All Standing
Page 25
19. Adrift
1. Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales Quebec, Fond 23081845.
2. Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales Quebec, Fonds TL31, S1, SS1, 1960–01– 357/147.
3. American Review 1 (1845): 61.
4. Henry Grey, The Colonial Policy of Lord John Russell’s Administration (London: R. Bentley, 1853), 31.
5. J. Matthew Gallman, Receiving Erin’s Children (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 29.
6. Letter, Grey to Smith, Dec. 10, 1851, Papers of Henry George, 3rd Earl Grey, Durham University Library, Archives and Special Collections, GB-0033-GRE-B.
7. J. Holland Rose et al., Cambridge History of the British Empire (Cambridge, England: University Press, 1929),372.
8. Hansard Parliamentary Debates 114 (3d series) (1851), 1312.
9. Hansard 119 (1852), 475–76.
10. Hansard 114 (1851), 1163–66.
11. Jonathan Pim to Trevelyan, June 5, 1849, Transactions of the Society of Friends (Dublin), 1852, 452–54.
12. Introduction to Irish Encumbered Estate Papers, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast, 2007.
13. Trevelyan to Twisleton, quoted in Kinealy, A Death-Dealing Famine, 148.
14. Ibid., 136.
15. Peter Gray, Famine, Land, and Politics (Portland, OR: Irish Academic Press, 1999), 232.
16. Trevelyan to Clarendon, July 15, 1849, Trevelyan Letterbooks, Bodleian Library, Oxford, microfilm.
17. Robin Haines, Charles Trevelyan and the Great Irish Famine (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004), 519.
18. Clarendon to Russell, Mar. 10, 12, 1849, Domestic Records of the Public Record Office, Volume 30, Letterbox 4, UK National Archives, Kew, England.
19. “Evidence of Edward Twisleton,” Select Committee on the Irish Poor Law, 1849 (London: J. Ollivier, 1849), 699–714.
20. Ibid.
21. Fourth Report from the Select Committee on Poor Laws (Ireland), p. 1849 (148), XV, 329–33 (Cambridge, England: National Government Reports [House of Commons], 1849).
22. John Ball, What Is to Be Done for Ireland? (London: J. Ridgway, 1849).
23. Trevelyan to Wood, Sept. 16, Oct. 20, 1849, Hickleton Papers, A4/59/2, York University, Borthwick Institute for Archives, York, England.
20. Clearances
1. Christine Kinealy, This Great Calamity (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1995), 232.
2. Ibid.
3. Anbinder, “From Famine to Five Points,” 351–87.
4. Kinealy, This Great Calamity, 136.
5. Tralee Chronicle, Jan. 27, 1849.
6. Dr. Crumpe, “Report upon the Recent Epidemic Fever in Ireland,” Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science 7 (1849): 86–87.
7. Kerry Evening Post, Dec. 9, 1848.
8. Kerry Evening Post, Aug. 16, 1848.
9. “Total Loss of the ‘Maria’ Passenger Ship from Limerick to Quebec,” Kerry Evening Post, June 16, 1849.
10. Liam Kelly et al., Blennerville: Gateway to Tralee’s Past (Dublin: Foras Aiseanna Saothair, 1989), 134.
11. Kerry Evening Post, Mar. 17, 1852.
12. John F. Stover, History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Research Foundation, 1987), 4.
13. Baltimore Sun, Mar. 31, 1849.
14. New York Herald, Jan. 11, 1849.
21. Crossing the Bar
1. The account of this storm comes from the unpublished immigration diary of Michael Friedrich Radke, 1848, http://www.ingenweb.org/infranklin/pages/tier2/radke1848.html (accessed Oct. 23, 2011). Radke’s vessel, the Johanis, left Germany on March 5, 1848, putting them on an almost identical track and schedule as the Jeanie Johnston.
2. Eugene Fauntleroy Cordell, The Medical Annals of Maryland 1799–1899 (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1903).
3. “Notice—The Attention of Pilots, Masters of Vessels,” Baltimore Sun, May 1, 1849.
4. O’Gráda, Black ’47, 51.
5. Kerry Evening Post, May 26, 1849.
6. Volo and Volo, Daily Life in the Age of Sail, 118.
22. No Irish Need Apply
1. Kerry Evening Post, May 26, 1849.
2. Kevin Kenny, The American Irish (New York: Pearson, 2000), 61.
3. Baltimore Sun, May 7, 1849.
4. Dale T. Knobel, Paddy and the Republic: Ethnicity and Nationality in Antebellum America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1988), 98.
