Delphi Complete Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 79)

by Dionysius of Halicarnassus

  [2] φιλόσοφος καὶ πολιτικὸς ἀνήρ, συγγράφω. εὐθὺς μὲν οὖν ἅμα τῷ παραλαβεῖν τὴν ἐξουσίαν, ἱππάρχην ἀποδείκνυσι Σπόριον Κάσσιον, τὸν ὑπατεύσαντα κατὰ τὴν ἑβδομηκοστὴν ὀλυμπιάδα. τοῦτο τὸ ἔθος ἕως τῆς κατ᾽ ἐμὲ γενεᾶς ἐφυλάττετο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, καὶ οὐθεὶς εἰς τόδε χρόνου δικτάτωρ αἱρεθεὶς χωρὶς ἱππάρχου τὴν ἀρχὴν διετέλεσεν. ἔπειτα τῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ κράτος ἐπιδεῖξαι βουληθεὶς ὅσον ἐστί, καταπλήξεως μᾶλλον ἢ χρήσεως ἕνεκα τοῖς ῥαβδούχοις ἐκέλευσεν ἅμα ταῖς δεσμαῖς τῶν ῥάβδων τοὺς πελέκεις διὰ τῆς πόλεως φέρειν: ἔθος ἐπιχώριον μὲν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν, ἐκλειφθὲν δ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπάτων, ἐξ οὗ Οὐαλέριος Ποπλικόλας ὁ πρῶτος ὑπατεύσας ἐμείωσε τὸν φθόνον τῆς ἀρχῆς, αὐτὸς ἀνανεωσάμενος.

  [2] As soon, therefore, as Larcius had assumed this power, he appointed as his Master of the Horse Spurius Cassius, who had been consul about the seventieth Olympiad. This custom has been observed by the Romans down to my generation and no one appointed dictator has thus far gone through his magistracy without a Master of the Horse. After that, desiring to show how great was the extent of his power, he ordered the lictors, more to inspire terror than for any actual use, to carry the axes with the bundles of rods through the city, thereby reviving once more a custom that had been observed by the kings but abandoned by the consuls after Valerius Publicola in his first consulship had lessened the hatred felt for that magistracy.

  [3] καταπληξάμενος δὲ τούτῳ τε καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις συμβόλοις τῆς βασιλικῆς ἡγεμονίας τοὺς ταρακτικοὺς καὶ νεωτεριστάς, τὸ κράτιστον τῶν ὑπὸ Σερουΐου Τυλλίου τοῦ δημοτικωτάτου βασιλέως κατασταθέντων νομίμων, πρῶτον ἐπέταξε ποιῆσαι Ῥωμαίοις ἅπασι, τιμήσεις κατὰ φυλὰς τῶν βίων ἐνεγκεῖν, προσγράφοντας γυναικῶν τε καὶ παίδων ὀνόματα καὶ ἡλικίας ἑαυτῶν τε καὶ τέκνων.

  [3] Having by this and the other symbols of royal power terrified the turbulent and the seditious, he first ordered all the Romans, pursuant to the best of all the practices established by Servius Tullius, the most democratic of the kings, to return valuations of their property, each in their respective tribes, adding the names of their wives and children as well as the ages of themselves and their children. And all of them having registered in a short time by reason of the severity of the penalty (for the disobedient were to lose both their property and their citizenship), the Romans who had arrived at the age of manhood were found to number 150,700.

  [4] ἐν ὀλίγῳ δὲ χρόνῳ πάντων τιμησαμένων διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς τιμωρίας: τήν τε γὰρ οὐσίαν ἀπολέσαι τοὺς ἀπειθήσαντας ἔδει καὶ τὴν πολιτείαν: ἑπτακοσίοις πλείους εὑρέθησαν οἱ ἐν ἥβῃ Ῥωμαῖοι πεντεκαίδεκα μυριάδων. μετὰ τοῦτο διακρίνας τοὺς ἔχοντας τὴν στρατεύσιμον ἡλικίαν ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων [p. 255] καὶ καταχωρίσας εἰς λόχους, διένειμε πεζούς τε καὶ ἱππεῖς εἰς τέτταρας μοίρας: ὧν μίαν μὲν τὴν κρατίστην περὶ αὑτὸν εἶχεν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν ὑπολειπομένων Κλοίλιον ἐκέλευσε τὸν συνύπατον ἣν αὐτὸς ἐβούλετο λαβεῖν, τὴν δὲ τρίτην Σπόριον Κάσσιον τὸν ἱππάρχην, τὴν δὲ καταλειπομένην τὸν ἀδελφὸν Σπόριον Λάρκιον: αὕτη φρουρεῖν τὴν πόλιν ἐτάχθη σὺν τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις ἐντὸς τείχους μένουσα.

