Machines of Loving Grace
Page 38
7.Ibid.
8.Gill A. Pratt, “Robot to the Rescue,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, December 3, 2013, http://thebulletin.org/robot-rescue.
9.“2013 DARPA Robotic Challenge Trials Overview,” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, http://archive.darpa.mil/roboticschallengetrialsarchive.
10.Singularity Hub, “Industrial Perception Robot Arm Box Toss,” YouTube, April 17, 2013, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXxU4sL6hq0.
11.“Guidelines for Scientific Research,” Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, March 2011, http://www.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp/edu/others/pdf/guideline_en.pdf.
12.Charlie Rose, “Amazon Unveils Futuristic Plan: Delivery by Drone,” 60 Minutes Overtime, December 1, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-unveils-futuristic-plan-delivery-by-drone.
13.DARPAtv, “Darpa’s Pet-Proto Robot Navigates Obstacles,” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, October 24, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFGfq0pRczY.
14.Hans Moravec, Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 15.
15.Eric Berger and Keenan Wyrobek, “PR1 Robot Cleans a Room,” Salisbury Robotics Lab, Stanford University, 2007, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJ4XtyMoxIA.
16.“The Hopkins Beast,” Field Robotics Center, 1960, http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/talks/revo.slides/1960.html.
8|“ONE LAST THING”
1.John Markoff, “A Free and Simple Computer Link,” New York Times, December 8, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/08/business/business-technology-a-free-and-simple-computer-link.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
2.Danielle Newnham, Mad Men of Mobile: Leading Entrepreneurs and Innovators Share Their Stories, from SIRI to SHAZAM, Kindle ed. (Seattle: CreateSpace, 2013), Kindle location 129.
3.Ibid., Kindle location 137–139.
4.John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple: A Journey of Adventure, Ideas, and the Future (New York: HarperCollins, 1987).
5.David Greelish, “An Interview with Computing Pioneer Alan Kay,” Time, April 2, 2013, http://techland.time.com/2013/04/02/an-interview-with-computing-pioneer-alan-kay.
6.Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics 38, no. 8 (1965), 114–117.
7.Paul Pangaro, “‘Getting Started’ Guide to Cybernetics,” Pangaro.com, http://www.pangaro.com/definition-cybernetics.html.
8.J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson, “Andrew Gordon Speedie Pask,” School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pask.html.
9|MASTERS, SLAVES, OR PARTNERS?
1.Claire Cain Miller, “Technology, Aided by Recession, Is Polarizing the Work World,” New York Times, July 22, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/23/upshot/how-technology-aided-by-recession-is-transforming-the-work-world.html?rref=upshot.
2.Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Occupational Employment Projections to 2022,” December 2013, http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2013/article/occupational-employment-projections-to-2022.htm.
3.Zeynep Tufekci, “Failing the Third Machine Age: When Robots Come for Grandma,” Medium, July 22, 2014, https://medium.com/message/failing-the-third-machine-age-1883e647ba74.
4.Louise Aronson, “The Future of Robot Caregivers,” New York Times, July 19, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/opinion/sunday/the-future-of-robot-caregivers.html.
5.Ken Goldberg, “Robots with Their Heads in the Clouds,” Aspen Ideas Festival 2014, Medium, August 25, 2014, https://medium.com/aspen-ideas/robots-with-their-heads-in-the-clouds-e88ac44def8a.
6.“Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics + the Zeroth Law,” March 1942, Jeremy Norman’s HistoryofInformation.com, http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=4108.
7.Defense Science Board, “The Role of Autonomy in DoD Systems,” U.S. Department of Defense, July 2012, http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/AutonomyReport.pdf.
8.John Markoff, “Already Anticipating ‘Terminator’ Ethics,” New York Times, November 24, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/science/already-anticipating-terminator-ethics.html.
9.Bill Joy, “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us,” Wired, April 2000, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html.
10.Eric Horvitz and Bart Selman, “Interim Report from the Panel Chairs,” AAAI Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, August 2009, http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/note_from_AAAI_panel_chairs.pdf.