5. Ibid., 14.
6. John Sanderson, Republican Landmarks: The Views and Opinions of American Statesmen on Foreign Immigration (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1856).
7. James Redfield, Outline of a New Physiognomy (Boston: Redding, 1849).
8. Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States in the Years 1853– 1854, with Remarks on Their Economy (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 550–51.
23. Royal Visit
1. Queen Victoria to Lord John Russell, July 19, 1849, in The Letters of Queen Victoria (New York: Longmans, Green, 1907).
2. Queen Victoria and Arthur Helps, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands (New York: BiblioBazaar, 2010).
3. Richard J. Kelly, “Queen Victoria and the Post-Famine Irish Context: A Royal Visit,” http://www.vssj.jp/journal/7/kelly.pdf, accessed Apr. 13, 2012.
4. Kerry Evening Post, Oct. 24, 1849.
5. Kelly et al., Blennerville.
6. Kerry Evening Post, Sept. 7, 1850.
7. These figures are derived using the model proposed by Tyler Anbinder, who writes, “My calculation of the current value of Holland’s savings is based on the multiplier suggested by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Handbook of Labor Statistics . . . which suggests a multiplier of 21.34 to convert 1850 dollars into 2001 dollars. According to the Department of Labor’s statistics, a dollar in 1860 was worth about the same amount in real terms as a dollar in 1850, due to the deflationary effects of the panics of 1854 and 1857. The department’s figures are borne out by John J. McCusker, ‘How Much Is That in Real Money?,’ Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 101 (1991): 327–32, which suggests a multiplier of 16 to convert dollar amounts from the 1850s into 1991 dollars. Adjusting McCusker’s figure to take into account inflation since 1991 . . . brings virtually the identical result. All subsequent estimates of the current value of nineteenth-century monetary figures are based on the Department of Labor’s conversion program. It is, I admit, very difficult to know whether or not to trust these conversion systems. They do not produce consistently satisfactory results. Nonetheless, I feel it is important to offer estimates, because without them, the monetary figures from the nineteenth century are meaningless to most modern readers. These estimates of the modern value of the Emigrant Savings Bank account balances are different from (and should be used in place of) those appearing in my book Five Points (New York, 2001). At the time Five Points went to press, I did not fully appreciate the impact of 1990s inflation on the Emigrant Savings Bank account information.”
24. Steaming Ahead
1. Kevin L. Cook, “Rolling West on Emigrant Trains,” Wild West 13:2 (2000): 30.
Fergus Falls, Minnesota, August 26, 1885
1. Interview with Paul Roberts and Florence Keating, Aug. 12, 2011.
26. The Rising Tide
1. Mr. Grattan, Hansard Parliamentary Debates 119 (Feb. 3, 1852), 61–158.
2. Mr. Whiteside in ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Kerry Evening Post, Aug. 11, 1849.
5. L. A. Clarkson and E. Margaret Crawford, Feast and Famine: A History of Food and Nutrition in Ireland 1500–1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 151.
6. Daniel Donovan, “Observations on the Peculiar Diseases to Which the Famine of Last Year Gave Origin,” Dublin Medical Press 19 (1848): 67.
7. Kerry Evening Post, May 17, 1851.
8. Tralee Chronicle, May 1, 1852.
9. Quebec Mercury, Sept. 30, 1852.
10. “Frightful Suicide of an Emigrant Surgeon,” Tralee Chronicle, July 16, 18
52.
11. Tralee Chronicle, July 23, 1852.
27. Departures
1. Richard J. Kelly, “Queen Victoria and the Irish Industrial Exhibition of 1853,” http://www.vssj.jp/journal/8/kelly.pdf, accessed Apr. 13, 2012.
2. Queen Victoria’s Journal, Sept. 1, 1853, Royal Archives (Britain), http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/home.do.
28. Storm Season
1. “Report of the Emigration Agent in St. Andrew’s, New Brunswick, 1853,” Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, RS23.
2. Ibid.
Minneapolis, Minnesota, December 1886
1. Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Minneapolis, vol. 4, p. 94, Minneapolis City Archives.
2. St. Paul Daily Globe, Dec. 28, 1885.
29. That Deadly Angel
1. “Cholera in London,” Kerry Evening Post, Sept. 13, 1854.
