Wolf Nation
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Conservation Northwest’s Mitchell Friedman hoped: Mitch Friedman, “Profanity Gets the Best and Worst of Me,” Conservation Northwest, August 31, 2016.
In late October WDFW announced that lethal removal: “WDFW Stops Killing Wolves from Profanity Peak Wolf Pack,” Northwest Cable News, October 19, 2016.
What if those public dollars were reserved for ranchers: Joseph Dussault, “Can Washington State’s Wolves and Ranchers Find a Way to Coexist?” Christian Science Monitor, August 26, 2016.
CHAPTER 15. EL LOBO RETURNS HOME
In the spring of 2015 I visited Wolf Haven International: Diane Gallegos, Wendy Spencer, interview with author, April 6, 2016.
the first litters of Mexican gray wolf pups born there in: Wendy Spencer, “At Long Last, Pups!” Wolf Tracks, Fall 2015.
These critically endangered Mexican gray wolves are growing: “Conservation,” Wolf Haven International, http://wolfhaven.org/conservation.
F1222 (Hopa): Born at the Endangered Wolf Center, Eureka, Missouri, www.endangeredwolfcenter.org.
M1067 (Brother): Born at Wolf Haven International, Tenino, Washington, Wolf Haven International, http://wolfhaven.org.
We all smiled as the father wolf raised his handsome head: “Mexican Wolf Dad at Wolf Haven Shows Pups How to Howl,” YouTube, June 30, 2015, https://youtu.be/EuIEDZqqWfk.
El Lobo, the Mexican gray wolf subspecies: Tom Lynch, El Lobo (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005).
Now, in 2016, there are still only 12 to 17 Mexican wolves: Wendy Spencer, “At Long Last—Pups!,” Wolf Tracks, Spring 2016, 19.
Ted Turner’s Ladder Ranch—a prerelease wolf-recovery facility: Turner Endangered Species Fund, http://tesf.org/prj-mw.html.
Cross-fostering is a survival strategy of moving captive-born pups: “Cross-Fostering,” International Wolf Center magazine, Summer 2015.
The majority of the state’s residents welcomed this decision: “Our View: Releasing Wolves the Right Thing to Do,” Santa Fe New Mexican, October 17, 2015.
Phillips noted that “the commissioners indicated: Rebecca Moss, “Ladder Ranch Wolf Program Resumes with State’s OK,” Santa Fe New Mexican, February 26, 2016.
Mexico began its wolf reintroduction program in 2011: Megan Gannon, “First Litter of Wild Wolf Pups Born in Mexico,” Discovery News, Live Science, July 22, 2014; “Mexico Reports Litter of Mexican Gray Wolves Born in Wild for First Time in Decades,” New Mexico Wilderness Alliance, October 19, 2015; Megan Gannon, “First Litter of Wild Wolf Pups Born in Mexico,” Live Science, July 21, 2014.
The pups have often played a kind of how-many-wolves: “Den Box Game (or How Many Wolves Fit on a Roof?),” YouTube, March 1, 2016, https://youtu.be/WgT_89ggjn0.
Quietly Gallegos explains what’s happening: Dr. Mark Johnson, Global Wildlife Resources, http://wildliferesources.com/perspectives.
It is a profound experience, even to watch over remote cameras: “Mexican Wolf Family,” YouTube, March 1, 2016, https://youtu.be/EB3QldLeRBA.
Grandin, a high-functioning autistic author and inventor: Mac McClelland, “This Is What Humane Slaughter Looks Like. Is It Good Enough?” Modern Farmer, April 17, 2013.
Once back in the wild, these Mexican wolves may travel forty miles: Jason Mark, Satellites in the High Country: Searching for the Wild in the Age of Man (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000); Jason Mark, “Can Wolves Bring Back Wilderness: [Excerpt],” Scientific American, October 9, 2015.
