Empress
Page 31
Malik Masud, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 34, 36
Malik us-Shu’ara, 160
Malwa, 127, 132, 133, 150
Manasa, 73
Man Bai, 87–88, 99, 100, 102, 271n
Mandu, 132–133, 134, 187
Manija, 46, 58–59, 170
Manrique, Sebastien, 68
Manucci, Niccolao, 25–26, 28, 242, 259n
Storia Do Mogor (History of the Mughals), 26, 117–118, 259n
mardana, 47
Martins, Thomazia, 118
masnavi, 201
Mathura, 1–2, 86, 154–155
matriarchs, 141, 146, 219–220, 222
Maulana Muhammad Husain Azad, 7
Mecca, 38–39, 41–42
Meena Bazaar, 7
Mewar, 78, 106, 112, 113, 119, 121, 122, 125–126, 127, 183, 224
Mewat, 195
Mihr un-Nisa. See Nur Jahan (née Mihr un-Nisa)
Mirza Abul-Hasan. See Asaf Khan
Mirza Nathan, 267n
Mongols, 129
Monserrate, Antonio, 40
Mu’askar-i Iqbal (Camp of Good Fortune), 104–107, 113, 122–123, 126–128, 131–132, 138, 173
Mughal Army, 62, 63, 78, 125, 180
Mughal art, 79, 144–147, 151, 223–224, 271–272n, 276n, 278n, 279n, 281n, 289n
Mughal courts, Persians in, 19
Mughal Empire, 6, 19, 29, 82
dominion of, 83–84
expansion of, 76
social history of, 10–11
trade and travel routes in, 20–21
Mughal rulers, 1, 4, 8–9, 16, 19, 26, 168, 183–184
education of, 57–58
formal rites for princes entering adulthood, 170
Kandahar and, 180
marriages of, 170, 282n
names and, 159
official titles for, 234
privileges of, 143, 152
sons’ rebellions against fathers, 183–184
ulema and, 151–153
Mughal women, 4, 6, 8, 10–11, 37–42, 143, 148, 248
biographies of, 254n
edicts issued by, 141–142
paintings of, 145–146
power and, 113, 185–186
sequestering of, 4, 122
Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan (Muhammad Hadi), 103, 199, 201, 206, 214, 216, 242, 248–249, 285n, 286n
Muhammad Salih Kanbo, 218
Muhammad Sharif (brother of Nur Jahan), 46, 53, 57, 58, 89–90, 102, 263–264n
Muharram, 50–51
Mulla Kami Shirazi, 198
“Fathnama-i Nur Jahan Begum” (Chronicle of the victory of Nur Jahan Begum), 201
victory poem by, 207
Waqi’at uz-zaman, 201
Mulla Shah, 224
Multan, 62
Mumtaz Mahal. See Arjumand Banu (Mumtaz Mahal)
Mundy, Peter, 9
Muqarrab Khan, 144, 197
Murad, 211
Murad (third son of Akbar), 35, 39, 76
Musée Guimet, 223–224
Mu’tamad Khan, 151–152, 156, 157–158, 159, 181–182, 196–197, 199–200, 201, 212, 213, 214, 243
Iqbalnama-i Jahangiri, 211, 217, 248–249, 285n
Maathir-ul-Umara, 265n
Nadim, 184, 199, 200
Nadira Banu, 143, 145
names, royal, 123–124, 159
Nasir al-Din Tusi, Akhlaq-i Nasiri
(Nasirean ethics), 53, 54–55
Nauruz, 51
Neo-Platonism, 43, 123, 159
nishan, 141, 142
Nizami of Ganja, Khusrau va Shirin, 289–290n
Noor-e Chamb (Nur’s Waterfall), 158
Nuqtavis, 42
Nur ad-Din Muhammad Jahangir. See Jahangir (Prince Salim)
Nurafza bagh (Light-Enhancing Garden), 159–160
Nur Jahan (née Mihr un-Nisa), 1, 7, 42, 101–103, 111–115, 123–124, 140–141, 156, 234, 243–244, 267n
abandonment story of, 27–28
advance toward co-sovereignty, 137–143
