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The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present

Page 62

by Unknown


  Church of S. Maria Egiziaca 256

  ratios 148

  Doric 360, 397

  Ionic 146, 404

  Capo Miseno 119

  Caronica, Gregor 278

  Carracci, Annibale 257, 337

  caryatids

  attic 312–13

  bronze 334

  Corinthian 313

  Diogenes of Athens 63, 67

  Fontana engraving for Natural History (Pliny the Elder) 312

  casiddu or casella (stone behive house) 128

  catafalque 360–61, 363, 368

  Cavour, Camillo 355, 357

  Caylus, Count de 342

  Celer 121, 139

  cenotaphs 389

  Henry IV 399

  Newton 387, 389–91, 395, 398, 410, 413 fn. 97, 418–19, 422

  Vittorio Emanuele II 363

  Cervantes, Miguel de 294–95

  Chambers, Ephraim 407

  Chambray, Roland Fréart de 332

  chapels 339

  Boniface IV 265

  funerary pyramidal 391–92

  Holy Spirit 375–76

  S. Maria della Clemenza 265

  St. Joseph of the Holy Land (San Giuseppe di Terra Santa) 38

  St. Thomas 264–65

  Woodland (South Stockhold Cemetery) 413

  Chapter house 37, 324, 327–28, 367

  Châtelet-Laumont, Marquis and Madame du (Gabrielle-Émilie de Breteuil) 387

  Chédanne, Georges 7, 16, 43–44, 53–58, 60, 85, 99, 104, 124, 213

  choir 341

  S. Maria Rotonda 246–47

  churches 383–84

  diaconia (church distributing food to the needy) 253

  Hexham (Wilfred) 238

  Metropolitan 389, 395

  presbytery 253

  S. Adriano 241

  S. Andrea 242–44

  S. Cosmas 241

  S. Damiano 241

  S. Lorenzo fuori le mura 253

  S. Maria Antiqua 241

  S. Maria Egiziaca 255–56

  SS. Apostoli 253

  stational (church where pope held occasional services) 253

  ciborium (canopy) 26, 257, 265, 269, 271, 336, 339, 346

  altar 242, 257

  S. Andrea 245

  Cicero 66, 101

  Cimabue 247

  Claridge, Amanda 191

  clay

  alluvial 55

  fluvial 55 fn.16

  natural 169

  Coarelli, Filippo 6

  codices

  Codex Barberinianus (Giuliano da Sangallo) 106, 273–74

  Codex Coner (Volpaia) 274–75, 291, 307

  Codex Escurialensis 259, 271

  Turin Codex (Martini) 290–91

  coffering 130 fn. 105, 136–37, 198, 227, 342

  apse 38

  design 286

  lead 349

  square 144 fn. 18

  Colini, A. M. 209–10, 221–23

  Colonna, Gerolamo 343, 345–46, 349

  Colosseum 127, 153

  columns 8–11, 29, 37, 213, 220–23, 297, 348

  Alexander VII and Urban VIII 11

  construction 188, 226, 303

  decastyle (10 columns) 60

  east portico 25, 322

  giallo antico 337

  granite 269–71

  octastyle (8 columns) 60

  Phocas (Forum Romanum) 234

  porch, design 191

  porphyry 249, 265

  portico 60, 219 fn. 42, 302

  Trajan 106, 122–23, 137

  Comba, Enrico 130

  Comparini, Pietro 44, 329, 365

  concrete 54–55, 57, 110, 126

  brick-faced 156–59, 166, 169

  formwork 198–99

  layered 153, 159, 198

  lime-based 197

  Confraternity of St. Joseph of the Holy Land 28, 38, 337, 353

  consecration (consecratio) 75–76, 234, 296, 317, 334

  Constantinople

  Hagia Sophia 1, 23, 103, 115, 118

  Hagios Soros 236

  Studios 252

  construction 20–21, 211, 226–27

  See also individual structural elements

  analysis 161–70

  dating 79–98, 224

  decorating and finishing 189

  estimating 160–92

  mandays 172–73, 181 fn. 32

  manhours (assumptions underlying) 170–78

  masonry technique 127–31

  materials 126–27

  scheduling 179–83

  sequence 313

  sources and parallels 132–59

  structural distress 195

  cracking 196–201, 203, 211

  intermediate block 203–9

  settlement 197, 203

  superstructure 226

  workforce 183, 190

  working day 173

  context 189–91

  Coppino, Michele 357, 362, 375

  Corelli, Arcangelo 38, 353

  cornices 15, 118, 143, 161, 179, 213, 223, 288–89, 308, 336–42

  Cozza, Lucas 76

  Cozzo, Giuseppe 212

  Cret, Paul Philippe 392–94

  Crispi, Francesco 359–61, 378

  criticism 348–53

  cupola 67, 105–6, 113, 126

  Cybele 25, 236, 282

  d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, Encyclopédie 407

  damage, physical 51, 62

  collapse 25, 104, 115, 118

  bronze doors 349

  portico east end 194, 256

  cracking 197 fn. 7

  dome lead 343

  fire 11, 297, 345

  AD 80 7, 51 fn. 2, 62 fn. 31, 80–1

  AD 110 81, 225

  flooding 337, 373–74

  lightning, AD 7, 81, 94–95, 110

  settling 197 fn. 7

  spoliation 26, 247, 271, 279, 298, 314–16

  water 317

  Darmstadt, S. Ludwig 382

  Davies, Paul 191, 212–13

  De Angelis d’Ossat, Guglielmo 124, 126, 130

  De Blaauw, Sible 242

  De Brosses, Charles 342

  De Tournon, Comte Camille 329

  Deism 383, 417–18

  Del Guidice, Niccolò 338, 341, 353

  del Vega, Perino 257

  DeLaine, Janet 87, 91–94, 193, 226

  Della Porta, Giacomo 41, 317, 320, 324

  Demonzioso, Ludovico 313

  Demora, Giambattista 366

  Depretis, Augustino 367, 374–75

  Desgodetz, Antoine B. 332–33, 351

  Les édifices antiques de Rome, 332

  design 2–3, 223

  A-B-A compositional principle 146

  dimensions 147–48

  four main elements of 133

  influences 133–59

  Pantheon 10

  “angelic,” 2, 34

  parallels 141–59

  proportion, Corinthian order 214 fn. 38

  ratios 22–23, 148

  Roman 23

  scale 23

  shape 4

  significant elements of 141

  sources 132–33, 141–59

  symmetria 101

  Desprez, Louis-Jean 399

  DeVoragine, Jacobus 241 f. 31

  Diderot, Denis, Encyclopédie 407

  Dio Cassius, Lucius (Claudius) 6, 49–53, 67, 71, 77, 80–81, 96, 228–29, 313

  Roman History 81

  dome 2, 16–20, 99–131, 117–26, 133, 161, 196–98, 307–9, 342–48, 394, 416, 418

  Agrippanean 313

  apse, half- 243–44

  bronze 123 fn. 73

  centering 198–201, 228

  coffered 17, 21, 28, 141, 143–44, 314

  half- 385–87

  proportions of 102

  construction 121–31, 187–88, 227

  decoration

  S. Maria Rotonda 243

  stucco 313–14

  gilded bronze plates 247

  half- 26, 149, 159

  Mycenaean fals
e 128

  plaster 123–26

  pumpkin 153

  ratios 148 fn. 34

  span 160

  Baths of Caracalla 194 fn. 1

  clear 193

  comparative 118

  interior 194

  Serapeum 150 fn. 38

  step-rings 123 fn. 73, 126, 142, 148, 159, 167, 198

  strength 159

  tiles

  bronze 296

  lead 296

  Domitian’s Palace 139

  Domus Aurea (Golden House) 121, 127, 135, 139, 198

  Octagonal Hall 119, 122, 129, 158

  Domus Tiberiana (on the Palatine) 116

  doors 25

  see also concrete

  bronze 47, 62, 253, 256, 317, 349

  Dressel, Heinrich 7, 16, 43, 86, 213

  drum 99–131, 106–17, 133, 161

  chamber orientation 106–7

  diaphragmatic 122, 126

  higher than dome springing 201

  windowless 141, 143

  Dupérac, Etienne 25

  Durand, J.-N.-L. 392

  Durm, Joseph 112–13

  eagle 76

  eighteenth century 39–40

  emperors

  Antoninus Pius 82, 85

  Augustus (Octavian) 5, 52–53, 360

  Agrippa and 6, 45, 52–53, 76, 80

  divinized 71, 76, 78

  as new Romulus 69, 76

  Caracalla 7, 83, 85

  Charles V 293–95

  Constans II 25, 247, 296, 314

  Constantine the Great 231–32

  Constantius II 77, 117, 231

  Domitian 7, 51, 62, 81, 85, 282

  Hadrian 7–8, 24, 43–44, 51, 81–82, 85, 190–92, 224–26, 378

  Justinian 115

  Nero 119

  Colossus 191

  Phocas 24, 233–34

  Septimus Severus 7, 83, 85, 121, 139, 167

  Theodosius II 247

  Trajan 7–8, 23, 51, 90, 190–92, 225–26

  Enlightenment 131, 384, 396–97, 407–8, 415

  entablature 8, 15, 167, 215–16, 223

  construction 188

  entrance

  hall (narthex ) 236

  present 62

  Ephesus, Temple of Diana 295

  Eratosthenes 101

  Eroli, Giovanni 40

  Etlin, Richard 47

  Euclid, Elements 100

  excavations 7, 43, 209

  1891–1892 7, 53–58, 86, 377

  1997–1998 8, 58–63

  exedrae (alcoves) 16–17, 29–30, 105, 125, 201, 227, 242–43, 339

  arch 346

  Basilica Ulpia 147

  coffered 24

  Forum of Augustus 65–66, 147 fn. 29

  Maritime Theatre (Tivoli) 62

  rotunda 113

  Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia (Palestrina) 62

  Trajan’s Baths 142–45, 147

  semicircular 133

  Tychaion 73

  wooden roof 137

  exterior 258–63, 304–5, 307

  Fabbrica di San Pietro 343

  Faenza, Antonio da 274–75

  Falconieri, Ottavio 85

  Falda, Giovanni Battista 328

  Fea, Carlo 40, 85

  figlinae (brickyard identification) 224

  Filarete 181

  Fine Arts Commission 372, 374–76

  Fiorelli, Giuseppe 364–65

  fireproofing 158

  Flavian Ampitheater 169–70

  floor.

  See also pavement

  paved 54

  polychrome 7–8, 23

  Florence 160, 267, 286

  cathedrals 2, 193

  S. Croce, tombs 353

  S. Spirito 286–87

  Fontaine, Pierre 392

  Fontana, Carlo 312–13, 332–34, 336, 338–39, 342, 351

  Fontana del Pantheon 41

  fora

  Augustus 67, 82, 147

  Boarium 255

  Mussolini 45, 329

  Peace 145

  Trajan 23, 95–96, 137, 145, 154, 171, 227

  Vittorio Emanuele 352, 365

  forecourt 57–58

  foundation 65 fn. 42, 168–70, 179, 183–85, 226

  depth 169

  ratios 221 fn. 52

  fountains 59, 320, 324

  Four Rivers 41

  Moses 320

  Trevi 310

  Frajese, Attilio 101

  France, Chaux Cemetery 391

  frescos 263–65

  Friedrich Wilhelm, Imperial Prince of Germany 361

  friezes 11, 105

  relief carvings on 13–14

  Galilei, Galileo 118

  Galles, Philipp, King Josiah Destroys the Temple of Ashtoreth, Chemosh, and Milcom 293

  Garibaldi, Giuseppe 354–55, 357, 370

  Gasse, Louis-Sylvestre 392

  Gay, C. 390, 392

  geometry

  architectural 63–64, 69, 99–131

  elements 5

  Gibbs, James 319, 342

  Giornale de’ Letterati d’Italia 339, 342

  Giovannoni, Gustavo 42 fn. 69, 47, 127–28

  Girelli, Pietro Paolo 269

  Gismondi, Italo 209–10, 221–23

  Gisor, Alexandre-Jean-Baptiste Guy de 409

  Godefroy, Maximilian 383–84

  Godfrey, Paul 4

  gold coins 2, 69, 282

  Goldschmidt Scrapbook 279

  Gondoin, Jacques 385, 388, 390–91, 397

  Gori, Carmine 364–65

  grading 320–22, 324, 328

  granite 8

  monolithic shafts of 141, 145–46, 167

  Greece, Pantheion 4, 71

  Gregorius, Magister 261

  Narracio de Mirabilibus Urbis Romae 247

  Gregorovius, Ferdinand 355

  grottini (barrel-vaulted chambers) 161, 166–67, 180, 201–3, 211

  construction 186–87, 226–27

  levels 180, 201

  Gruben, Doris and Gottfried 62, 64

  Grüner, Andreas 72

  Guey, Julien 224

  Guiccioli, Alessandro 370

  Harris, John, Lexicon technicum 407

  Harvey, William, On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals 384

  Haselberger, Lothar 10, 216, 219 fn. 43

  Heemskerck, Maarten van 293

  Heene, Gerd 130

  Heiberg, Johan Ludwig 102

  Heilmeyer, Wolf-Dieter 95–97, 121, 225–26

  Hemsoll, David 4, 191, 212–13

  Hermann of Fritzlar 317

  Hero of Alexandria 102

  The Mechanics, 117–18

  On Vaulting 117–18

  Herostratus 295

  Hetland, Lise 7, 16, 44, 182, 224–26

  history, physical 7, 333

  horologium (sundial, Ars Pacis) 77

  Houël, J. P. L. 397

  ideal versions 290–95

  Illustrazione Italiana, L,’ 361, 374

  Imperial Hotel 384

  Infessura, Stefano 319

  Ingen-Housz, Jan 385

  inscriptions

  architrave 82 fn 13, 83, 213, 231

  entrance portal 379–80

  frieze 363, 377–78

  main bronze panel 376

  oculus (proposed) 37

  pediment 4, 7, 43, 62, 79–82, 213

  Temple to the Earth 398

  porphyry tub 261

  portico 80 fn. 3

  portico entablature 282, 314

  rotunda lower story 278

  tablets flanking rotunda doors 300

  Unberto I 378

  intercolumniation. 146, 216, 252, 258–60

  Church of S. Maria Egiziaca 255

  interior 263, 304, 307

  design 99

  domed 4

  intermediate (transitional) block (avancorpo) 13–16, 22, 133, 161, 166–67, 180, 215–16

  construction 185, 188, 227

  portico and 209–11

  with stairs 141
–43

  Isidorus of Miletus 115, 118

  Isili (near Barumini), Is Paras 129

  Jefferson, Thomas 409–12

  “More General Diffusion of Knowledge,” 409

  Jomard, Jean-Nicolas 392

  Jones, Inigo 309, 338

  Joppolo, Giovanni 58

  jurisdictional disputes 364–65

  Kahn, Louis 393–95, 419, 422

  Karlsruhe, S. Stephen 243–44, 382

  kings

  Carlo Alberto 370

  Eumenes II 71

  Friedrich II, of Prussia (Frederick the Great) 381

  Louis XV (France) 409

  Umberto I 44, 264, 359, 375, 378

  Vittorio Emanuele II 44, 355, 357

  mythologizing 368–70

  symbolic of Italian unity 362

  two bodies 377

  Vittorio Emanuele III 378

  Klenze, Leo von 359

  Krautheimer, Richard 25

  La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de, L’Homme-Machine 387

  La Rocca, Eugenio 5

  Lahure, Jean-Baptiste 397

  Lancaster, Lynne 116, 130

  Lanciani, Rodolfo 26, 57–58, 85–86, 149, 189, 225

  Lateran Accords of 1929 44–45

  Latrobe, Benjamin 396, 397, 410

  Lattari, Francesco 358–59

  Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent 385

  Leclère, Achille 104, 204, 209

  Ledoux, Claude-Nicolas 391

  Legeay, Jean-Laurant 382

  Lequeu, Jean-Jacques 397–98, 415

  levels.

  See also zones

  ancient and modern pavement 8

  chamber 104–5, 143

  dome wall 104, 117, 142, 150, 152–53, 158, 180

  higher 201

  lower 109, 216

  Lévi-Strauss, Claude 130–31

  Lewerentz, Sigurd 413

  Libanus of Antioch 72–73

  Liber Pontificalis 233–34, 279

  libraries 341 fn. 25, 407–16

  Capuchin Monastery

  Columbia University 411

  National (France, project) 409

  New York University University Heights 411

  Philips Exeter Academy (Kahn) 393

  Royal (France) 407 fn. 81, 408

  Stockholm Public (Asplund) 412–15, 419

  University of Virginia (Jefferson) 409–12

  Licht, Kjeld De Fine 126, 133–35, 140, 161, 170

  Ligorio, Pirro 278

  lime 126, 183 fn. 37

  see also mortar

  slaking 183–85

  lions, Egyptian granite 320

  liturgy

  papal 253

  seasonal 150, 246, 254

  stational 246, 254

  Livy 51

  Loerke, William 62

  Lolli Ghetti, Mario 19, 45–47

  London

  St. Pancras Station 160

  St. Paul’s 3, 160, 232

  Westminster Abbey 399

  Lucian of Samosata 104

  Lupus, M. Rutilius 182

  Luxembourg Palace 397

  MacDonald, William 79, 104–6, 117, 122, 133–35, 139–40, 198–99, 380

  Maderno, Carlo 35, 42, 299

  Madonna

  and Child

  icon, seventeenth century 236–38

 

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