  [4] After that he separated those who were of military age from the older men, and distributing the former into centuries, he formed four bodies of foot and horse, of which he kept one, the best, about his person, while of the remaining three bodies, he ordered Cloelius, who had been his colleague in the consulship, to choose the one he wished, Spurius Cassius, the Master of the Horse, to take the third, and Spurius Larcius, his brother, the remaining one; this last body together with the older men was ordered to guard the city, remaining inside the walls.

  [1] ὡς δ᾽ ἦν αὐτῷ πάντα τὰ εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἐπιτήδεια εὐτρεπῆ, προήγαγε τὰς δυνάμεις εἰς ὕπαιθρον, καὶ τίθεται στρατόπεδα τρία καθ᾽ οὓς μάλιστα ὑπελάμβανε τόπους ποιήσεσθαι τοὺς Λατίνους τὴν ἔφοδον. ἐνθυμούμενος δ᾽, ὅτι φρονίμων στρατηγῶν ἐστιν, οὐ μόνον τὰ ἑαυτῶν πράγματα ποιεῖν ἰσχυρά, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ τῶν πολεμίων ἀσθενῆ, καὶ μάλιστα μὲν ἄνευ μάχης καὶ πόνου καταλύεσθαι τοὺς πολέμους, εἰ δὲ μή γε σὺν ἐλαχίστῃ τοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ πλήθους δαπάνῃ, πολέμων θ᾽ ἁπάντων κακίστους ἡγούμενος καὶ πλεῖστα τὰ λυπηρὰ ἔχοντας, οὓς πρὸς συγγενεῖς καὶ φίλους ἀναγκαζόμενοί τινες ἀναιροῦνται, ἐπιεικεστέρων μᾶλλον ἢ δικαιοτέρων ᾤετο δεῖν αὐτοῖς διαλύσεων.

  [76.1] When he had got everything ready that was necessary for the war, he took the field with his forces and established three camps in the places where he suspected the Latins would be the most likely to make their invasion. He considered that it is the part of a prudent general, not only to strengthen his own position, but also to weaken that of the enemy, and, above all, to bring wars to an end without a battle or hardship, or, if that cannot be done, then with the least expenditure of men; and regarding as the worse of all wars and the most distressing those which men are forced to undertake against kinsmen and friends, he thought they ought to be settled by an accommodation in which clemency outweighed the demands of justice.

  [2] κρύφα τε δὴ πέμπων πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιφανεστάτους τῶν Λατίνων ἀνυπόπτους τινὰς ἔπειθε φιλίαν πράττειν ταῖς πόλεσι, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ πρεσβευόμενος κατὰ πόλεις τε καὶ πρὸς τὸ κοινὸν οὐ χαλεπῶς ἐξειργάσατο μηκέτι τὴν αὐτὴν ἅπαντας ὁρμὴν ἔχειν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον: μάλιστα δ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐξεθεράπευσε καὶ διαστῆναι πρὸς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας ἐποίησε διὰ τοιαύτης εὐεργεσίας. [p. 256]

  [2] Accordingly, he not only sent secretly to the most important men among the Latins some persons who were free from suspicion and attempted to persuade them to establish friendship between the two states, but he also sent ambassadors openly both to the several cities and to their league and by that means easily brought it about that they no longer entertained the same eagerness for the war. But in particular he won them over and set them against their leaders by the following service.

  [3] οἱ γὰρ τὴν αὐτοκράτορα παρειληφότες τῶν Λατίνων στρατηγίαν, Μαμίλιός τε καὶ Σέξτος ἐν Τύσκλῳ πόλει τὰς δυνάμεις συνέχοντες, παρεσκευάζοντο μὲν ὡς ἐλάσοντες ἐπὶ τὴν Ῥώμην, ἐδ�
�πάνων δὲ πολὺν εἰς τὸ μέλλειν χρόνον, εἴτε τὰς ὑστεριζούσας ἀναμένοντες πόλεις, εἴτε τῶν ἱερῶν αὐτοῖς οὐ γινομένων καλῶν. ἐν τούτῳ δὴ τῷ χρόνῳ τινὲς ἀποσκιδνάμενοι τοῦ στρατοπέδου τὴν χώραν τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐπόρθουν.

  [3] The men who had received the supreme command over the Latins, namely, Mamilius and Sextus, keeping their forces all together in the city of Tusculum, were preparing to march on Rome, but were consuming much time in delay, either waiting for the cities which were slow in joining them or because the sacrificial victims were not favourable. During this time some of their men, scattering abroad from the camp, proceeded to plunder the territory of the Romans.