advocacy for Shahryar, 178, 179, 181, 211–212, 213–214
in Agra, 50
architecture and, 148–149, 166, 175–176, 218–219, 224–225
ascent of, 4, 13, 106–108, 110, 112, 113, 137–143, 147–148, 151–154, 220–221
becomes Nur Mahal, 101
as Bilqis-uz-Zaman (Powerful Sheba), 168
biographies of, 9–10
birth of, 7, 15–16, 22–29, 65, 180, 263–264n
birth of Ladli, 73–74
blamed for chaos during Jahangir’s reign, 179–180, 184, 217
in Burdwan, 69–75, 95
childhood of, 12, 46–59, 160
coins of, 143–144, 186
commissions and designs her first public building, 148–149
considers husbands for Ladli, 162–164
as co-sovereign, 8, 9, 13, 151–152, 185–186, 222, 223
creates Bagh-i Nur Afshan, 166–176
darshan and, 151
death of, 220, 249
deliberately written out of Mughal history, 217–218, 221
dominance of, 131
education of, 49–50, 51, 54–57
fall from power, 217
in Fatehpur-Sikri, 32–33, 49–50
first marriage of, 59, 60–75, 76, 265n, 282n
garden pavilions of, 281–282n
generosity of, 107–108
Heart-Contenting Garden and, 213, 218–219
historical accounts of, 222–223
hunting skills of, 128–130
illness of, 150–151
inheritance of, 175
I’timad ud-Daula’s Tomb, 175–176
Jahanara and, 224–225
in Jahangirnama (The memoirs of Jahangir), 128–129
Jahangir’s death and succession and, 211–221
Jahangir’s drinking and, 117–119, 172, 220–221, 223
Jahangir’s rescue and, 193–207
Jahangir’s tomb and, 213, 218–219
in jharokha, 151–152, 186
in Kabul, 194–195
in Kangra, 174
Khurram and, 112–113, 125–126, 135–137, 162–165, 171, 178–179, 185–191, 209
Ladli’s wedding and, 166–171
in Lahore, 31–32
leadership of, 8, 120–121, 147–148
learns about structure and politics of governance in Bengal, 79–80
leaves harem after Shah Jahan’s accession, 219–220
legacy of, 224–225
legends about, 10
liberties of, 12–13
Mahabat’s dislike of, 154, 195
in Malwa, 150
marriage to Jahangir, 7, 9, 101, 122
in Mu’askar-i Iqbal, 104–105
official signature of, 140–141, 234
orders of, 140–142, 175–176, 186, 188, 249, 286n
paintings of, 151, 223–224
palace gardens and, 166–167
Parvez and, 283n
poetry written by, 111–112, 273n
political and cultural acumen of, 8
portraits of, 3, 144–148, 249, 271–272n, 276n, 278n, 279n, 282n, 289n
portrayed as gold-digger and schemer, 222–223
property of, 220
religion and, 254–255n
renaming of, 123–124, 159, 234
resources of, 220
returns to Agra, 92, 94
return to Lahore after kidnapping, 207
ritual weighing of the emperor and, 109–110
romance of, 6–7, 9, 10
seal of, 140–141, 234
in seclusion after Jahangir’s death, 218–219
Shahryar and, 170–171
as Sheba of her age, 168
shooting skills of, 3–4
Siddhichandra and, 120
signs as Nur Jahan Padshah Begum, 142
stories of, 5–6
in Toda, 140
trade privileges and, 139
travels of, 153–163, 192, 2
08
ulema and, 151–153
use of feminine wiles to gain influence, 7–8
vision for Jahangir’s tomb, 218–219
widowed, 91–93
Nur Jahan (painting), 279n
Nur Jahan Holding a Musket, 146–148, 251–252n, 278n
