by Paul J Croce
“counterirritation” therapy, 123
Carlyle, Thomas, 135
Crashaw, Richard, 50
Carpenter, William, 9
creation science, 35
Carr, Caleb, 309n81
cultural evolution, 72
Carrette, Jeremy, 283–84n21, 308n61
“curapathy,” 109, 129
cast statues, 138, 143–44
Catholicism, Roman, 35
Damasio, Antonio, 191, 268, 282n19; and
causation, 90, 108, 121
conatus, 19
certainty and uncertainty: and absolutes, 16;
Darwinism: and art, 65; WJ’s views of, 10, 43,
and ambivalence, 245; certainty in religion,
58–59, 62–64, 69–75, 138; and probabilities,
Index 357
33, 74–75; and purpose, 22, 235; and emetics, 105
religion, 34–35, 82; and scientific authority, empiricism, 33–34, 201, 216, 219; and art, 144;
94–95; scientific objections to, 54–55, 57,
and history, 153; WJ’s approach to, 94,
227; and water cure, 116. See also philosophy
265–66; and materialism, 94; in medicine,
of evolution
81–82, 103, 105–6, 108, 113; and naturalism, Dawkins, Richard, 35
260, 276; in psy chol ogy, 242, 246; as “Pure Descartes, René, 231
E,” 94; and science, 69, 121–22, 173, 206, 214, developmental biography. See biographical
234–35, 270–71; and science of religion, method
174–75. See also Baconianism; clinical
Dewey, John, 182
medicine
diagnostic improvements, 90–91
enchantment and disenchantment, 155
Divan of Hafiz, 191
Epictetus, 162–63, 167, 169
Divonne, France, 2–4, 119, 121, 198, 255
epilepsy, 244, 252–53, 312n97
Dom Pedro II, Brazilian Emperor, 56
Erikson, Erik, 21–22
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 243
eugenics, 209
Draper, William, 85
Evangelical Chris tian ity, 34
Dresden, 3, 77, 138, 200, 202, 213
Everett, Edward, 142
Dreyfus affair, 17
evolution. See Darwinism
dualism: in common sense, 36; WJ’s use of,
ex pec tant medicine. See self- limiting diseases;
265–66; of nature and transcendent, 180–81;
therapeutic skepticism
in science, 38; in science and religion, 16, 37,
80, 185; of subjectivity and objectivity, 47.
Faraday, Michael, 42, 123
See also nondualism
faradization, 123
du Bois- Reymond, Emil, 77, 91–95, 98, 102, fate: ancient Greek views of, 146–47, 150, 152,
241, 243; animal electricity, research on, 92,
214, 245; Hindu views of, 177; WJ’s personal
125–26, 268; materialist oath, 92–94
choices and, 145–47, 161, 225–26, 254, 272; du Bois, W. E. B. , 17, 281n16
WJ’s views of, 150–51, 164, 240
Fechner, Gustav, 91, 292n20
Eakins, Thomas, 150
feminism, 48; and religion, 156; and women’s
eclectic medical system, 108
rights, 108, 211–12, 299n45. See also James, Eclipse of Certainty, 7
William: gender views of
Eddy, Mary Baker, 104. See also Christian
field naturalism, 49–50, 52–67, 83–84,
Science; mind cure
197
edifying philosophy (lived philosophy), 13, 62,
Finn, Huck, 59–60
168–70, 274. See also philosophizing Fiske, John, 37
electrical therapies, 123, 125
Fontinell, Eugene, 271
electromagnetic induction, 42
Ford, Marcus, 271
Eliot, Charles, 40–44, 49, 99–100, 246, 254
Fort Sumter, 29
emancipation of slaves, 29, 31, 53, 163, 217, Fort Wagner, 29
285n1
free- labor ideology, 163
embodied mind: in biography, 22–23;
French Revolution, 81
hylozoism, 37; and nondualism, 282n19; and
Freud, Sigmund, 131–32, 225; on screen
panpsychism, 19, 182–83, 271, 285n12, memories, 257–58
313n10; and religion, 283–84n21; and
Frieze, Henry, 143
science, 37–39, 181; and spirituality, 36–37
Froude, James Anthony, 153
emergentist thinking, 87
future- oriented philosophy, xxi– xxii, 45; in Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 13, 40, 91, 191–92, biographical method, 22; and direction,
193–94, 280n13, 304n7
228, 260; focus on origins in contrast with,
358 Index
future- oriented philosophy ( continued)
Heade, Martin Johnson. See painting,
179; and free will, 245; and meliorism, 207; landscape
and pragmatism, 281n16; and teleology, 161.
