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The Heart of Everything That Is

Page 43

by Drury, Bob; Clavin, Tom;


  Hebard, Grace R., and E. A. Brininstool. The Bozeman Trail: Historical Accounts of the Blazing of the Overland Routes into the Northwest, and the Fights with Red Cloud’s Warriors. Cleveland: A. H. Clark, 1922.

  Hyde, George E. Red Cloud’s Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1937.

  ———. Spotted Tail’s Folk. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.

  Jensen, Richard E. Voice of the American West: Interviews of Eli S. Ricker, 1903–1919. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005.

  Johnson, Dorothy M. The Bloody Bozeman: The Perilous Trail to Montana’s Gold. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971.

  Johnson, James R., and Gary E. Larson. Grassland Plants of South Dakota and the Northern Great Plains. Brookings: South Dakota State University, 2007.

  Johnson, Mark W. That Body of Brave Men: The U.S. Regular Infantry and the Civil War in the West. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2003.

  Johnson, Michael, and Jonathan Smith. Tribes of the Sioux Nation. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2000.

  Jones, Douglas C. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge: The Story of the Great Treaty Council as Told by Eyewitnesses. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966.

  Kavanagh, James, and Raymond Leung. Wyoming Trees and Wildflowers. Dunedin, FL: Waterford, 2009.

  Keenan, Jerry. The Wagon Box Fight: An Episode of Red Cloud’s War. Conshohocken, PA: Savas, 2000.

  Lamar, Howard R. Dakota Territory, 1861–1889. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956.

  Larson, Robert W. Red Cloud: Warrior-Statesman of the Lakota Sioux. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

  La Vere, David. Contrary Neighbors: Southern Plains and Removed Indians in Indian Territory. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.

  Lazar, Jerry. Red Cloud: Sioux War Chief. New York: Chelsea House, 1995.

  Lazarus, Edward. Black Hills/White Justice: The Sioux Nation Versus the United States, 1775 to the Present. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.

  Lowe, Percival Green. Five Years a Dragoon. Kansas City, MO: F. Hudson, 1906.

  Mackenzie, Alexander. The Journals of Alexander Mackenzie: Exploring Across Canada in 1789 and 1793. Torrington, WY: Narrative Press, 2001.

  Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Vintage, 2005.

  Marshall, Joseph M., III. The Journey of Crazy Horse. New York: Viking, 2004.

  Mattes, Merrill J. Platte River Road Narratives. Champaign: University of Illinois, 1988.

  Matthiessen, Peter. In the Spirit of Crazy Horse. New York: Viking, 1983.

  McDermott, John D. Circle of Fire: The Indian War of 1865. New York: Stackpole, 2003.

  ———, ed. Portraits of Fort Phil Kearny. Banner, WY: Bozeman Trail Association, 1993.

  ———. Red Cloud’s War: The Bozeman Trail, 1866–68. Norman, OK: Arthur H. Clark, 2010.

  McGinnis, Anthony. Counting Coups and Cutting Horses. Evergreen, CO: Cordillera Press, 1990.

  McLaughlin, Morie L. Myths and Legends of the Sioux. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2010.

  McMurtry, Larry. Boone’s Lick. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.

  Michno, Gregory F. Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press, 2003.

  Monnett, John H. Crazy Horse: A Life. New York: Viking, 1999.

  ———. Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008.

  Moten, Matthew, ed. Between War and Peace: How America Ends Its Wars. New York: Free Press, 2011.

  Murray, Robert. The Bozeman Trail: Highway of History. Portland, OR: Westwinds Press, 2000.

  Neihardt, John G. Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961.

  Nichols, David A. Lincoln and the Indians. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.

  Olson, James C. Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965.

  Ostler, Jeffrey. The Lakotas and the Black Hills. New York: Viking, 2010.

  Ostrander, Alson B. An Army Boy of the Sixties. Yonkers, NY: World Book, 1924.

  Page, Jake. In the Hands of the Great Spirit. New York: Free Press, 2004.

  Parker, Samuel. Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2006.

  Parkman, Francis. The Oregon Trail. New York: Library of America, 1991.

  Paul, R. Eli. Autobiography of Red Cloud. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1997.

  Powers, Thomas. The Killing of Crazy Horse. New York: Knopf, 2010.

  Powers, William K. Oglala Religion. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975.

  Price, Catherine. The Oglala People, 1841–1879: A Political History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.

  Pringle, Catherine Sager. Across the Plains in 1844. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2009.

  Sajna, Mike. Crazy Horse: The Life Behind the Legend. New York: Wiley, 2000.

  Sandoz, Mari. Crazy Horse: Strange Man of the Oglalas. New York: Knopf, 1942.

  Smith, Shannon D. Give Me Eighty Men: Women and the Myth of the Fetterman Fight. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.

  Spring, Agnes Wright. Caspar Collins: The Life and Exploits of an Indian Fighter of the 60s. New York: Columbia University Press, 1927.

  Straight, Michael. Carrington: A Novel of the West. New York: Knopf, 1960.

  Utley, Robert. Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891. New York: Macmillan, 1973.

  ———. Frontiersmen in Blue. New York: Macmillan, 1967.

  Vestal, Stanley. Jim Bridger. New York: Morrow, 1946.

  ———. Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934.

  Viola, Herman J. Diplomats in Buckskins: A History of Indian Delegations in Washington City. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.

  Walker, James R. Lakota Society. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.

  Washburn, Wilcomb E. The Indians in America. New York: Harper and Row, 1975.

  Webb, Walter Prescott. The Great Plains. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981.

  Wissler, Clark. North American Indians of the Plains. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1934.

  Yenne, Bill. Sitting Bull. Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2008.

  Articles

  Belish, Elbert D. “American Horse: The Man Who Killed Fetterman,” Annals of Wyoming 63, no. 1 (spring 1985), 28–47.

  Carrington, James B. “Across the Plains with Bridger as Guide,” Scribner’s Magazine 85 (January 1929), 66–81.

  Doyle, Susan Badger. “Indian Perspectives of the Bozeman Trail,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 40, no. 1 (winter 1990), 56–57.

  Ellison, R. S. “John ‘Portugee’ Phillips and His Famous Ride,” Old Travois Trails 2, no. 1 (1941).

  Ferry, David. “Leave It to Beavers,” Atlantic, May 2012.

  Glover, Ridgeway. Letter to the Editor, Philadelphia Photographer 3 (1866).

  Greene, Jerome A. “The Hayfield Fight: A Reappraisal of a Neglected Action,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 22, no. 4 (autumn 1972), 30–43.

  ———. “Lt. Palmer Writes from the Bozeman Trail,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 28, no. 3 (summer 1978), 16–35.

  Grouard, Frank. “An Indian Scout’s Recollections of Crazy Horse,” Nebraska History Magazine 12 (January–March 1929), 24–29.

  Guthrie, John. “The Fetterman Massacre,” Annals of Wyoming 9 (October 1932), 714–18.

  Hagan, Barry. “Prelude to a Massacre: Fort Phil Kearny, Dec. 6, 1866,” Journal of the Order of the Indian Wars 1 (fall 1980), 1–17.

  Hyer, Joel R. “Just Another Battle? The Significance of the Hayfield Fight,” Annals of Wyoming 79 (summer–autumn 2007), 2–13.

  McCaig, Donald. “The Bozeman Trail,” Smithsonian Magazine 7 (October 2000), 88–100.

  Monnett, John H. “The False
hoods of Fetterman’s Fight,” Wild West (December 2010).

  O’Hara, Cleophas C. “Red Cloud and Rapid City,” The Pahasapa Quarterly 4, no. 3 (April 1915).

  Olson, James C. “The Interview as a Source of Indian History,” Nebraska State Historical Society.

  Palmer, H. E. “History of the Powder River Indian Expedition of 1865,” Transactions 2 (1887), 197–229.

  Richardson, E. M. “The Forgotten Haycutters of Fort C. F. Smith,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 9, no. 3 (July 1959).

  Robinson, Doane. “The Education of Red Cloud.” Collection of the South Dakota Department of History, XII (1924), 156–78.

  Shockley, P. M. “Fort Phil Kearny: The Fetterman Massacre,” Quartermaster Review 11 (May–June 1932), 27–32.

  ———. “The Wagon Box Fight: The Last Important Event of Fort Phil Kearny’s Short Existence,” Quartermaster Review 11 (September–October 1932).

  Soule, Doris. “11th Ohio Cavalry—Ohio in the Civil War,” Wild West Magazine (December 1996).

  Utley, Robert M. “The Bozeman Trail Before John Bozeman: A Busy Land,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 53, no. 2 (summer 2003), 20–31.

  Villard, Henry. “Recollections of Lincoln,” The Atlantic Presents the Civil War (Special Commemorative Issue, 2011), 34–37.

  White, Richard. “The Winning of the West,” Journal of American History 65 (September 1978), 321.

  Young, Will H. “The Journal of Will H. Young,” Annals of Wyoming 7 (1930), 402–24.

  Archives and Other Sources

  American West Heritage Center (awhc.org).

  Bozeman Trail Association: Papers at Fulmer Public Library, Sheridan, Wyoming.

  Christopher Morton, U.S. National Parks Department Historian, Board of Fort Phil Kearny National Historic Site.

  Eli Ricker Collection: Nebraska State Historical Society.

  Fort Phil Kearny State Historic Site: Banner, Wyoming.

  Frank Elliott Papers: Montana Historical Society.

  Fulmer Library, Sheridan, Wyoming.

  Henry B. Carrington Papers: Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University.

  Heritagecenter@redcloudschool.org (Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota).

  Jefferson, Thomas: Sixth Annual Message to Congress, December 1806.

  Library of Congress.

  Madison, James: Notes of the Debates of the Federal Convention, 1787.

  National Anthropological Archives, Maryland.

  National Archives, Maryland:

  • Official Records of Fort Phil Kearny.

  • U.S. War Department, Department of the Platte. Letter Book No. 1, 1866.

  • U.S. War Department, 18th Infantry Regiment. Muster Rolls and Record of Events, April 1866–July 1867.

  • Board of Survey Orders, September 1866–July 1867.

  • Still Pictures Archive.

  Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln.

  Omaha Weekly Herald.

  Omaha Weekly Republican.

  Rocky Mountain News, 1865–66.

  Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War on the Massacre of Cheyenne Indians, U.S. House of Representatives, January 10, 1865.

  Report of Lieutenant General Sherman, October 1, 1867.

  South Dakota Historical Society.

  Special Commission Investigating the Fort Phil Kearny Massacre, U.S. Senate, 1867.

  Tenedor Ten Eyck Diary: University of Arizona.

  University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

  Western History Association: University of Missouri, St. Louis.

  U.S. Congress, 40th, 1st Session, Senate. Indian Hostilities (Executive Documents No. 13 and No. 33). Washington, D.C., 1868.

  American-tribes.com.

  Oglala Sioux College, Kyle, South Dakota.

  Wyomingtalesandtrails.com.

  INDEX

  Page numbers that are italicized indicate illustrations.

  Absaraka (Carrington), 364, 372

  Allen, Charles Wesley, 370–71

  Almstedt, Henry, 305

  Ambrose, Stephen E., 146n, 249

  American Fur Company, 20, 96, 129, 162

  American Horse, chief of the Sioux, 333, 346

  Apache, 53–54, 60

  Arapaho, 55, 60, 149, 152, 184, 187, 193, 216, 242, 257, 274, 284, 309, 347, 350

  and Battle of Tongue River, 209–10, 218–19

  and raiding and war parties, 190–91, 286, 295, 320, 331

  Red Cloud’s coalition and, 289–90

  Red Cloud’s War and, 3, 15, 317–18, 321, 324, 329, 331

  treaties and, 19, 26–27, 32, 355–56

  weapons of, 181, 188

  Arikara, 19, 25, 55, 59, 77, 97, 360–61

  Sioux and, 22, 42–44, 114–19, 361

  Army, U.S., 5, 59, 101, 112, 120–24, 136, 149, 151, 153–56, 161–64, 175–81, 184, 219–20, 288, 310, 365

  Atkinson’s mission and, 61–62

  and attack on Fort Rice, 213–14

  and attacks on Cole’s force, 214–17

  and Battle of Blue Water Creek, 137–38

  and Battle of Crazy Woman Fork, 263–69

  and Battle of Tongue River, 209–10

  Bear Butte Council and, 143, 155

  Bozeman Trail and, 228, 238, 250, 275

  Bridge Station and, 169–70, 197, 200–206, 208, 210

  Carrington’s mission and, 228–30, 232

  Carrington’s Overland Circus and, 240–59

  casualties of, 127–30, 137, 162, 169–70, 173, 185, 189, 193, 198, 203–6, 217, 219, 260, 264, 266–69, 271–72, 274, 283–84, 299, 305, 309, 314–15, 318–19, 332–35, 337–41, 344–47, 350, 352, 354–55, 361, 363–64, 373

