Ireland
Page 32
Irish Historical Studies 127, 129, 134
Irish Labour Party see Labour Party, Irish
Irish language 72, 112, 113, 114, 140, 146
Irish Literary Society of London 113
Irish Medical Association 154
Irish National Land League see Land League
Irish Parliamentary Party 81, 98–101, 118
and Easter Rising 128–9, 130
and Griffith 117
and Home Rule 102, 130
interpretations 132–6
and Irish Volunteers 119
leadership 116
and Parnell 98, 101, 116
and Sinn Féin 123
Irish People (newspaper) 82
Irish Republic 130, 138
proclamation 122, 123
recognition 124
see also Irish Free State; Republic of Ireland
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
and Anglo-Irish Treaty 139
and Anglo-Irish War 124, 126
in Britain 145, 163, 190
ceasefire and arms decommissioning 175, 189, 190, 192, 193
and civil war 140
and Easter Rising 130
and Free State 145
and Northern Ireland 143, 152, 168–9, 180, 182
Official IRA 168
Provisional IRA 168, 198
Real IRA 193
and Republic of Ireland 163
Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)
and Easter Rising 121
and Home Rule movement 85–6, 119
and IRA 139
and revolutionary nationalism 82, 91, 116, 118, 120
and World War I 120
Irish Tenant League 80–1
Irish Transport Workers Union (ITWU) 118
Irish Unionist Party 103
Irish Volunteers 120–4
see also Irish Republican Army (IRA)
Irland und Europa project 18
‘Irregulars, The’ 139–40
Jackson, Alvin xi, 108, 132, 134, 136
Jackson, Kenneth 17
Jackson, T.A. 106
Jalland, Patricia 132
James I of England and VI of Scotland 23–4
James II of England and Ireland 26–7, 32, 207, 210
Jaski, Bart 18
Jenkins, Terry 107
John XXIII, Pope 153, 208
John, king of England 14
Johnston, E.M. 37
Joint Declaration (1993) 174–5
‘jumpers’ 65
Kane, Anne 94
Kee, Robert 93
Kells, Book of 10
Kells, synod (1152) 12
Kenny, Enda 203
Keogh, Dermot 159
Kerr, Ronan 198
Kiberd, Declan 130
Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, 8th earl 16
Kilmainham Treaty 88
Kinealy, Christine 75
kingdoms
early 8, 19, 20
and high king 9, 11, 14
and Norman rule 13
and Viking invasions 11
labour movement
and nationalism 116, 142
and sectarianism 112
Labour Party, British 119, 151, 190
Labour Party, Irish 141, 154, 163, 164, 165, 172, 177, 203
and New Ireland Forum 172
labourers
rural 52, 60, 78–9, 93, 110, 118, 149, 150, 208
urban 53–4, 60, 118
Ladies’ Land League 88
laissez-faire policies 62, 63, 68, 69, 75, 76
Lalor, James Finton 50
Lancaster, House of 15–17
Land Act
1870 84, 95
1881 88, 98, 101, 110
1903 110
land annuities 144
Land League 82, 86–8, 92, 94, 98
interpretations 91–4
Land Purchase Act (1923) 142
Land War (1879–82) 87–8, 94, 98, 101, 102, 210
interpretations 91–4
‘Plan of Campaign’ 101
landlords
absentee 91–2
boycotts of 92–3
and effects of Famine 71, 78–9
and Famine relief 64, 65, 67, 68
and Home Rule movement 103
and increase in holdings 79
interpretations 91–4
and Land League 86–7, 98
and tenants 36, 38, 42, 49, 50, 56, 59, 60, 79, 85–6, 94, 110
traditional view 91–2
landownership
by English 22, 35
Catholic 22, 23, 25, 28, 41
and employment 59
in Free State 142
and free trade in land 68
and nationalism 49–50, 78–94, 99
peasant 92
Protestant 25, 80, 90, 103
reforms 56, 81–2, 84, 116–17, 133
in Republic of Ireland 155
Larkin, James 118
law, in early society 8, 19, 20
League of Augsburg War (1689–97) 28
League of Nations 147
Lecky, W.E.H. 36
Lee, Joseph 37, 92, 158–9
Lemass, Sean 153, 155, 162
Liberal Clubs 45
Liberal Party
and Famine of 1845–52 62–3, 65
and Home Rule 85, 97, 99–101, 102, 103, 107, 116, 117, 118–19, 123
and ‘Irish Brigade’ 81
and land reform 85, 87
and O’Connell 45–6, 49
and Repeal movement 47, 48
and unionists 100, 103, 132
liberalism
and history 3
and interpretation of Home Rule movement 104–8
Library of Ireland series 51
Limerick, Treaty (1691) 27
linen industry 112, 143, 150
Catholics in 32
expansion 31
and mechanization 53, 60, 80
literacy 111
literature
early 10, 17, 18–19
and literary revival 112–15
Lloyd George, David 123, 125–6
Louis XIV of France 27, 28
Lowry, Michael 204
loyalism
definition 5
and Home Rule 99–101
and terrorism 190, 191
Lubenow, William 107
Luby, Thomas Clarke 82
Lydon, James 20
Lynch, Jack 162–4
Lynch, Patrick 128
Lyons, F.S.L. 74, 106, 132, 187
McAleese, Mary 206
McAteer, Eddie 167
McCaffrey, 57
McCone, Kim 18
McCreevey, Charlie 201
MacDonagh, Oliver 57
MacDonagh, Thomas 120
McDowell, R.B. 37
Macintyre, Angus 56
MacLochlainn, Murtough 12
MacMurrough, Dermot 12–13
MacNeill, Eoin 19–20, 114, 122, 127
McNeill, Ronald 135, 181
Major, John 174, 190
Mallon, Seamus 192
Mansergh, Nicholas 105
marching season see Orange Order, parades
Martin, F.X. 127
Marx, Karl 183
Marxism, and interpretation of the Troubles 183, 184, 185
Mary I of England 22
Mary II of Britain and Ireland 27
Matthew, Colin 107
Maxwell, Sir John 122
Mayhew, Patrick 174
Maynooth College 54
Maze prison 171
Mellifont, battle (1603) 22, 23
Methodism 55, 207
migration see emigration; settlement
Mitchel, John 49, 50, 56, 73, 75
Mitchell, Senator George 190, 193
monarchy
and Éire 149
and Irish Free State 145
and Irish independence 31, 83, 117, 140
and Northern Ireland 153
monasteries 9–10, 11, 12, 14, 21�
�2
Moody, T.W. 90, 185–6
Morgan, Austen 129, 130
Moriarty Tribunal (2011) 203–4
Morley, John 104–5, 107
Mountjoy, Charles Blount, 8th baron 22
Murphy Commission 199–200
Napoleonic Wars 41, 52, 59
Nation, The 49–50
National League (nineteenth century) 98, 101
National League (Northern Ireland) 143
National Literary Society 113
National University of Ireland 118
National Volunteers 120
nationalism
constitutional 41, 78–81, 82–4, 90, 93, 100, 106–7, 133, 175
see also Butt, Isaac; Home Rule; Irish Parliamentary Party; O’Connell, Daniel
cultural 91, 96, 112–20, 140
definition 4–6
and early Ireland 19–20
and effects of Famine 80
and Europe 200
and history 2, 35–6, 45–6, 56, 140, 146
and Home Rule 119–20, 130–1
and interpretations of Famine 72–7
of Home Rule 106, 130–1
of the Troubles 180–1
interpretations of 133–6, 157–8
and landownership 49, 78–94, 99
and language 71–2, 145
militant 120–6, 134, 173
and Connolly 118, 121–3
and Fenianism 82–4, 88–9
and Home Rule 83–4, 106, 133
and Land League 86
and Young Ireland 41, 49–51, 78
see also Easter Rising; Irish Republican Army
in Northern Ireland
and Assembly 170, 172
and civil rights 143
and Good Friday Agreement 192
and parliament 142–3
and party politics 166–7
and peace process 172–3, 174–5
and united Ireland 150
and socialism 90, 92, 116, 128, 129, 168–9, 201
see also Easter Rising; Fenianism; Northern Ireland; Sinn Féin; Young Ireland
Nationalist Party of Northern Ireland 143, 167
nativism 17–18
New Catholic Association 43
‘New English’ 22, 22
New Ireland Forum 172
Newsinger, John 91
Ní Chatháin, Próinséas 18
Nicholls, Kenneth 20
Normans 12–14, 19, 20, 205
North America, emigration to 58, 59, 66, 71, 86
North-South Ministerial Council 191
Northern Ireland
1922–32 142–9
1932–66 150–3
and boundary commission 140
and British troops 168–9
and Catholic community 112, 143, 150, 152–3, 160, 166, 206
and constitutional claims of Éire 130, 145, 149, 165, 180, 182, 191
definition 4
and devolved assembly proposals 165, 190
direct rule 162, 170, 193
establishment 140
and infrastructure 198
internal conflict interpretation 181, 183
interpretations 134–6, 160
and IRA activity 143, 152, 163, 168–9, 173, 182, 198
and landownership 142
Marxist interpretation 196
parliament 138, 142–3
and Republic of Ireland 153, 163, 170–1, 177–8, 190–2
and Second World War 150
and self-determination 174–5, 183, 191
social policies 149–50
traditional nationalist interpretation 181–3
traditional unionist interpretation 184
‘Troubles’ (1966–82) 6, 105, 135, 166–72
interpretations 180–8
and peace process 173–5, 190–6
see also agriculture; economy; industry; nationalism; parliament, Northern Ireland; Ulster; unemployment; unionism
Northern Ireland Assembly 4, 170, 171, 192–8, 206
and arms decommissioning 190–2
elections 172, 192
executive 193, 194
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association 166–7
Northern Ireland Convention 170
Nowlan, Kevin 56, 74
O’Brien, Conor Cruise 185, 186
O’Brien, George 35, 37
O’Brien, R. Barry 105–6
O’Brien, William 101, 110, 116, 117
O’Brien, William Smith 50
Ó Broin, Leon 90
Ó Coisáin, Niall 76–7
O’Connell, Daniel 36, 102, 116, 210
and Catholic Association 41–2, 207
and Catholic Emancipation 41–2, 45, 54, 56
and Clare election (1828) 45
and constitutional nationalism 41, 95
and diversity in nationalism 133
interpretations 56–8
and Irish language 72
as MP 45, 57
and Protestantism 55
and religion 57
and repeal of Act of Union 46–9, 56, 80, 82, 95
and Young Ireland 50, 51, 57
O’Connell, Maurice 37, 57
O’Connor, Rory 12–13
Ó Corráin, Donnchadh 17
O’Day, Alan xii, 107, 133
O’Farrell, Patrick 92
Official IRA 168
Ó Gráda, Cormac 75, 76
O’Grady, Standish James 113
O’Leary, John 82, 83, 90, 113
Omagh car bomb 193
O’Mahoney, John 82
O’Neill, Brian 14
O’Neill, Hugh (Earl of Tyrone) 22, 23
O’Neill, Terence 153, 167
O’Neill, Thomas P. 56
Orange Boys 32
Orange Order
banning 43, 49
Catholic opposition to 42–3, 192–3
foundation 32–3
and Home Rule 99
parades 150, 189, 190, 192, 196
and unionism 46, 47, 143, 205
‘Orange Young Ireland’ group 96
O’Rourke, Tiernán 12–13
Orpen, Goddard Henry 19, 20
O’Shea, Captain William Henry 101–2
O’Shea, Katherine 102
Otway-Ruthven, Jocelyn 20
paganism 17
Paisley, Ian 153, 166, 167, 182, 192, 193–4, 196, 197
Pale, the 15, 16, 22
Palladius, bishop 9
Parades Commission 192
paramilitary groups, and punishment beatings 190