“healthy minded, ” 104, 250, 255
See also James, William: on “Program of
Heidegger, Martin, 272
the Future of Science”; teleology
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 7, 77, 92, 96, 100,
118, 187; materialist oath, 92–94
Galenson, David, 190
Henry, Joseph, 9, 42
galvanization, 98
Herodian, 168
German romanticism, 141. See also Goethe,
heroic medicine, 101
Johann von; Hamlet; Schiller, Friedrich
Hinduism, 171, 177–78, 226, 307n57; karma germ theory of disease. See bacteriology
in, 177
Gibbens, Alice. See James, Alice Gibbens
Hippocratics, 152
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 124
historical perspective, 178–79. See also
Gilman, Daniel Coit. See Johns Hopkins
Darwinism; future- oriented philosophy;
University
teleology
Glaude, Eddie, 281n16
History of Religions Club, 177
Goethe, Johann von, 135, 141, 203, 207–8, 249
holism, 102–3, 105–7, 109, 123, 128. See also Goldmark, Pauline, 212
nondualism
grace: and ancient Greeks, 136, 140, 142, 147, Hollinger, David, 195
150, 162, 171–72; and beauty, 201, 236; in Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. , 159, 197, 215
natu ral life, 193; and positivism, 175; in
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 52, 81, 99, 189
religion, 206–7; Schiller’s views of, 135–36
Holmes, Sherlock, 243
Grahamism. See body reforms
homeopathy/homeopaths, 102, 105–12, 127–31, Gray, Asa, 35, 50
191; aggravations of symptoms in, 106, 116,
Greece, ancient, 25; art of, 152–55, 158, 236;
123; high- potency vs. low- potency, 109, 111,
my thol ogy of, 153–54; nature in the culture
130; like cures like (law of similars) in, 106,
of, 152–55, 157; philosophy of, 154; religious
121; minimum doses (high dilution) in, 106,
views of, 150–57
109, 112; theory of resonance in, 131. See also Greek War of In de pen dence, 141
vital force
Green, Nicholas St. John, 230
Homer, 138–39, 146, 155, 171, 223, 226
Greene, George Washington, 142
hormone replacement therapies, 87, 123, 127
Greene, Mott, 153
Humboldt, Alexander von, 55
Greenough, Horatio, 210
Hume, David, 46
Hunt, William Morris, 9, 27, 138, 148, 277
habit, 48, 197, 213, 230–31, 244, 259
Hurston, Zora Neale,
40
Hahnemann, Samuel, 106, 108
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 37, 68–73, 88, 154, 241
Hamlet, 157–59, 162, 202–3, 214
hydropathy (hydrotherapy). See water cure
Harris, Sam, 309n74
hygiene, 107
Harrison, Jane, 155
hylozoism. See under embodied mind
Harvard College, 139
hypomnēmata, 168
Harvard Divinity School, 262
hypotheses, working, 74–75
Harvard Law School, 53
Harvard Medical School, 104; Bowditch at, 78,
ice age, 54, 57–58, 203
98; clinical practices at, 83–86; faculty of, idealism: and absolutism, 159–60, 245; and
52, 81, 86, 98–100; WJ at, 10, 39, 136, 187;
ancient Greeks, 141–44, 147, 209; in art, 150,
laboratory research at, 86–90
155; and improving the world, 172–73; WJ’s
Harvard University, 3
views of, 175, 206, 232, 234–35, 278; and Havens, Catherine, 3–4, 201–3, 205, 207, 219, 248
psy chol ogy, 242; and religion, 174, 176, 180,
Index 359
195, 219–20, 268; and science, 41, 92; and opposition to, 149, 185, 232, 266, 268, 273; in teleology, 161, 240. See also Agassiz, Louis;
religion, 226; in science, 72
German romanticism; and under James,
—on ac cep tance of conditions (“holidays to
Henry, Sr.; James, William
the spirit”), 219–26, 233, 248, 252, 255, 257
immanence, theologies of, 137, 156–57, 165, 175.