11.Mark Prigg, “Google Sets Up Artificial Intelligence Ethics Board to Curb the Rise of the Robots,” Daily Mail, January 29, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2548355/Google-sets-artificial-intelligence-ethics-board-curb-rise-robots.html.
12.Blade Runner, directed by Ridley Scott (1982; Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.).
13.Leon Neyfakh, “Do Our Brains Pay a Price for GPS?” Boston Globe, August 18, 2013, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/08/17/our-brains-pay-price-for-gps/d2Tnvo4hiWjuybid5UhQVO/story.html.
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
NOTE: Page references in italics refer to photos.
Abbeel, Pieter, 268
Abelson, Robert, 180–181
Abovitz, Rony, 271–275
Active Ontologies, 304
Ad Hoc Committee on the Triple Revolution, 73–74
agent-based interfaces, 195–226. see also Siri (Apple)
avatars, 304, 305
Baxter (robot), 195–196, 204–205, 205, 207
Brooks and, 201–204
CALO, 31, 297, 302–304, 310, 311
chatbots, 221–225, 304
early personal computing and, 196–201
ethics of, 339–342
“golemics” and, 208–215
Google and, 12–13, 341
Microsoft and, 187–191, 215–220
Rethink Robotics and, 204–208
singularity and, 220–221
Agents, Inc., 191–192
aging, of humans, 93–94, 236–237, 245, 327–332
“Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence” (Dreyfus), 177
Allen, Paul, 267, 268, 337
Alone Together (Turkle), 173, 221–222
Amazon, 97–98, 206, 247
Ambler (robot), 33, 202
Anderson, Chris, 88
Andreessen, Marc, 69
Apocalypse AI (Geraci), 85, 116–117
Apple. see also Siri (Apple)
early history of, 7, 8, 214, 279–281, 307
iPhone, 23, 93, 239, 275, 281
iPod, 194, 275, 281
Jobs and, 13, 35, 112, 131, 194, 214, 241, 281–282, 320–323
Knowledge Navigator, 188, 300, 304, 305–310, 317, 318
labor force of, 83–84
Rubin and, 240
Sculley and, 35, 280, 300, 305, 306, 307, 317
Architecture Machine, The (Negroponte), 191
Architecture Machine Group, 306–307, 308–309
Arkin, Ronald, 333–335
Armer, Paul, 74
Aronson, Louise, 328
Artificial General Intelligence, 26
artificial intelligence (AI). see artificial intelligence (AI) history; autonomous vehicles; intelligence augmentation (IA) versus AI; labor force; robotics advancement; Siri (Apple)
artificial intelligence (AI) history, 95–158. see also intelligence augmentation (IA) versus AI
AI commercialization, 156–158
AI terminology, xii, 105–109
AI Winter, 16, 130–131, 140
Breiner and, 125–135
deep learning neural networks, 150–156, 151
early neural networks, 141–150
expert systems, 134–141, 285
McCarthy and, 109–115
Moravec and,
115–125
Silicon Valley inception, 95–99, 100, 256
SRI inception, 99–105
Strong artificial intelligence, 12, 26, 272
“Artificial Intelligence” (Lighthill), 130
“Artificial Intelligence of Hubert L. Dreyfus, The” (Papert), 178
Asimov, Isaac, 101, 123, 131, 333
Association for Computing Machinery, 86, 192–194
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 336–337
Atkinson, Bill, 307
Atlas (Boston Dynamics), 229–230, 238, 247–249, 249, 252, 254
“A.T.R. Project” (Shockley), 96
Audi, 45–46, 50, 52, 57
augmented reality, 272–275
Automata Studies (McCarthy, Shannon), 107
automated teller machines (ATMs), 81–82
Automation (Diebold), 98
Automation (MacMillan), 209
Autonomous Robotic Manipulation, 235–236
autonomous vehicles, 19–63