parliament, British 4
and Catholic Emancipation 43, 44
and Famine of 1845–52 48, 56, 62–72, 76
and federalism 95
and Home Rule 95, 99
and Irish MPs 34, 40, 62, 81, 83–4, 98, 116–17
and Irish parliament 30–31, 34, 96
and Irish Parliamentary Party 81, 98
and obstruction of business 98
and Repeal movement 46–7
and Sinn Féin MPs 123–4, 171, 172, 173
and union 34–5, 40
parliament, English 24, 25, 26, 27
parliament, Irish
and British parliament 30–1, 35–6, 100
and Catholics 24, 28–30
dual 123
and Home Rule movement 96, 99
under Normans 12–14
and O’Connell 46
Protestant control 24–5, 37
in revisionist history 38
under Stuarts 22–25
under Tudors 21–2
and union 34, 40
parliament, Northern Ireland 142, 143, 149, 150
suspension 162, 169
Parnell, Anna 88
Parnell, Charles Stewart 36, 58, 205
arrest 88
and Gaelic Athletic Association 115
and Home Rule movement 85–6, 98–103, 105–6, 205
and Irish Parliamentary Party 88, 116
and Land League 86, 88, 98–9
and Land War 86–8, 98–9, 101
and landownership 50, 78–9, 86, 98
and nationalism 133
and private life 101–2
and The Times 100
partition 137–8, 140, 145
economic effects 138
interpretations 129, 131–2, 135, 181–3
opposition to 123–5
Patrick, St 9, 17
Patten, Chris 191
Patterson, Henry 160, 184
Peace with Ireland Council 124
Peace Movement (Peace People) 170
Peace Rally (2011) 198
Pearse, Patrick 114, 120–3, 132, 138
interpretations 127, 129–30
peasantry 35, 38, 88, 92, 93
Peel, Sir Robert
and Catholic Emancipation 45, 47–8
and Famine of 1845–52 61–2, 75–6
and Repeal movement 47
Peep O’Day Boys 32
Pemfret, J.E. 91
Penal Laws 28–9, 32, 36–7, 41, 54, 207
People’s Democracy movement 167
Phoenix Park murders 88, 100
phytophthera infestans (potato blight) 61, 69
Pitt, William (‘the Younger’) 34, 40
Pius XII, Pope 153, 208
‘plantation’ 22, 23, 24, 25, 36, 182, 186, 206, 208
Plunkett, Joseph Mary 120
Police Service of Northern Ireland 198
politics
and effects of Famine 71–2
and Emancipation 44–6
and exclusion of Catholics 24–5, 28, 34, 41–2
in Free State 140–2, 157–9
and history 1–2, 4, 135
and the land 78–94
and religion 4–5, 54, 55–6
in Republic of Ireland 176–7
revisionist approach 38
see also Catholic Emancipation; franchise
Poor Law Extension Act (1847) 67–8, 75
Poor Law Guardians 68
population
Anglo-Irish/Old English 21, 21–2, 34–5
and effects of Famine 59, 78–9, 89
Gaelic/native Irish 15, 16, 19, 20
growth 29, 41, 51–2, 59, 165
‘New English’ 22–3
over-population 59, 60, 62
of Republic of Ireland 165
post-revisionism
and early Ireland 18, 19
and Easter Rising 129–30
and the Famine 74–5
and interpretation of history 2, 3, 18–19
potato cultivation 51, 60–2, 71
and blight 58, 61–3, 67, 69, 71, 73
and population growth 59
see also Famine of 1845–52
poverty
Catholic 37
relief measures 41, 67
rural 29, 59, 60, 66–7
urban 53–4, 111–12
Power, John O’Connor 97
Poyning’s Law 16, 30
Poynings, Sir Edward 16
Prager, Jeffrey 157–8
prehistory 7–8
Presbyterians 186, 187, 207
and church organization 55
and Famine relief 65
and tithes 42, 46
President (Republic of Ireland) 146
prisoners, release 191
Progressive Democrats (Republic) 176–7, 190, 201
Protestant churches
in Northern Ireland 143