2. Tralee Chronicle, Sept. 22, 1854.
3. Tralee Chronicle, May 12, 1854.
4. Tralee Chronicle, Oct. 14, 1853.
5. Cork Examiner, reprinted in Kerry Post, Nov. 11, 1853.
6. Kerry Evening Post, July 12, 1854.
7. Tralee Chronicle, Nov. 17, 1854.
8. The Nation, Sept. 30, 1854.
9. Tralee Chronicle, Nov. 17, 1854.
30. Down with the Ship
1. Frank Galgay, Rocks Ahead: Wrecks, Rescues, and a Coffin Ship (St. John’s, Newfoundland: Flanker Press, 2010).
2. Ibid.
3. Katherine Donovan, Last Will and Testament, Public Records Office of Ireland (Dublin).
31. The Final Test
1. Villiers, Cruise of the Conrad, 345.
2. “Captains Account,” New York Herald, Dec. 1, 1858.
Epilogue
1. “International Relations,” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2002).
2. Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin), June 24, 1919; Evening State Journal and Lincoln Daily News (Lincoln, Nebraska), June 23, 1919; Eau Claire (Wisconsin) Leader, June 25, 1919; “Tornado at Fergus Falls, Minn., June 22, 1919,” Monthly Weather Review 47:6 (1919).
INDEX
Abeona, 71, 72, 75
African Americans, 147, 148
Ajax, 47
Albert, Prince, 151, 166, 177
Alert, 108
Aliwal, 134
Allen, Elizabeth, 26, 155, 204
American Passengers’ Corporation, 134
Anne, 134
Annie Jane, 181
Anstey, Thomas Chisholm, 126
Ardfert, Ireland, 89, 154
Armstrong, Matthew, 52, 53–56, 57, 58
Astoria, 108
Attridge, James, xiii, 70, 71–74, 76, 77, 81, 86, 87, 88, 101, 102, 118, 122, 144, 151, 157, 173, 174, 178–81
crew desertions and, 123, 138–39, 145, 172, 179
death of, 207
discipline by, 71, 72, 76, 90, 98–99, 100, 102, 103, 115, 140
Donovan’s questionable management decisions and, 138, 180
hiring of crew by, 74–76, 139–40, 179
in Jeanie Johnston’s first voyage, 89–91, 98–99, 100–101, 102–3, 104–9
logbook kept by, 90–91, 100–101
in near-disaster aboard Wilson Kennedy, 206–7
in preparing Jeanie Johnston for quarantine inspection, 116–17, 142
published letters of gratitude addressed to, 151–53, 175–76
Reilly baby’s birth and, 88–89
in retrofitting of Jeanie Johnston, 78, 138, 181
seafaring background of, 71–72
in selection of ship doctor, 78–79, 80–83
storms encountered by, 104–7, 109, 180, 181, 182–84
strict adherence to naval law of, 71, 75, 76, 90, 115, 140, 180
uniform of, 71, 75
Australia, 51, 125, 134, 173, 196, 206
Ayrshire, 109
Ball, John, 129
Ballybeggan, Ireland, 3, 63, 158
Baltimore, Md., 36, 136, 141, 142, 143, 144
growth and prosperity of, 135–36
human trafficking in, 145
”Pigtown” in, 145–47
typhus pandemic in, 33, 35
Baltimore Sun, 135, 147
B&O Railroad, 146–47
Bank of North America, 156
Barbara, 90
barques, 73, 96–98, 108, 133, 134, 136, 150, 181, 204–5, 210
schooners vs., 96–97
see also Jeanie Johnston
Baylis, John, 78
Bellevue Hospital, 34
Ben Nevis, 197, 198, 199, 200
Bideford, 140
Blackwell’s Island, 33–34, 35
Blair, Tony, 168
Blake, 28, 52
in disaster at sea, 205–6
Blennerhassett, Annabella, 143
Blennerhassett, Aremberg, 174
Blennerhassett, Edward, 174
Blennerhassett, Henry, xiii, 81, 130, 131, 132, 153, 168, 169, 170, 199–200
Blennerhassett, Richard, xiii, 98, 106, 116, 118, 130, 131, 132, 141, 143, 168, 170, 172–73, 174–76, 178, 179, 197–201
death of, 199–200
education and medical background of, 80–83, 98, 200
examining of boarding passengers by, 86–87
health and hygiene protocols of, 98, 106, 115
in preparing passengers for quarantine inspection, 116, 117, 142
public scrutiny of, 198–99, 200
