The China Mission

by Daniel Kurtz-Phelan

  132 “He likes things,” “war room” Yeaton to AW, 10 March 1946, AW Papers 91/8, Hoover.

  132 “Things locally” Yeaton to AW, 6 February 1946, AW Papers 91/8, Hoover; a distinction He in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 176; a progressive Spector, In the Ruins, 217; Zhou compared him Taylor, Generalissimo, 343.

  133 showing up at dances, had been withdrawn Yeaton to AW, 6 February 1946, AW Papers 91/8, Hoover; “diplomatic illness” Pantsov, Mao, 270; Mao was lying in bed Short, Mao, 403.

  133 flaws Pantsov, Mao, 99; “Why should you obey” Pantsov, Mao, 41; “His force” Short, Mao, 60; “The will,” rivers, mountains Pantsov, Mao, 42; biographies He Di, “The Most Respected Enemy,” 145; Theodore Roosevelt Hunt, Genesis, 210; “We need” He, “Most Respected Enemy,” 145.

  133 heard of America Lucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 79; map of the world Pantsov, Mao, 26; He called forth Pantsov, Mao, 172; Avenge the Shame Pantsov, Mao, 145.

  134 the Long March Pantsov, Mao, 288.

  134 counterrevolutionary sins Short, Mao, 309; Kang Sheng Mitter, Forgotten, 282; “Leniency” David E. Apter, Revolutionary Discourse in Mao’s Republic, 290.

  134 grass-paper Topping, Journey, 94; Standard Oil drums Short, Mao, 354; unbuckling his pants Jonathan D. Spence, Mao Zedong, 98; introduced her to Mao Pantsov, Mao, 327; she raged Pantsov, Mao, 310.

  134–135 “Dogma” Bianco, Origins, 79; opium Paine, Wars, 158; seek truth Pantsov, Mao, 238; from bloodthirsty revolutionary to advocate of peace Westad, Cold War, 168.

  135 “glorious success” Yu Shen in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 256; discipline in diplomacy Chen, Mao’s, 12; “Diplomatic attitudes” Saich, Rise, 1215.

  135 pilot searching, parachute drop, “It’s easy to see,” terraced fields Gillem diary, 4 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; drop into the valley Davies, Dragon, 344.

  135 Mao stood Memoirs of Ivan D. Yeaton, 133, Ivan D. Yeaton Papers 1, Hoover; Marshall came down GCMRL photos.

  135 “gaunt” Snow, Red Star, 90; pudgy, losing his hair, soft White, In Search, 195; handshake Henry Byroade Oral History, Foreign Service Oral History Program, LOC.

  135–136 Mao of Edgar Snow’s Snow, Red Star, 92–93; “megalomania” Snow, Red Star, 94; “force of destiny” Snow, Red Star, 90; “uncanny faculty” Pantsov, Mao, 320; A diplomat Davies, Dragon, 347.

  136 After reviewing GCMRL photographs; for a holiday Emancipation Daily 5 March 1946; A banner GCMRL photographs.

  136 Dignitaries Sidney Rittenberg, The Man Who Stayed Behind, 78; Heat Gillem diary, 4 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.

  136 Marshall kept, Mao sat GCMRL photographs; He thanked Marshall FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 501; He wanted to convey Final report, 53.

  136 Marshall praised FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 502.

  137 his host’s face Gillem diary, 4 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; Mao toasted Marshall’s Hsu, Chou, 172; simple meal Gillem diary, 4 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; A Communist who had attended GCMRL photographs.

  137 straw Davies, China Hand, 217; screenings Barrett, Dixie, 51; howls of wolves Rittenberg, The Man, 78; lights bobbed Topping, Journey, 3; The next morning Gillem diary, 5 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; griddle Memoirs of Ivan D. Yeaton, 104, Ivan D. Yeaton Papers 1, Hoover.

  137 Marshall’s departure GCMRL photographs, and Emancipation Daily 5 March 1946.

  137–138 “We completely agree” Emancipation Daily 5 March 1946; Mao remained Transcript of GCM comments, Conference on Problems of United States Policy in China, Secretary’s Files 152/4, HST Papers, HSTL.

  138 tracking Churchill’s visit Sheng, Battling, 137.

  138 doctors Serge N. Goncharov, Uncertain Partners, 15; physical and political Gillem diary, 5 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; The symbolism Tanner, Battle, 104.

  138 note from Marshall GCM to HST, 6 March 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.

  138 Truman replied HST to GCM, 7 March 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.

  138 “If things continue” HST to Delacy, 15 February 1946, Secretary’s Files 151/9, HST Papers, HSTL; “anxiety to get” HST to GCM, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.

  139 Chiang wanted to keep armed and in place Spector, In the Ruins, 42; “who are we neutral against” Henry Aplington, “Sunset in the East,” 172.

  139 He had seen occupation before Marshall interviews, 140; “hard-drinking” Marshall interviews, 133; “Why don’t you go home” Marshall cables, 15 January 1946, GCM Papers 24/1, GCMRL.

  139 “Never fire” Sheng, Battling, 116; “retreat” Niu, From Yan’an, 245; several confrontations Westad, Cold War, 113; Wedemeyer complained AW to Hurley, 24 December 1945, AW Papers 81/36, Hoover.

  139 Marshall admitted Shepley to HST, 26 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/28, GCMRL.

  140 “We must clear” GCM to HST, 9 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL; reassure Stalin Steven I. Levine, “A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War,” 356; “General Marshall feels” AW to Eisenhower, 11 March 1946, AW Papers 81/13, Hoover; “eyes of the world” GCM to HST, 9 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.

  140 ammunition Papers Vol. 5, 410; air force Memo to GCM on Chinese Air Force, AW Papers 82/23, Hoover; “middle men” GCM to HST, 6 March 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.

  140 4,000-man Gallicchio, Scramble, 90; into the field McClure to AW, 7 April 1946, AW Papers 82/18, Hoover; navy forces AW to GCM, 4 May 1946, GCM Papers 124/8, GCMRL; raising suspicions Gallicchio, Scramble, 176.

  140–141 commercial advantages FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 814; other offers FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 815; “aimed to create” Schaller, Crusade, 285; “sell out his heritage” AW to GCM, 24 January 1946, GCM Papers 124/8, GCMRL; African American troops War Department to Wedemeyer, 9 February 1946, Marshall Mission Records 20, NARA; Chiang had allowed AW Memo to CKS, 11 February 1946, AW Papers 86/1, Hoover.

  141 Marshall’s prodding Papers Vol. 5, 486; “This participation” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 818.

  141 sodden afternoon, heavy cold Papers Vol. 5, 501; he was feeling good GCM to Chamberlin, 7 March 1946, GCM Papers 17/21, GCMRL; “His praise” ­Shepley to GCM, 28 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL.

  141 “American assistance” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 513; “I get the impression” Shepley to GCM, 28 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL.

  141 dismayed by ongoing GCM to HST, 9 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL; “all you have accomplished” Shepley to GCM, 28 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; Secretary of State Byrnes Washington Post 6 March 1946.

  142 unity Harriman, Special, 539; first formal protest Westad, Cold War, 152.

  142 “General M.” Jeans, Marshall Mission, 244; “angry man” JM to Hellman, 26 February 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “If no peaceful solution” Chang to GCM, 11 March 1946, GCM Papers 122/15, GCMRL.

  142 sumptuous dinner JHC to Betty Caughey, 16 March 1946, JHC Papers 2/8, GCMRL.

  142 evening prayer CKS diary, 10 March 1946, Hoover; “His impression” Qin, Chronicles, Vol. 6.1, 2842; as Marshall had noticed Shepley to HST, 26 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/28, GCMRL; In a war CKS diary, 9 March 1946, Hoover.

  142 stated rationale CKS statement to GCM, 10 March 1946, Marshall Mission Records 1, NARA; real fear Westad, Cold War, 154.

  143 “reestablishment” Papers Vol. 5, 497; secret instruction GCM to Robertson, 11 March 1946, Marshall Mission Records 15, NARA.

  143 Chiang was also worried about mounting resistance GCM to HST, 18 March 1946, GCM Papers 124, GCMRL; heavy secrecy JM to Hellman, 7 March 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “power, prestige” JM to Hellman, 18 February 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “greatest purges” JM to Hellman, 20 March 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “Most of the people” Westad, Cold War, 150.

  143 Marshall sensed GCM to HST, 13 March 1946, Marshall Mission Records 1, NARA; bring irreconcilables FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 513; Chiang had even asked FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 445.

  143–144
“considerable change” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 513; “worried gang” JM to Hellman, 21 February 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “caves and ditches” JM to Hellman, 24 February 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “provocations” Zhou statement to GCM, 10 March 1946, AW Papers 89/4, Hoover; forbearance FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 246; “dirty work” JM to Hellman, 7 March 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.

  144 “your subordinates” Jean Edward Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 314; told General Gillem Gillem diary, 6 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.

  144 “I could have been” Gillem diary, 6 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.

  144 “easy mind” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 551.

  144 correspondents rushed New York Times 12 March 1946; “He gave me” New Yorker 16 March 1946.

  145 “I succeeded” GCM to HST, 13 March 1946, Marshall Mission Records 1, NARA; Red Army commander Levine, Anvil, 4.

  145 another winter Shepley to GCM, 28 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; Marshall and Chiang had talked CKS diary, 11 March 1946, Hoover; one request, American policy CKS statement to GCM, 10 March 1946, Marshall Mission Records 1, NARA; “What General Marshall” FRUS 1945 Vol. 9, 540.