News of cross-fostering success soon buoyed hopes: Lauren Villagran, “Two Newborn Wolf Pups Release into a Wild Den,” Albuquerque Journal, April 29, 2016; Rebecca Moss, “Gray Wolf Pups Released into N.M. Wild,” Santa Fe New Mexican, April 29, 2016.
Missouri’s Endangered Wolf Center calls cross-fostering: Michael Robinson, “Mexican Gray Wolves Need Rescuing from Politics,” Albuquerque Journal, June 9, 2016.
New Mexico immediately announced its plan to sue: Cristina Eisenberg, “El Lobo’s Uncertain Future,” Huffington Post, May 26, 2015. See also “El Lobo’s Uncertain Future,” Cristina Eisenberg, http://cristinaeisenberg.com/?p=470.
Many scientists and wolf advocates fear that New Mexico’s resistance: Susan Montoya Bryan, “New Mexico Seeks to Stop Feds from Releasing Wolves,” San Antonio Express, May 13, 2016.
“It’s devastating to the pack to lose an alpha”: Regina Mossotti quoted in Elizabeth Miller, “Cornered: Mexican Wolf Management to Appease Livestock Producer May Run Out the Clock on Recovery,” Santa Fe Reporter, June 15, 2016.
The struggle between state and federal wildlife agencies: María Inés Taracena, “Court Settlement Forces Fish and Wildlife to Have a Recovery Plan for Mexican Gray Wolves by 2017,” Tucson Weekly, April 27, 2016.
The Center for Biological Diversity urges that New Mexico: “Step Aside, New Mexico, It’s Time to Release More Wolves,” Wolf Conservation Center, April 21, 2016.
and wolf recovery has huge public support in the Southwest: “One Million Facebook Supporters Rooting for Tiny Southwest Population of Endangered Mexican Gray Wolves,” Lobos of the Southwest, press release, June 5, 2015, http://mexicanwolves.org/index.php/news/1461/51/Press-Release-One-Million-Facebook-Supporters-Rooting-for-Tiny-Southwest-Population-of-Endangered-Mexican-Gray-Wolves.
In late fall of 2016 an Arizona judge issued a court order: Susan Montoya Bryan, “Court Mandates New Recovery Plan for Mexican Grey Wolves,” Brandon Sun, October 18, 2016.
A recent Humane Society study of eighteen states’ game: Elizabeth Miller, “Cornered,” Santa Fe Reporter, June 15, 2016.
Not much has changed since 1986 when Ted Williams: Ted Williams, quoted in Miller, “Cornered.”
As Sharman Apt Russell writes in The Physics of Beauty: Sharman Apt Russell, “The Physics of Beauty,” excerpted from Kill the Cowboy (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 1993, 2001).
In the late fall of 2016 Mexico’s National Commission: “Mexico Wolf Pair Welcomes Third Litter of Wild-Born Pups,” Northern Arizona Gazette, September 7, 2016.
EPILOGUE. “SPEAKING FOR WOLVES”
Video of the Junction Butte wolf family: “Junction Butte Pack in Yellowstone,” YouTube, April 10, 2015, https://youtu.be/cvsO2ZhM_X0.
Photos of the Yellowstone wolf families: “Update on the Junction Butte Pack and lover boy Twin,” Running Wolf Nature Photography by Deby Dixon, Facebook, February 20, 2015, www.facebook.com/debydixonphotography/posts/785392398180733.
I’ve also returned to Yellowstone to cover the grassroots Speak for Wolves: West Yellowstone, July 2016 and July 2017, www.speakforwolves.org.
Lynch details the Junction Butte family dynamics: Kathie Lynch, “Yellowstone Wolf Update: June 2016,” Wildlife News, June 4, 2016; Kathie Lynch, “Yellowstone Wolf Update: December 2015,” Wildlife News, December 7, 2015.