— advice, giving of, 159–60, 212, 241, 299n45
See also spirituality
— ancient culture, interest in, 297n1
immaterial and material dimensions,
— art and science for, 9
relation of. See material and immaterial
— artistic interests of, 64–66, 137–38, 145–51,
dimensions
236, 289n55
immigration, 263
— art of, 2–4, 60–66
insanity defense. See under Forbes, Winslow
— book lists of, 189, 218, 222
irregular medicine. See sectarian medicine
— caterpillar, as meta phor for, 217
Islam, 171
— chemistry, study of, 40–43, 49, 137
Italy, 247, 249–50, 263
—on conversion, 231, 251–58
— crises of, 97, 195, 215, 222; and learning from, Jackson, Andrew, 103–4
187–89, 197, 233–34; and moral effort, Jackson, John Hughlings, 243
223–24; and music, 202; and the school year, Jack the Ripper, 243
262; as setbacks for, 117–18, 249, 305n23; in James, Alice (William’s sister), 119, 190
scholarship on WJ, 303n2, 311n89, 311n93;
James, Alice Gibbens (William’s wife), 204,
as story in Va ri e ties of Religious Experience,
208, 212, 224, 246, 275, 310n88; religious
250–60; and Mary Temple’s death, 196,
views of, 248
224–27, 233;
James, Henry, Jr. (William’s brother): and art,
—on cultural diversity, 17–18
144, 236; as child, 9; early career of, 52–53;
—on death: and afterlife, 171; for ancient
and WJ, 211, 247–50; and Metaphysical
Greeks, 146, 151, 223; as meta phor in
Club, 234; on Stoicism, 163; on Mary
personal development, 236
Temple, 172, 225
— death of, 131–32, 275
James, Henry, Sr. (William’s father): crisis of,
— decisive ambivalence of, 26, 52, 245, 270
251, 311n93; educational approaches of, 8–9,
— depression of, 120, 145–46, 187, 189, 195–99,
60, 76, 110, 195; fortunate fall theory of, 188;
263; with hopelessness of, 215–16; and ill
gender views of, 48, 205, 299n45; medical
health of, 63, 118; Henry James, Jr.,
views of, 41, 110–12, 123; philanthropic depiction of, 249–50; and uncertainties of,
hopes of, 8, 32, 76, 172, 191; po liti cal views
240; about women, 201
of, 28, 31, 79; racial views of, 28, 60, 163;
— diary writing, laboratory experiments for,
scientific interests of, 9, 32–33, 53; spiritual
229–33, 235, 238
views of, 50, 70, 135, 206, 270; writings of,
—on disciplines, 21, 151, 197–98, 268, 273
67, 196
— dog of, 169
James, Henry, III (William’s son), 99–100
— education in science and religion of, 7, 16, 18, James, John Vanderburgh, 111
266, 269
James, Mary, 112, 255, 312n99
— and “ever not quite, ” 65, 131, 245, 258, 274, James, Robertson (Bob), 29, 123, 163, 209–10,
277–78
212, 222, 232
—on experience, 205, 219, 232; and action, 202; James, Wilkinson (Wilkie), 29–31, 111, 163; his own, as basis for theorizing, 5–7, 11–13, Florida farm of, 217
16, 62, 274; in naturalistic inquiries, 65, 245,
James, William
247, 263; in religion, 175, 184; in scientific
—on absolutes, ac cep tance of, 220–21; in art,
investigation, 54, 57–58; in sectarian
202; finite absoluteness, 170–75; and gender, medicine, 103, 122–23, 127–28, 267–68; as
17–18, 49; in modern culture, 95, 151, 158; whole of real ity, 132, 272
360 Index
—on faith, 46–47, 176, 237–38
se lection, 74–75; in natu ral settings, 267–68,
— father, views of his, 8–10, 67, 222
274–76; in philosophy, 11, 14, 42–43, 240,
— finite absoluteness, views of, 173
245; in religion, 19–20, 255; in science, 10,
—on free will, 194–95, 237–42, 245–46, 259–61;