commercial applications, 45–46, 60, 61
DARPA and, 24, 26, 27–36, 40
delivery vehicles, 82
electric, 58–59
ethical issues of, 26–27, 60–61
Google and, 35–45, 51–52, 54–59, 62–63
Gordon on, 88–89
handoff problem, 57, 164
labor force issues of, 25, 61–62
legal issues of, 46, 60
Mobileye and, 46–54
safety of, 45, 49, 59–61, 62, 88–89
Stanford Cart, 120–122, 200–201
Stanley project, 19–23, 35–36, 36
technology transitions and, 23–27
“trolley problem,” 60, 76
Autor, David, 10, 78, 80
avatars, 304, 305
Aviram, Ziv, 48
Bagon, Eyal, 50, 51
Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, 203
Ballmer, Steve, 330
banking industry technology, 81–82, 188
Barlow, John Perry, 173
Baxter (robot), 99, 195–196, 204–205, 205, 207
Beam (Suitable Technologies), 243
“beastie,” 231
“Beast” (mobile robot), 268
Beaudry, Paul, 80
Bechtolsheim, Andy, 134
Beckman, Arnold O., 98
Beckman Instruments, 98
Being Digital (Negroponte), 191
Bell, Eric Temple, 105
Bell Labs, 107, 133, 149–150
Belove, Ed, 140
Bengio, Yoshua, 150
Berg, Paul, 335–336
Berger, Eric, 258
Berkeley, Edmund C., 231
Berners-Lee, Tim, 289
Bezos, Jeff, 206, 247
BigDog (Boston Dynamics), 228–229
BMW, 45
Bobrow, Danny, 178, 182
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 146
Boltzmann Machine, 146–158
Bosack, Leonard, 134
Boss (autonomous car), 32–35
Boston Computer Museum, 14
Boston Dynamics, 228–230, 232, 238, 247, 248, 249, 249–253
Bradski, Gary, 260–265, 261
BRAIN initiative, 24
Brand, Stewart, 90, 255–256
Brautigan, Richard, xvii
Breazeal, Cynthia, 204
Breiner, Sheldon, 125–135
Brin, Sergey, 39, 41, 55, 184–187
Brock, David, 95, 98
Brooks, Rodney, 85, 98–99, 112, 186, 195–208, 205, 236
Brown, Gordon, 98
browsers, advent of, 301, 312
Brynjolfsson, Erik, 79, 82–83, 86–87
Buchanan, Bruce, 113
Bush, Vannevar, 6, 62
CaddyTrek (golf cart), xi
CALO (Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes), 31, 297, 302–304, 310, 311
Caltech, 105–106, 231, 232
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 150
Capper, Liesl, 221–225
Carlson, Curt, 304
Carnegie Institute, 108
Carnegie Mellon University, 32–35, 115, 145, 202
chatbot technology, 221–225, 304
Cheyer, Adam, 297–305, 310–323
Chomsky, Noam, 156, 171
Christensen, Clayton, 87
Cisco Systems, 134
Clarke, Arthur C., 131–132
Cognea (My Cybertwin), 221–225, 237
Cognitens, 48
Cohen, Paul, 284, 287
Colby, Kenneth, 113
Comcast, 84
Community Memory, 210
“Computer as a Communication Device, The” (Licklider, Taylor), 164
Computer Power and Human Reason (Weizenbaum), 174
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 183–184
Computers and Human Interaction Conference (1997), 192–194
“Consequences of Human Intelligence, The” (Vardi), 86
Control Data, 170
control theory, 161–162, 216
Conway, Lynn, 231
cybernation revolution, 73–74
Cybernetics (Wiener), 8, 97
cyborg, 12, 160–161
Danger, Inc., 240–241
DARPA
Advanced Research Projects Agency as precursor to, 30, 110, 111–112, 164, 171
ARPAnet, 164, 196
autonomous cars and Grand Challenge, 24, 26, 27–36, 40
CALO and, 31, 297, 302–304, 310, 311
Dugan and, 236
Engelbart and, 6
Licklider and, 11
LRASM, 26–27
Moravec and, 119
Pratt and, 235–236
Robotics Challenge, 227–230, 234, 236–238, 244–254, 249, 333–334
Rosen and, 102
Taylor and, 160
Darrach, Brad, 103–105
Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, 105, 107–109, 114, 143