published letters of gratitude for, 152, 175–76
Reilly baby delivered by, 88–89
in resignation from Jeanie Johnston, 173–74, 176, 200
Blennerhassett, Townsend, 174
Board of Health Hospital, 142
Boston, Mass., 21, 33, 47, 124, 206
anti-immigrant hysteria in, 35, 47
botanists, 2, 3, 5
Brackett, Mayor, 188
British Army, 202
at Grosse Île quarantine station, 45, 46, 112–13, 115, 204
British Colonial Office, 37, 59
see also Grey, Henry, Third Earl Grey
British Empire, 24
British government, 6, 16–21, 111, 139
failed relief programs of, 39–40, 64, 124, 126–29, 150, 153, 167, 168
immigrant shipping regulations and, 47, 59, 79, 126, 173
laissez-faire policies of, 6, 40–42, 43, 59, 60–61, 126, 127–28, 129, 186
localizing of famine relief in unions by, 19, 40–41, 64, 66, 67, 128, 153
Peel’s famine-relief measures in, 6, 18, 19, 39
Providentialism and blaming Irish for own suffering in, 17–18, 40, 41–42, 81, 212
restrictive aid policies of, 18, 19, 39, 40, 127
state-assisted Irish relocation program of, 20–21, 23, 37–38, 42–43, 125, 134
see also Parliament, British British Navy, 26, 75, 77, 131
British Queen, 69
Brown, Carls, 75
Buchanan, Alexander, 47
Bunberry family, 93
see also O’Brien, Harriet Bunberry; Reilly, Cecilia Bunberry
Burke, Edmund, 127
Burnquist, J. A. A., 214
Bussorah Merchant, 82, 197, 200
Calcutta, India, 51, 82, 83, 96, 109
Calcutta, 76
Campbell, Archibald, 76
Campion, Thomas, xiii, 74–75, 76, 78, 87, 100–101, 103, 104, 139, 140, 172, 173, 174, 176, 179
Canada, 20, 21, 51, 125, 166, 185, 212
state-sponsored Irish relocation to, 20–21, 23, 37–38, 42–43
Cape of Good Hope, 125, 167
Caribbean, 16, 21, 22, 42, 144, 166, 181
Catholics, Catholicism, 13, 40, 127, 147, 150, 154, 158
Central Board of Health, 81
certified pilots, 115–16
Champlin family, 162, 164
Chesapeake Bay, 142
Chicago, Ill., 93, 94, 120, 188, 189, 202
Child, Lydia Maria, 123
cholera, 45, 110, 132, 141, 142–43, 151
, 173, 192–200
disposal of victims of, 82, 160, 194–95, 199–200
on immigrant vessels, 173, 193, 195–99
in Ireland, 143, 151, 194–96
mortality rates of, 82, 143, 160, 192, 193, 196, 197–99
symptoms of, 199
chronometers, 100, 105
Civil War, U.S., 93, 187
Clemenceau, Georges, 212
Clements, Lord, 128
Cobh, Ireland, 72, 149, 150
see also Queenstown, Ireland
coffin ships, see immigrant vessels
Collins, Daniel, 139
Colonial Land and Emigration Commission, 196
Colt, Samuel, 177
Combe, Andrew, 79–80, 83
coolie ships, 42, 48, 82–83
Cooper family, 162, 164
Cork, Ireland, 77, 84, 109, 139, 144, 149, 150, 151, 167, 172, 177, 196, 205, 207
Cork Harbor, 72, 77, 196, 207
cottiers, 9, 10, 11, 12, 23, 69, 83, 116, 170
mass evictions of, 15, 21, 123, 127, 134, 170
County Kerry, Ireland, 4, 10, 11, 12, 17, 40, 69, 74, 83, 92, 130, 152, 158, 159, 168, 170
Crimean War, 204, 206
Cromwell, 28, 52
Crowley, Cornelius, 75
Crumpe (physician), 131–32, 142
Curry, Philip Finch, 197, 198, 200
Daly, John, 122
Deer Island, Mass., 35, 47
Demerara, 82
Denny, Edward, xiii, 13, 14, 19, 66–68, 134, 170–71
Denny family, 11
De Vere, Stephen Edward, 69, 80
Dirigo, 196
Dispatch, 108
Donovan, Daniel, 169
Donovan, Katherine Murphy, xiii, 14, 66, 68, 134, 207
Donovan, Nicholas, xiii, 12–15, 18, 19, 22, 64, 72, 76, 85, 86, 87–88, 89, 90, 91, 106, 118, 132–35, 144, 151, 153–54, 176, 181, 195
assisted-immigration project of, 170–72
commemoration of Blennerhassett published by, 200–201
death of, 207
Denny’s alliance with, 170–71
dress and comportment of, 13, 14