Nur Jahan Holding a Portrait of Emperor Jahangir, 289n
Nur Jahan: Portrait to Be Worn as a Jewel, 151, 279n
Nur Mahal Begum. See Nur Jahan (née Mihr un-Nisa)
Nur Mahali, 107
Nur Mahal Serai, 148–149, 166
Nurpur, 160
opium, 10, 17, 87, 116, 119, 209
Orchcha, raja of, 80
orders, as privilege of Mughal rulers to issue, 143
orientalism, 9
Orissa, province of, 77–78, 109, 188
Ottoman Turkey, 185
Oxus River, 171
Pakhli, Kashmir, 155
Pampur, Kashmir, 163
Panipat, 88
Paradise Town, 94
Pari Khan Khanum, 56, 222
Parvati, 5
Parvez, 100, 112, 138–139, 164, 178, 188–190, 194, 202–203, 283n, 284n
Pashto, 58
pathaks, 74
Patthar mosque, 225
“Perfect Man,” 42, 44
Persia, 15, 16–18, 19, 171
Safavid Persia, 20–21, 31, 53
tolerance in, 17–18
women in, 18
Persian court records, 249
Persian language, 31–32, 58, 74
Persian migrants, 18–19, 22, 31
Persian poetry, Indian style of, 258–259n
Persian poets, 31–32. See also specific poets
Persians, in Mughal courts, 19
Peshawar River, 201
Pim Drang, 157
Portuguese, 189
Pravin Ray, 42
Prophet Muhammad, 43, 153, 184–185, 188, 222, 257–258n
Punjab, 29, 62, 87, 89, 187
Pushkar Lake, 126
Qabus-Nama, 55
Qasim Khan, 59
qawwali, 62
Quran, 51, 54, 159, 168
Radha, 1
Rahim (general). See Abdur-Rahim Khan-i Khanan
Rahim Ruhullah, 150–151
Raja Bhoj, 144
Raja Man Singh, 69, 77–78, 85, 87, 100, 271n
Rajasthan, 195
Raja Surat Singh, 140
Rajmahal, Bengal, 68–69, 71, 92
Rajoar, 211
Rajputs, 40, 42–43, 78, 138, 195
Rajput warriors, revolt against Jahan gir, 192–207
Rakhi festival, 133
Rama, 43
Ramayana, 5, 43, 52
Ramazan, 50
Ram Bagh, 166–176, 281–282n
Rampur Raza Library, 147, 251–252n, 275n, 278n
Ramsar, 126, 131, 132
Rani of Jhansi, 5
Ravi River, 29
ritual weighing of the emperor, 109–110, 172–173
robbers, 23–24, 259n
Roe, Thomas, 9, 13, 99–100, 118, 125, 135, 138–139, 164, 244
Rohtas, fortress at, 189, 191
Roshan Ara Begam, 118
Rumi, 52
Ruqayya Begum, 98, 99, 112, 244
Saadi, Gulistan, 54
Sabk-i Hindi, 31–32, 258–259n
Safavid Army, 178, 179, 186–187
Safavid dynasty, 17, 19, 171, 180, 206
Safavid Empire, 62
Safavid painting, 144–145
Safavid Persia, 20–21, 31, 53
Sahib Jamal, 100, 123
Saliha Banu, 162
Salim. See Jahangir (Prince Salim)
Salimeh Sultan Begum, 62–63, 80, 98, 99, 110, 111, 112, 245, 273n
Sanam Ali Khan, 147, 278n
Saraswati, 51, 73, 74
Scheherazade, 47
sehras, 169, 282n
Shab-i barat, feast of, 51, 133
Shah Abbas, 178, 180–181, 186
Shahdara, 213, 215
Shah of Bijapur, 193–194
Shah Jahan, see Khurram (Shah Jahan)
Shah Jahan Nama, 212, 213–214, 218, 220
Shahnama (Book of Kings), 46
Shahryar, 85, 96, 100, 112, 149, 178, 184, 188, 245, 267n, 271n
appearance of, 169
birth of, 282n
blinding of, 215
commands Mughal forces in Kandahar, 179, 186
defeat of, 214–215
execution of, 215–216
health issues of, 209–210
Jahangir’s kidnapping and, 198–199, 200
in Kabul, 194–195
marriage to Ladli, 164–165, 166–171, 282n