DataLand, 307
Davis, Ruth, 102–103
“Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, A” (Barlow), 173
DeepMind Technologies, 91, 337–338
Defense Science Board, 27
de Forest, Lee, 98
“demons,” 190
Dendral, 113–114, 127
Diebold, John, 98
Diffie, Whitfield, 8, 112
Digital Equipment Corporation, 112, 285
direct manipulation, 187
Djerassi, Carl, 113
Doerr, John, 7
Dompier, Steve, 211–212
Dreyfus, Hubert, 177–178, 179
drone delivery research, 247–248
Dubinsky, Donna, 154
Duda, Richard, 128, 129
Dugan, Regina, 236
Duvall, Bill, 1–7
Earnest, Les, 120, 199
Earth Institute, 59
Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier (EG&G), 127
e-discovery software, 78
E-Groups, 259
elastic actuation, 236–237
electronic commerce, advent of, 289, 301–302
electronic stability control (ESC), 46
Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer (EPAM), 283
“Elephants Don’t Play Chess” (Brooks), 201
Eliza, 14, 113, 172–174, 221
email, advent of, 290, 310
End of Work, The (Rifkin), 76–77
Engelbart, Doug. see also SRI International
on exponential power of computers, 118–119
IA versus AI debate and, 165–167
on intelligence augmentation (IA), xii, 5–7, 31
Minsky and, 17
“Mother of All Demos” (1968) by, 62
NLS, 5–7, 172, 197
Rosen and, 102
Siri and, 301, 316–317
Engineers and the Price System, The (Veblen), 343
Enterprise Integration Technologies, 289, 291
ethical issues, 324–344. see also intelligen
ce augmentation (IA) versus AI; labor force
of autonomous cars, 26–27, 60–61
decision making and control, 341–342
Google on, 91
human-in-the-loop debates, 158–165, 167–169, 335
of labor force, 68–73, 325–332
scientists’ responsibility and, 332–341, 342–344
“techno-religious” issues, 116–117
expert systems, defined, 134–141, 285
Facebook, 83, 156–158, 266–267
Fast-SLAM, 37
Feigenbaum, Ed, 113, 133–136, 167–169, 283, 287–288
Felsenstein, Lee, 208–215
Fernstedt, Anders, 71
“field robotics,” 233–234
Fishman, Charles, 81
Flextronics, 68
Flores, Fernando, 179–180, 188
Foot, Philippa, 60
Ford, Martin, 79
Ford Motor Company, 70
Forstall, Scott, 322
Foxconn, 93, 208, 248
Friedland, Peter, 292
Galaxy Zoo, 219–220
Gates, Bill, 305, 329–330
General Electric (GE), 68–69
General Magic, 240, 315
General Motors (GM), 32–35, 48–50, 52, 53, 60
Genetic Finance, 304
Genghis (robot), 202
Geometrics, 127
George, Dileep, 154
Geraci, Robert, 85, 116–117
Gerald (digital light field), 271
Giant Brains, or Machines That Think (Berkeley), 231
Gibson, William, 23–24
Go Corp., 141
God & Golem, Inc. (Wiener), 75, 211
GOFAI (Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence), 108–109, 186
“Golemic Approach, The” (Felsenstein), 212–213
“golemics,” 75, 208–215
Google
Android, 43, 239, 248, 320
autonomous cars and, 35–45, 51–52, 54–59, 62–63
Chauffeur, 43
DeepMind Technologies and, 91, 337–338
Google Glass, 23, 38
Google Now, 12–13, 341
Google X Laboratory, 152–153
Human Brain Project, 153–154
influence of early AI history on, 99
Kurzweil and, 85
PageRank algorithm, 62, 92, 259
robotic advancement by, 241–244, 248–255, 256, 260–261
70-20-10 rule of, 39
Siri’s development and, 314–315
Street View cars, 39, 42–43, 54
X Lab, 38, 55–56
Gordon, Robert J., 87–89
Gou, Terry, 93, 248
Gowen, Rhia, 277–279
Granakis, Alfred, 70
Grand Challenge (DARPA), 24, 26, 27–36, 40