  [4] τοῦτο μαθὼν ὁ Λάρκιος ἀποστέλλει τὸν Κλοίλιον ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἄγοντα τῶν ἱππέων τε καὶ ψιλῶν τοὺς ἀνδρειοτάτους. ὃς ἐπιφανεὶς αὐτοῖς ἀπροσδόκητος ὀλίγους μέν τινας ἀποκτείνει μαχόμενος, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς αἰχμαλώτους λαμβάνει. τούτους ὁ Λάρκιος ἐκ τῶν τραυμάτων ἀναλαβὼν καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐκθεραπεύσας φιλανθρωπίαις ἀπέστειλεν εἰς Τύσκλον ἀθρόους ἄνευ λύτρων, πρεσβευτὰς σὺν αὐτοῖς πέμψας Ῥωμαίων τοὺς ἐντιμοτάτους. οὗτοι διεπράξαντο διαλυθῆναι τὸ στράτευμα τῶν Λατίνων καὶ γενέσθαι ταῖς πόλεσιν ἐνιαυσίους ἀνοχάς.

  [4] Larcius, being informed of this, sent Cloelius against them with the most valiant, both of the horse and light-armed troops; and he, coming upon them unexpectedly, killed a few in the action and took the rest prisoners. These Larcius caused to be cured of their wounds, and having gained their affection by many other instances of kindness, he sent them to Tusculum safe and sound without ransom, and with them the most distinguished of the Romans as ambassadors. Through their efforts the army of the Latins was disbanded and a year’s truce concluded between the two states.

  [1] ταῦτα διαπραξάμενος ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπῆγε τὰς δυνάμεις ἐκ τῆς ὑπαίθρου καὶ πρὶν ἢ πάντα τὸν τῆς ἐξουσίας ἐκπληρῶσαι χρόνον ὑπάτους ἀποδείξας ἀπέθετο τὴν ἀρχὴν οὔτ᾽ ἀποκτείνας οὐθένα Ῥωμαίων οὔτ᾽ ἐξελάσας τῆς πατρίδος οὔτ᾽ ἄλλῃ συμφορᾷ βαρείᾳ περιβαλὼν 23 οὐδεμιᾷ.

  [77.1] After Larcius had effected these things, he brought the army home from the field, and having appointed consuls, laid down his magistracy before the whole term of his power had expired, without having put any of the Romans to death, banished any, or inflicted any other severity on any of them.

  [2] οὗτος ὁ ζῆλος ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀρξάμενος ἅπασι παρέμεινε τοῖς λαμβάνουσι τὴν αὐτὴν ἐξουσίαν ἄχρι τῆς τρίτης πρὸ ἡμῶν γενεᾶς. οὐθένα [p. 257] γοῦν ἐκ τῆς ἱστορίας παρειλήφαμεν, ὃς οὐ μετρίως αὐτῇ καὶ πολιτικῶς ἐχρήσατο, πολλάκις ἀναγκασθείσης τῆς πόλεως καταλῦσαι τὰς νομίμους ἀρχὰς καὶ πάντα ποιῆσαι τὰ πράγματα ὑφ᾽ ἑνί.

  [2] This enviable example set by Larcius was continued by all who afterwards received this same power till the third generation before ours. Indeed, we find no instance of any one of them in history who did not use it with moderation and as became a citizen, though the commonwealth has often found it necessary to abolish the legal magistracies and to put the whole administration under one man.

  [3] καὶ εἰ μὲν ἐν τοῖς ὀθνείοις πολέμοις μόνον ἦσαν οἱ λαμβάνοντες τὴν δικτατορίαν ἀγαθοὶ προστάται τῆς πατρίδος μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ μεγέθους τῆς ἀρχῆς διαφθειρόμενοι ἧττον ἂν θαυμαστὸν ἦν: νῦν δὲ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἐμφυλίοις διχοστασίαις πολλαῖς καὶ μεγάλαις γενομέναις καὶ ἐπὶ καταλύσει βασιλειῶν καὶ τυραννίδων ὑποπτευομένων καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἄλλων συμφορῶν κωλύσει μυρίων ὅσων οἱ τηλικαύτης τυχόντες ἐξουσίας ἅπαντες ἀνεπιλήπτους καὶ τῷ πρώτῳ λαβόντι τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁμοίους ἑαυτοὺς παρέσχον: ὥσθ᾽ ἅπασι παραστῆναι τὴν αὐτὴν δόξαν, ὅτι μία βοήθεια παντός ἐστιν ἀνιάτου κακοῦ καὶ τελευταίας σωτηρίας ἐλπίς, ὅταν ἀπορραγῶσιν ἅπασαι διὰ καιρούς τινας, ἡ τοῦ δικτάτορος ἀρχή. ἐπὶ δὲ

  [3] If, now, in foreign wars alone those who held the dictatorship had shown themselves brave champions of the fatherland, quite uncorrupted by the greatness of their power, it would not be so remarkable; but as it was, all who obtained this great power, whether in times of civil dissensions, which were many and serious, or in order to overthrow those who were suspected of aiming at monarchy or tyranny, or to prevent numberless other calamities, acquitted themselves in a manner free from reproach, like the first man who received it; so that all men gained the same opinion, and the last hope of safety when all others had been snatched away by some crisis, was the dictatorship.