Nur’s advocacy for, 178, 179, 181, 211–212, 213–214
Shah Tahmasp, 15, 16–18, 19, 43
Shaikh Abdul-Wahab, 154
Shakespeare, William, 2
Shakuntala, 52
Shankar Tank, 133
Shapur, 22, 53
Sharif ul-Mulk, 170–171, 184, 208–209, 216
Shashti, 73
Sher Afgan. See Ali Quli Beg
Shi’a Muslims, 11–12, 17, 44, 50–51, 180, 184–185, 254–255n, 257–258n
Shirazi, Mulla Kami, 243, 249
Shiva, 5, 73
Shuja, 131, 161–162, 224
Siddhichandra, 120, 223 Bhanuchandra Carita, 274n
Sikandara, 94
Sikri, 32
Silk Road, 7
Sind, 62, 63, 206, 208–209
Sir-nag, 135
Sistan region, 23–24
Sita, 5
Solomon, King, 168, 282n
sovereignty, new styles of, 12
Spin Ghar Mountains, 29
Srinagar, Kashmir, 158–160, 225
Sufism, 11–12, 17, 18, 42, 44, 73, 128, 159, 188, 279–280n
Suhrawardi, 43
Sulaiman Mountains, 180
Sundar Das, 183
Sunni Muslims, 11–12, 17, 44, 180, 254–255n, 257–258n
Sunullah Efendi, 185
syadvada (relativism), 120
Taj Majal, 166, 175, 176, 225
Talib Amuli, 53, 160
Tamerlane, 1, 218
Terry, Edward, 100
Thana, 211
Thatta, fortress at, 208–209, 216
Thousand and One Nights, 47
Tibet, 15
Tieffenthaler, Josef, 176
tigers, 1–4, 154–155
Timur, 218
Toba Kakur range, 29
Toda, 132, 140
Tons River, 190
trade and travel routes, 20–21
Tree of Zakkum, 52–53
tughra, 141
Turan (Transoxiana), 171
Turkestan, 15
Turks, 17, 129
Tuti-Nama, 47
Ujjain, 126–128
ulema, 152
“Universal Peace” philosophy, 42–43
Uzbekistan, 15
Uzbeks, 171
Vaishnavite, 128
Valeh Dhagestani, Riaz al-sho’ara, 273n
van den Broecke, Pieter, 118–119
Vedanta, 128
Vedas, 51, 128
Vernag springs, 160–161
Verse of Light, 159
Victoria, Queen, 5
vina, 74
Vishnu, 73, 128
Wak-Wak, 46–59
Wasli, 53
wet nurses, 86
women, 148. See also girls; Mughal women
intellectual achievements of, 55–56
in Islamic history, 222
literacy of, 264–265n
in Persia, 18
as source of trouble, turmoil, and temptation, 185
Xavier, Jerome, Mirror of Holiness: A Life of Christ, 79
Yamuna River, 67, 94 166, 225
Yusuf Khan Kashmiri, 269n
Yusufzai clan, 115
Zu-Zanab, 14–15
ALSO BY RUBY LAL
Coming of Age in Nineteenth-Century India:<
br />
The Girl-Child and Art of Playfulness
Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World
Copyright © 2018 by Ruby Lal
All rights reserved
First Edition
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact W. W. Norton Special Sales at specialsales@wwnorton.com or 800-233-4830
Book design by Chris Welch
Production manager: Anna Oler
JACKET DESIGN: Chin-Yee Lai
JACKET ART: Idealized portrait of the Mughal empress Nur Jahan (1577–1645), ca. 1725–1750. India, Rajasthan, Kishangarh. Watercolor, opaque watercolor and gold on paper; 11 5/8 × 8 1/2 in. (29.52 × 21.59 cm). Gift of Diandra and Michael Douglas (M.81.271.7). Digital image © 2018 Museum Associates / LACMA. Licensed by Art Resource, NY.
ISBN: 978-0-393-23934-8
ISBN: 978-0-393-63540-9 (e-book)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS