The Discovery of Insulin

by Michael Bliss

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  Index

  Aberdeen, Scotland, 29

  University of, 234

  Academy of Medicine, New York, 212

  Academy of Medicine, Toronto, 50, 123, 221

  Acetone, 134

  Acid balance, 101, 134, 172, 180

  Acidosis, 22

  Acomatol. See Zuelzer

  Adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTII), 237

  Adrenalin, 27, 29–30, 174

  Alberta: “far-off,” 197

  honours Collip, 219

  University of, 57, 98, 110, 219, 222, 247

  Alcohol: as solvent, 31

  prescribed by FGB, 47, 84

  recommended by JJRM, 54, 199

  used in Toronto, 97, 116–17

  stolen by FGB, 124–25

  Allen, Frederick Madison, 23, 48, 52, 82, 86, 104–5, 135–36, 140, 144, 149, 177, 191, 193, 210, 220, 247

  pre-insulin research and career, 33–39, 42–44

  reactions to Toronto work, 106, 127

  uses insulin, 150–64 passim; late career, 239, 242

  Allen & Hanburys Ltd., 167

  Alliston, Ontario, 45–46, 212, 229

  American Bureau of Fisheries, 186

  American Diabetes Association, 246

  American Medical Association, 191

  Council on Pharmacy, 173, 180

  American Physiological Society, New Haven meeting 1921, 95–96, 103

  Toronto presentation at, 104–6, 115, 123, 197, 199

  Anti-vivisectionism, 79, 89

  opposition to insulin, 192–93

  to honours, 220, 222

  Arataeus, 20

  Armour and Company, 175

  Association of American Physicians, May 1922 meeting, 125, 127–28, 194, 210

  Bacon, Robert, 149

  “Banting,” as dieting, 45n

  Banting, Sir Frederick Grant: traditional account, 11–17

  background, 45–47

  London practice, 47–58 passim; idea, 48–58, 209

  discussions with JJRM, 51–58

  oil expedition, 56

  early experiments, 59–80

  confrontation with Best, 65–66

  report to JJRM, 73

  opinions of Best, 73, 196, 218–19, 236

  error re whole gland extract, 76–77, 85, 204

  confrontations with JJRM, 81–83, 91, 107, 115–16, 194–95

  continuing experiments, 84–103

  background reading, 51, 55, 86–89

  error re Paulesco, 97–99

  Journal Club presentation, 90–91

  foetal extract, 91–93

  test on self, 93

  first paper, 94–95

  uses whole gland extract, 97, 99, 101

  experiments fail, 101–3

  presents first paper, 104–6

  anger and despair, 106f

  first clinical lest, 110–13

  Nobel lecture, 113

  confronts Collip, 117–20, 129–30

  and dog 33, 121–22

  second paper, 123

  drinking, 124–25

  aided by Best, 131

  and patenting, 133, 177–78

  enters private practice, 135

  treats Havens, 135–37

  offered jobs, 142

  use of insulin in summer of 1922, 143–53

  visits Lilly, 147–48

  confronts Walker, 148
–49

  and Elizabeth Hughes, 151–56, 162–63

  and struggle for credit, 193–203

  1922 account, 198–200, 217

  told to grow up, 201

  work criticized, 203–11

  assessment of work of, 208–11

  popular acclaim for, 210–14

  forgets trousers, 214

  honours for, 214–23

  visits England, 224

  reaction to Nobel Prize, 229–30

  vendetta against JJRM, 234

  late career, 235–37

  fails to cure metabolism, 235

  knighted, 236

  1940 account, 163–64, 236

  death, 236

  Banting, Henrietta, Lady, 15, 236

  Banting, Margaret Grant, 45

  Banting, Marion Robertson, 236

  Banting, William, 15, 216

  Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, 220, 235

  Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, 235, 237

  Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, 242

  Banting Institute, 235, 237, 243

  Banting Papers, 17, 244

  Banting Research Foundation, 241

  Barker, Lewellys, 95–96, 151, 191, 233

  Barron, Moses, 49–52

  Bart, Constantin, 16

  Bauer’s Antidiabeticum, 39

  Bayer company, 174

  Bayliss, Sir William, 27, 194–95, 201

  Benedict, Francis G., 225

  Bendict urine tests, 61

  Berkefeld filter, 93

  Berlin, Germany, University of, 29–30, 211

  Bernard, Claude, 25

  Best, Charles Herbert: traditional account, 12–17

  meets Banting, 57

  wins coin toss, 58

  early experiments, 59–81

  background, 64–65

  confrontation with Banting, 65–66

  early experiments, 59–81

  continuing experiments, 84–103

  does pancreatectomies, 80, 97

  error re Paulesco, 87–89

  first paper, 94–95

  opposes Collip, 98–99, 108n

  at New Haven, 105

  respiratory quotient work, 101, 108

  first clinical test, 112–13

  confrontation with Collip, 118–20

  and dog 33, 121–22

  second paper, 123

  rehabilitates FGB, 131

  helps regain knack, 133