  [4] τῆς κατὰ τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν ἡλικίας ὁμοῦ τι τετρακοσίων διαγενομένων ἐτῶν ἀπὸ τῆς Τίτου Λαρκίου δικτατορίας διεβλήθη καὶ μισητὸν ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις ἐφάνη τὸ πρᾶγμα Λευκίου Κορνηλίου Σύλλα πρώτου καὶ μόνου πικρῶς αὐτῇ καὶ ὠμῶς χρησαμένου: ὥστε τότε πρῶτον αἰσθέσθαι Ῥωμαίους, ὃ τὸν ἄλλον ἅπαντα χρόνον ἠγνόουν, ὅτι τυραννίς ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ

  [4] But in the time of our fathers, a full four hundred years after Titus Larcius, the institution became an object of reproach and hatred to all men under L. Cornelius Sulla, the first and only dictator who exercised his power with harshness and cruelty; so the Romans then perceived for the first time what they had along been ignorant of, that the dictatorship is a tyranny.

  [5] δικτάτορος ἀρχή. βουλήν τε γὰρ ἐκ τῶν ἐπιτυχόντων ἀνθρώπων συνέστησε καὶ τὸ τῆς δημαρχίας κράτος εἰς [p. 258] τοὐλάχιστον συνέστειλε καὶ πόλεις ὅλας ἐξῴκισε καὶ βασιλείας τὰς μὲν ἀνεῖλε, τὰς δ᾽ αὐτὸς ἀπέδειξε, καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ καὶ αὐθάδη διεπράξατο, περὶ ὧν πολὺ ἂν ἔργον εἴη λέγειν: πολίτας τε χωρὶς τῶν ἐν ταῖς μάχαις ἀπολομένων τοὺς παραδόντας αὐτῷ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἐλάττους τετρακισμυρίων ἀπέκτεινεν, ὧν τινας καὶ

  [5] For Sulla composed the senate of commonplace men, reduced the power of the tribunes to the minimum, depopulated whole cities, abolished some kingdoms and established others himself, and was guilty of many other arbitrary acts, which it would be a great task to enumerate. As for the citizens, besides those slain in battle, he put no fewer than forty thousand to death after they had surrendered to him, and some of these after he had first tortured them.

  [6] βασάνοις πρῶτον αἰκισάμενος. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἀναγκαίως ἢ συμφερόντως τῷ κοινῷ πάντα �
�αῦτ᾽ ἔπραξεν, οὐχ ὁ παρὼν καιρὸς ἐξετάζειν: ὅτι δὲ διὰ ταῦτ᾽ ἐμισήθη καὶ δεινὸν ἐφάνη τὸ τοῦ δικτάτορος ὄνομα, τοῦτό μοι προὔκειτο ἐπιδεῖξαι. πέφυκε δ᾽ οὐ ταῖς δυναστείαις τοῦτο μόναις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις συμβαίνειν τοῖς περιμαχήτοις καὶ θαυμαζομένοις ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ βίου πράγμασι. καλὰ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντα φαίνεται καὶ συμφέροντα τοῖς χρωμένοις, ὅταν τις αὐτοῖς χρῆται καλῶς, αἰσχρὰ δὲ καὶ ἀσύμφορα, ὅταν πονροὺς λάβῃ προστάτας. τούτου δ᾽ ἡ φύσις αἰτία προσθεῖσα τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἅπασι καὶ κῆράς τινας συμφύτους. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἕτερος ἂν εἴη τοῖς λόγοις καιρὸς ἐπιτηδειότερος. οἱ δ᾽ ἐν τῷ κατόπιν ἐνιαυτῷ τὴν ὕπατον ἀρχὴν παραλαβόντες Αὖλος Σεμπρώνιος Ἀτρατῖνος καὶ Μάρκος Μηνύκιος, ἐπὶ τῆς ἑβδομηκοστῆς καὶ πρώτης ὀλυμπιάδος, ἣν ἐνίκα στάδιον Τισικράτης Κροτωνιάτης, ἄρχοντος Ἀθήνησιν Ἱππάρχου.

  [6] Whether all these acts of his were necessary or advantageous to the commonwealth the present is not the time to inquire; all I have undertaken to show is that the name of dictator was rendered odious and terrible because of them. This is wont to be the case, not only with positions of power, but also with the other advantages which are eagerly contended for and admired in everyday life. For they all appear noble and profitable to those who hold them when they are used nobly, but base and unprofitable when they find unprincipled champions. For this result Nature is responsible, which to all good things has attached some congenital evils. But another occasion may be more suitable for discussing this subject.