Long-term wolf studies at the Yellowstone Center for Research: “Yellowstone Science: Celebrating 20 Years of Wolves,” Yellowstone Science 24, no. 1 (June 2016), 15: Douglas Smith, “Motherhood and Wolves” (citing McNulty 2001 research), 43; and Smith, “Women in Science,” 79 “Five Questions: Three Scientists at the Forefront of Wolf Ecology Answer the Same Questions About Wolf Biology and Management.”
Entire wolf families have been decimated by mange: Brett French, “Mange Changes Yellowstone Wolves’ Hunting, Travel and Food Needs,” Billings Gazette, April 2, 2016.
But mange is still a problem: Megan Gannon, “Yellowstone Wolves Hit by Disease,” Live Science, September 10, 2012.
Such long-term study, says Douglas Smith: “Wolf Expert Doug Smith on the Yellowstone Wolf Project,” Nature, PBS, available on YouTube, July 19, 2011, https://youtu.be/CZnayct6uZg.
the critically endangered red wolves: Caroline Hudson, “Red Wolf Film Seeks to Educate NC Residents,” Washington Daily News, July 8, 2016.
A DNA study from Princeton University offers genetic evidence: Carl Zimmer, “DNA Study Reveals the One and Only Wolf Species in North America,” New York Times, July 27, 2016.
Even if they are not
pure wolves, Rutledge says, these hybrid: Susa Wolpert, “Should the Gray Wolf Keep its Endangered Species Protection?” UCLA Newsroom, July 27, 2016.
Yellowstone’s success has inspired a European rewilding movement: George Monbiot, FERAL: Rewilding the Land, the Sea, and Human Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 118.
Several other Native men spoke at the conference: Rain Bear Stands Last and David Bearshield, interview with author, West Yellowstone, July 17, 2016; “Feds Announce Proposed Rule to Delist and Trophy Hunt Grizzly. Oglala Lakota Vice President Tom Poor Bear Responds,” GOAL, www.goaltribal.org/feds-announce-proposed-rule-to-delist.
Rick McIntyre has been spotting and teaching the public: Rick McIntyre, “A Peak Life Experience: Watching Wolves in Yellowstone National Park,” National Park Service, Yellowstone, www.nps.gov/yell/learn/ys-24-1-a-peak-experience-watching-wolves-in-yellowstone-national-park.htm.
In the thirty-four attacks that researchers have witnessed: Leo Leckie, “Gray Wolves Support Each Other in Times of Danger,” Yellowstone Reports, June 29, 2016.
McIntyre also has a recent theory that dogs: Dean, “Pack Man.”
Now McIntyre is practicing what he does so well: Rick McIntyre, Yellowstone Staff Profile, November 25, 2008, www.ypf.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5137.
M21’s death at the old age of nine affected McIntyre: Dean, “Pack Man.”
But in a nod to wolf advocates, the Montana Fish and Wildlife Commission: Michael Wright, “Commission Rejects Tripling Wolf Hunting Quota Near Yellowstone,” Bozeman Daily Chronicle, May 12, 2016.
“Wildness needs wolves,” wrote Durward L. Allen: Durward L. Allen, Wolves of Minong: Their Vital Role in a Wild Community (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979), cited in “Yellowstone Science: Celebrating 20 Years of Wolves,” 11.
INDEX
Airborne Hunting Act (US/1971), 29
Alaska: aerial hunting of wolves, 29, 30, 33, 38, 40, 45–46, 47, 219; Department of Fish and Game, 32, 37, 47; Division of Wildlife Conservation, 32; East Fork pack, 48; Game Board members hunting license requirement, 42; Inupiat village and wolves, 5–6; killing culture and, 29–30; killing wolves, 29, 30, 33, 37, 38, 40, 45–49, 219; Lost Creek pack, 47; newspaper report/graphics on trapped wolves, 37; Seventymile pack, 47; wildlife refuges/US Fish and Wildlife Services, 46, 49; wolves and National Park Service, 47–48, 49. See also Wolf Summit, Alaska (1993)
Alaska magazine, 36
Alaska Outdoor Council, 32
Alaska Wildlife Alliance, 32
Algonquin Provincial Park Ontario wolves, 249
Allen, Durward L., 258
Among Wolves (Haber), 35
Annaud, Jean-Jacque, 157, 158
Anti-Wolf Coalition, Idaho, 11–12
antiwolf factions: continuing prejudice and, 3, 105, 190; delisting and, 11, 91–94, 98–99, 105, 106–107, 118–119, 119; Republicans and, 118–119, 258; wildness and, 116–117. See also killing wolves; livestock/ranchers and wolves; public lands/states vs. federal control; specific individuals/groups; specific places
Arizona and Mexican gray wolves: cross-fostering and, 229; current politics/denying reintroduction, 224, 228, 229; delaying tactics/strategy, 239; family groups released into, 224, 229; Hawk’s Nest pack/Cienaga group, 224; livestock industry and, 239
Askins, Renee, 34–35
Audubon Society, national and local, 32, 61, 133–134, 205
baboon behavior research, 143
Baldeon, Alvarado, 203, 204
Ballenberghe, Vic, 48, 57
Bangs, Ed, 4, 12, 104, 199
Battle of Little Big Horn story, 252
Bean, Kathleen/Brian and family, 205–206
bears; trophic cascades and, 75, 76; wolves and, 244
Bearshield, David, 251–252
Beast and Man in India (Kipling, Rudyard’s father), 152
Beau Geste effect, 167
beavers and trophic cascades, 69, 70, 75
Bekoff, Marc, 20, 94, 174
Bennet, Joel, 36–37
Berendt, Joachim-Ernst, 175
Beschta, Robert, 70
Beyond Words (Safina), 56
birds and trophic cascades, 70, 74
bison: ecosystem effects and, 77, 78–79; humans killing, 5, 77, 134–135; populations in Yellowstone, 77; traffic jam and, 247; wolves and, 55–56, 57–58, 85, 247, 254–255
Black Earth Institute, 71
Blankenship, Mike, 215
Borg, Bridget, 48
Boxer, Barbara, 119
Boy Scouts of America, 17
Boyd, Diane, 57
Bozeman Daily Chronicle, 146
Brown, Jerry, 232, 234, 235, 240
Brown, Kate, 192–193
Brown, Stuart L., 141
Bruskotter, Jeremy, 147
Bundy, Cliven/family, 130, 134, 135
Burch, John, 47
Cabanas, Pamela Maciel, 225, 232, 236
California and wolves: protection/welcoming, 183–184, 195–196; Shasta Pack, 195, 196; wolf genetic diversity and, 196; wolves repopulating on their own, 195–196. See also specific individuals/groups
Campbell, Joseph, 184
Canis lupus. See wolf; wolves
Canis lupus lupus (Eurasian wolves), 158
Capital Press, 125
Captain Miranda video, 149
“Caribou” (Shumaker), 44–45
Carnivore Conservation Act need/effects, 257–258
Cassidy, Kira, 89–90, 252–253
cats and music, 169
Cecil the Lion, 192, 196
cell phone ringtones and wildlife, 138
Center for Biological Diversity/innovations, 137, 138–139, 148, 194–195, 207, 239
Center of the American West conference, 50
Chapron, Guillaume, 147–148
Children: dreams/animals and, 159, 161, 162; Kids4Wolves, 107, 108–109, 110–114; Peterson’s wildlife ecology class/Sarah, 161–162; WCC and, 174; wolves and, 107, 108–109, 110–114, 174, 249–250. See also stories with animals; specific individuals
Christian Science Monitor, 132, 159
Cinderella wolf, 83, 90, 256
Clark, Jamie Rappaport, 99, 208–209
climate change: ecosystem effects and, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80; Inhofe on, 118; sixth extinction and, 79
cockatoo (Snowball) and music, 169
Comedy of Survival, The (Meeker), 172
condoms and human population messages, 138–139
Conrad, Joseph, 159
Conservation: nineteenth/twentieth century beginnings, 23–24; tourism money and, 146–147; wildlife/nonconsumptive values and, 9, 41–42, 43, 131, 147, 191, 258. See also wolf recovery; specific components; specific individuals/groups; specific laws
Conservation Northwest, 124, 125, 126, 203, 207, 220
conservation people: description/humor, 137, 142; lawyers, 137; women/traits and, 143, 144–146
Courtney’s story, 127–129, 136
cows: human deaths and, 105, 196; music and, 168–169
COWS (Coalition of Western States), 134
coyotes: killing/population and, 188; livestock and, 123, 124; wolves and, 55, 164, 249
Crabtree, Robert, 216
Crazy Horse, 14
cross-fostering and Mexican gray wolves, 228–229, 238
Cruz, Ted, 134
culture: animal examples, 164; wolves and, 164, 168, 187–188
Culture of Whales and Dolphins, The (Whitehead), 164
Curby, Cathy, 144–145
Darwin, 77, 174
DeBuys, William, 135
Decade of the Wolf (Smith), 61
deer and trophic cascades, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75
DeFazio, Peter, 9, 186
Defenders of Wildlife, 32, 35, 61, 122, 199, 200, 204, 205, 207, 208–209, 221. See also Wood River Wolf Project/Valley
demographic changes in US, 127–129
Denali National Park: Haber/wolves and, 35, 36–37, 45, 46; killing wolves and, 46–47
“denning,” 6�
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Dicks, Norm, 180
Dobson, Roger, 212
dogs: detecting cancer in humans, 253; evolution, 4–5; Henri (labradoodle), 128–129; livestock guardian dogs (LGDs), 201–203; music and, 169; Oregon supreme court on, 193; risk-taking and, 140
drought ecosystem effects, 75, 77, 80
Dudgeon, Greg, 47
Dutcher, Jim/Jamie, 104, 105–107, 117
“ecology of fear,” 74–75
ecosystem and trophic cascades, 69–71, 73–81
Eisenberg, Christina: background, 71, 72–74, 241; as scientist/wolves and, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78–80. See also Trophic Cascades
elephants and music, 169
Elgin, Beckie, 195
elk and trophic cascades, 69–70, 75, 76, 77, 78
Emotional Life of Animals, The (Bekoff), 19–20
Endangered Species Act, 8, 91, 112, 118, 119, 125, 135, 137, 147, 162, 183–184, 193, 195, 214, 224, 239, 241
Endangered Species List, 91, 111, 118, 124, 186–187, 189
Endangered Wolf Center, Missouri, 225, 238
Erlich, Gretel, 135
Estes, Clarissa Pinkola, 30–31
Exposed (documentary), 9
Fahy, Brooks, 9, 216
false pregnancies in canids, 226
FERAL: Rewilding the Land, the Sea, and Human Life (Monbiot), 250
Feral, Priscilla, 36
fire ecosystem effects, 7–8, 76, 77, 78, 80
fishing and funding wildlife commissions, 191
Fontaine, Joe, 60–61, 62
Forest Service (US): grazing allotments and, 211, 217, 218, 221; Wood River Wolf Project, 205
forests: canopy research, 102; climbing Douglas fir, 101–104
Fox Mountain pack, New Mexico/Arizona, 238
Franklin, Jerry, 102
“Free the Lands”/“land grab” movement, 133
Friedman, Mitchell, 124–125, 220
Friends of the Animals, 36
Frost, Jack, 38, 45
Gallegos, Diane: Washington state and wolves, 211; Wolf Haven International, 224–225, 227, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236; as wolf spokesperson/groups, 224–225
Game of Thrones, 63
“game” word, 41
Genghis Khan, 155
George, Jean Craighead, 151
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries, 223