  145 Marshall and Madame Chiang McElway report, GCM Papers 24/5, GCMRL.

  145 radio to Shepley Papers Vol. 5, 489.

  7. If the World Wants Peace

  149 “A tall man” Time 25 March 1946; Katherine was waiting New York Times 16 March 1946.

  149 kept his return quiet GCM to Spencer, 22 March 1946, GCM Papers 60/18, GCMRL; his cold GCM to Spencer, 22 March 1946, GCM Papers 60/18, GCMRL; hoarse Washington Post 17 March 1946; “We now need him” Upton to KTM, 10 May 1946, GCM Papers 124/6, GCMRL.

  149–150 “a stupendous accomplishment” AW to Eisenhower, 11 March 1946, AW Papers 81/13, Hoover; Henry Luce Luce to GCM, 27 February 1946, GCM Papers 74/44, GCMRL; Carsun Chang Chang to GCM, 11 March 1946, GCM Papers 122/15, GCMRL; “Ever since his arrival” Army Liaison to War Department, 18 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/36, GCMRL; A journalist made much Marshall cables, 25 January 1946, GCM Papers 24/1, GCMRL.

  150 two brief stops Papers Vol. 5, 491; hoped to borrow Papers Vol. 5, 465; troops to Japan in return GCM to AW, 16 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; national pride FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 429.

  150 Capra’s help Papers Vol. 5, 501.

  150 keep Truman informed John Melby Oral History, HSTL; “I know very little” HST to Wallace, 25 January 1946, Secretary’s Files 151/9, HST Papers, HSTL; Byrnes HST to Byrnes, 5 January 1946, Secretary’s Files 283/26, HST Papers, HSTL; shaky ground Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, 135.

  151 What Marshall had seen . . . the best hope Shepley to HST, 26 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/28, GCMRL.

  151 brow furrowed Time 25 March 1946; Marshall press comments GCM Press conference transcript, 16 March 1946, Marshall Mission Records 3, NARA.

  151–152 “Marshall’s presence” Jeans, Marshall Mission, 245; “The permanence” AW to Eisenhower, 11 March 1946, AW Papers 81/13, Hoover.

  152 a genial man Melby, Mandate, 131; his temper Alvan Gillem Oral History, GCMRL.

  152 “definitely not a Marshall” McClure to AW, 7 April 1946, AW Papers 82/18, Hoover; Gillem hardly needed reminding Gillem to Palmer, 23 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “Well she is worth seeing” Gillem diary, 10 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; wished he were on it Gillem diary, 12 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; press had trouble South China Morning Post 11 March 1946 and 15 March 1946.

  152 “Kuomintang thing” Melby, Mandate, 125; Gillem conceded Gillem diary, 12 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; spent the day Gillem diary, 12 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “poker game” Minutes of Military Sub-Committee meeting, 13 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; slept poorly Gillem diary, 13 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.

  152 war booty Tanner, Battle, 102; “Too rapid” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 601; “The Russians are pretty cute” JM to Hellman, 16 March 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.

  153 “softening” Gillem to GCM, 28 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/30, GCMRL; Soviets alerted Westad, Cold War, 158; American resolve Gillem to GCM, 28 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/30, GCMRL.

  153 “Further delay” GCM to Gillem, 18 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; “Force the issue” GCM to Gillem, 21 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL.

  153 “Now we have” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 578; responsibilities FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 582; “The Army” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 577.

  153 without permission Directive covering destruction of military works along railroad lines, 15 April 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “my responsibility” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 590; making contact FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 587; he was touched JHC notes of meeting with Zhou, 23 March 1946, JHC Papers 1/3, GCMRL; “I have Zhou” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 599; “point of conflict” History of the Executive Headquarters, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.

  153 “United States policy” Army Liaison to War Department, 18 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/36, GCMRL; “need not worry” GCM to HST, 18 March 1946, Secretary’s Files 151/9, HST Papers, HSTL.

  154 Marshall was as busy GCM to Churchill, 18 June 1946, GCM Papers 122/9, GCMRL; “still Chief of Staff” Gallicchio, Scramble, 172.

  154 “old isolationism” GCM Statement to Chinese Editors, 23 February 1946, GCM Papers 122/30, GCMRL; that pressure Papers Vol. 5, 506.

  154 memo from his staff Shepley to HST, 26 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/28, GCMRL.

  154–155 a fraction of what was necessary FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 963; restoring communications New York Times 2 February 1946; after freezing talks FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 911; quietly prepare FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 935; withering skepticism Acheson, Present, 148; “a loan” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 926; T. V. Soong complained FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 948.

  155 multiple representatives GCM to AW, 29 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; surplus equipment GCM to Gillem, 27 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; “famine conditions” GCM to HST, 26 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL; “favorable terms” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 950; C-54 AW to GCM, 25 April 1946, AW Papers 82/23, Hoover; “substantial advances” GCM to Gillem, 27 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL.

  155 communications adviser GCM to Gillem, 18 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; “Your mission” Beal, Marshall, 4.

  155–156 Marshall pressed Vincent to GCM, 11 April 1946, GCM Papers 124/4, GCMRL; recruited officers GCM to Gillem, 27 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; congressional approval FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 827; by 20,000 Papers Vol. 5, 514; “really an irritant” Spector, In the Ruins, 267; “reduce the scale” Nimitz to Eisenhower, 4 April 1946, GCM Papers 124/30, GCMRL; enough troops GCM to AW, 29 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; Chiang’s armies AW to CKS, 12 April 1946, AW Papers 81/2, Hoover.

  156 “most difficult problem” Papers Vol. 3, 547; “localitis” Perry, Partners, 256; “priority of this theater” Papers Vol. 4, 132; “no localitis involved” Papers Vol. 5, 493.

  156 Congress New York Times 11 April 1946; Truman speech Chicago Tribune 7 April 1946.

  156–157 “Rebuffs,” “police the world” Chicago Tribune, 8 April 1946; voted down Chicago Tribune 9 April 1946; “the quarrel in China” Mansfield to HST, 7 November 1945, White House Central File 111/2, HST Papers, HSTL; administration was charged Chicago Tribune 5 April 1946; whiskey distilleries Chicago Tribune 12 April 1946.

  157 goddaughter’s baptism Rose Page Wilson, General Marshall Remembered, 314; “so overcrowded” GCM to Pierce, 28 May 1946, GCM Papers 123/33, GCMRL; Churchill GCM to Churchill, 18 June 1946, GCM Papers 122/9, GCMRL.

  157 “World War III” Niu, From Yan’an, 269; “Churchill now takes” Chicago Tribune 14 March 1946.

  157 war with Russia Shepley to GCM, 28 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; “appeasement” FRUS 1945 Vol. 7, 713; pinkos Chicago Tribune 17 March 1946; J. Edgar Hoover Donovan, Conflict, 173; Soviet conduct Gallup, Gallup, 567; Moscow could be trusted Leffler, Preponderance, 106.

  158 Kennan telegram George F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925–1950, 505.

  158 Forrest
al Donovan, Conflict, 188.

  158 Stalin’s speech Melby memo on Stalin 9 February speech, 5 March 1946, GCM Papers 123/21, GCMRL; “hard whiskey glasses” GCM Statement to Chinese Editors, 23 February 1946, GCM Papers 122/30, GCMRL.

  159 “completely immobilized” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 740; delaying tactics Tanner, Battle, 150; Marshall told Gillem GCM to Gillem, 6 April 1946, GCM Papers 124/35, GCMRL; procedural disputes FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 738.

  159 “national suicide” Washington Post 8 March 1946; “diehard elements” Shepley to HST, 26 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/28, GCMRL; “revisions” Westad, Cold War, 157; American intelligence reported Military intelligence review, 11 April 1946, Naval Aide Files 17/3, HST Papers, HSTL.

  159 “working schedule” Zhou to Gillem, 20 March 1946, JHC Papers 1/3, GCMRL; public complaints Zhou statement, 4 April 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “civil war” Zhou statement, 4 April 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; abetting it FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 722; “Without simultaneous resolution” Tanner, Battle, 108.

  160 spurious charges History of the Executive Headquarters, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; new nickname Topping, Journey, 274; railway lines Robertson to Gillem, 26 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; Chiang expressed Gillem journal notes, 25–28 February 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.

  160 Tai himself Wakeman, Spymaster, 355; Communists, Americans Melby, Mandate, 163; spirit of Sun Wakeman, Spymaster, 357; staged his own death Wakeman, Spymaster, 355; American plane JHC to Betty Caughey, 11 April 1946, JHC Papers 2/8, GCMRL; friends of Zhou JM to Hellman, 26 April 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; suspected sabotage Boorman, Biographical Dictionary Vol. 1, 398; 13-year-old daughter Jeans, Marshall Mission, 247.

  160–161 “can fix it” JHC to Betty Caughey, 8 April 1946, JHC Papers 2/8, GCMRL; “appalling” JM to Hellman, 6 April 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “desire for early return” Summary of telegrams, 13 April 1946, Naval Aide Files 22/1, HST Papers, HSTL.

  161 “immediate return” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 736; Madame Chiang Madame CKS to GCM, 2 April 1946, GCM Papers 60/44, GCMRL.

  161 “hard battle,” “sold China” GCM to AW, 29 March 1946, GCM Papers 124/34, GCMRL; in his assessment GCM to Gillem, 5 April 1946, GCM Papers 124/35, GCMRL; single day off AW to Chiang, 25 April 1946, AW Papers 81/2, Hoover.