch’s names, 216
confrontation with Jahangir, 187–188, 189–191
in Deccan, 125–126, 131, 132–135, 210
Deccan campaign and, 163, 165, 177–179, 283n, 284n
Deccan problem and, 156
imperial ambitions of, 177, 178
involvement in production of texts, 287n
Jahangir’s death and succession of, 211–216
Khusraw’s death and, 177–178
Ladli’s marriage and, 171
in Mewar, 106, 112, 113, 125
at Mu’askar-i Iqbal, 106–107
as prospective husband for Ladli, 162–165
revolt of, 178–191, 206, 208–209
Taj Majal and, 166
travels to Kashmir, 153–157
“unique place in history,” 217–218
victory at kangra, 163
withdraws coins of Nur Jahan and Jahangir, 218
Khusraw, 31–32, 77–78, 81, 85, 97, 108, 136, 156, 181, 203, 210–212, 241
death of, 177–178
in Deccan, 164, 177–178
flees Agra Fort, 86–87
governorship of Bengal, 85
house arrest, 86, 125–126
illness of, 174
in Lahore, 88–89
life spared by Jahangir, 89
reconciliation with Jahangir, 153
revolt of, 85, 87–90, 100–102, 112–113, 119, 121–122, 179, 269n
travels to Kashmir, 153–154
khutba, 143, 152, 213, 215
Khwaja Jahan Kabuli, 122
Khwaja Khizr, 127
khyat, 65
Khyber Pass, 29
Koch, Ebba, 279n, 282n
kokas, 86
Krishna, 1, 73
Kunti, 42–43
Ladli Begum, 73–75, 92, 95, 101, 131, 184, 210, 214, 241, 267n, 271n
appearance of, 169
in Kabul, 194–195
marriage to Shahryar, 162–165, 178
pregnancy of, 179
travels to Kashmir, 208
wedding to Shahryar, 166–171, 282n
Lahore, 6–7, 29–32, 50, 86–88, 109, 121, 163–164, 181, 195, 204, 208, 210, 214
Begum Shahi mosque in, 225
Jahangir and Nur Jahan’s return to after kidnapping, 207
Persian migrants in, 31
Lakshmi, 73
Lasa, 127
Latif, Muhammad, History of the Panjab, 66, 84, 91
Layla, 144
Light-Scattering Garden, 160, 166–176. See also Ram Bagh
Mahabat Khan (Zamana Beg), 138, 153–154, 157, 209, 217, 242, 284n, 286n
ambitions of, 202
appointed governor of Bengal, 193
arrest of his son-in-law, 194–195
Khurram and, 181–182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 216
marriage of his daughter without Jahangir’s blessing, 194
revolt against Jahangir, 192–207
takes charge of Mughal affairs, 203
Mahabharata, 42–43, 52
Maharani (Queen of Queens), 5–6
Mahdi, 44
Majnun, 108, 144
Makhfi, 111–112, 273n
Malik Ambar, 124–125, 132, 133–134, 156, 182, 189, 193–194, 203