38–39, 50, 54, 264, 272; in science and and determinism, 185, 262–63, 278, 309n81; religion, 27, 36–37, 70–71; uncertainty in, in his own choices, 24, 250, 254; and
16, 268
morality, 161, 223; and personal choices, xix,
— novelty, interest in, 16, 43, 258, 266–67
66; and Charles Renouvier’s philosophy,
— order, interest in, 197, 272–73; and crises,
228–32; in his thinking before influence of
249–50; in philosophy, 245–46, 261; for Charles Renouvier, 159, 309n76; and
stability, 236–37, 239; as will to order,
weakness of will, 202, 207, 214; and
227–33
Chauncey Wright’s philosophy, 234–35
—on personal direction, 6, 10, 191, 272; in
— gaps in writing of, 218
marriage alternatives, 208; and philosophy,
— gender views of, 17–18, 49, 281–82n17
13–14, 230, 274; through strug gle, 233
— guarantees, dislike of, 16, 18, 179, 188, 247,
— philanthropic hopes of, 187, 202, 221, 231–32;
266, 272
and idealism, 172; and marriage, 209; in
— health of, 43, 95–96, 198–99, 248–49, 275, medicine, 76, 91; and pragmatism, 191; in
314n16; and medical thesis, 120; and
science, 9, 33, 50, 95–96, 223; and Stoicism, neurasthenia, 124–25; with use of sectarian
164
medicine, 111–12, 159, 188; at water cures,
— philosophical scholarship on, 283–84n21,
77–78, 91, 117, 119
303n2
— hiking, love of, 262, 269, 275
— philosophy, ambivalence about, 6–7, 9–10,
— historical scholarship on, 2
82–83n20,
12–14, 240; as basis for theorizing, 68; and
303n2, 303n4
depression, 237; and professional philoso-
— indecisiveness of, 25–26, 27, 52, 248,
phy, 72
264, 272
—on plasticity of human responses to the
— individual particularity, belief in, 132
world, 245
—on “inscendence, ” 174, 301n68
— political views of, 129
— introspective method of, 13, 121, 214, 219,
— popu lar writing of, 50, 68, 98, 122, 256, 264,
263, 272
289n61
— marriage, views of, 209–11, 213, 215, 221
— process thinking of, 159–60
— marriage of, 50, 209, 247
—on “Program of the Future of Science, ” 71,
— materialism, views of, 10, 19–20
289n65; without materialism, 95–96, 136,
— mediating theories of, 133, 146, 170, 262,
171–73; and medicine, 100, 127; and
266–70, 276–78; anticipating later theories, philosophy, 234, 239, 247, 271–72; and
11, 231, 245, 266–67, 276; in medicine, 78; in science and religion, 75, 195
religion, 172; in science, 69, 244; as
— Providence, worldly, view of, 172–73
temperamental trait, 25–26
— racial views of, 16–17, 59–61, 163, 281n16,
— medical education of, 79–81, 97, 197–98, 214,
288n48
290n3
— real ity, view of, 245, 278
— medical examination of, 99–100, 185,
— reflective interests of, 214; as avocation, 78;
293n32
contrasted with science, 62, 239; and
— medical thesis of, 119
depression, 10–11, 221, 241, 246; and
—on the “more, ” 173–75
discussion, 66–68, 236; and philosophy,
— nature and natu ral facts, views of, 24–25,
44–49, 161, 262–66; and psy chol ogy, 58; and
132–37; and ancient Greeks, 144–50; in art, uncertainty, 276
65–66; without materialism, 6, 126–28, 260,
— relational interests of, 47, 276–78
271; in medicine, 80, 111, 130; in natu ral
— and relativism, 149, 179, 270, 308n64
Index 361
— religious views of, 67, 164, 171–73, 312n98,
—on “trackless forest of human experience,”
312n100; and Bible, 193, 195; and Darwin-
128, 268–69
ism, 73; and human experience, 176; and
—on truth, 179, 270
Alice Gibbens James, 248; and religious
— unblinking perspective of, 7, 132–33, 223, apol o getics, 185; scholarship on, 307n49;
232, 247
and spirituality, 277; and story of the sick