  Civil War and, 155–56, 171–72, 176–79, 206–7, 223–24, 231, 287, 298

  Cole’s rescue and, 217–18

  Cole’s surprise attack and, 216–17

  and comparisons between Carrington and Fetterman, 223–25

  Cooke’s appointment and, 228–30

  Dakotas and, 161, 166, 208

  deserters from, 256–57, 274, 284, 292

  emigration and, 21, 25, 120

  Fetterman’s ambitions and, 176, 178, 307

  Fort C. F. Smith and, 279–80

  Fort Laramie and, 20, 122, 125

  Fort Phil Kearny and, 261–62, 270–71, 275–77, 279–81, 291–93, 298–99, 303

  Grattan affair and, 126–30

  and hunt for Red Cloud, 206–9, 219

  and hunt for Sitting Bull, 207–8, 212

  Indian policy and, 225–30, 283–84

  and Indian raiding and war parties, 144, 185–86, 190–95, 197–98, 210–11, 233, 251, 260–61, 281–84, 286–87, 303–5, 308, 324, 331, 334

  Indians’ cruelty and, 8–9, 263, 267–68

  Indians’ escape from, 191–99

  Indian’s vengeance and, 123–24, 127–29

  Laramie Loafers and, 152, 198

  Miniconjou problem and, 122–24

  morale issues and, 106–7, 308–9

  mutinies and, 208, 218

  officer appointments in, 178–80

  Red Cloud’s political missions and, 49, 358–59

  Red Cloud’s War and, 2–3, 6–15, 170, 306, 311–15, 323–44, 348–49, 352–55, 369, 372–73

  Sand Creek massacre and, 188–89

  Story and, 296–97

  treaties and, 25–29, 31–33, 93, 120, 126, 185, 227, 242, 244–45, 356

  violence and brutality of, 137, 161, 188–89, 195, 209, 265

  weapons and ammunition of, 7–8, 25, 61, 94, 104, 126–29, 137, 144–47, 161, 173, 180, 188, 193, 202–4, 209–10, 214–17, 232, 238–39, 243–44, 248–49, 262, 265–68, 271, 286–87, 290, 293, 297–99, 303–4, 306–7, 312–15, 319–20, 326–29, 332–34, 337, 339, 341, 344–45, 354–55

  Arnold, Wilbur, 318, 331

  Atkinson, Henry, 61–62

  Auger, Christopher C., 356

  Badlands, 45–48, 51, 193, 210

  Baker, Howard, 160

  Barbo
ur, James, 62–63

  Bear Butte, 77–78, 209

  assembly at, 142–44, 146–49, 155, 165, 171

  Bears Ribs, Chief of the Hunkpapas, 144, 171

  beaver, 70, 94–98, 100, 103

  Beckwourth, Jim, 279–80, 284, 306

  Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux, 234

  Bidwell-Bartleson party, 104

  Big Piney Creek, 2, 262, 281, 298, 352, 356

  Carrington’s Overland Circus and, 253, 255, 258–59

  and Indian raiding and war parties, 260, 286, 289, 307–8, 324

  Red Cloud’s War and, 311, 319–20, 324–27, 332, 334, 337, 347

  Big Spider (brother of Red Cloud), 63–64, 85

  Bingham, Horatio Stowe, 2, 307

  and Fetterman’s arrival at Fort Phil Kearny, 304–6

  Red Cloud’s War and, 311–15, 317–18

  Bisbee, William, 241, 257

  Fetterman and, 231, 305, 307, 364

  and Indian raiding and war parties, 282, 286, 305

  Red Cloud’s War and, 313, 319

  Black Bear, Chief of the Arapaho, 209–10, 219, 289–90

  Black Buffalo Woman (niece), 143, 174, 291

  Black Eagle, 83–89

  Blackfeet, 19, 23, 28, 55, 97–98

  Sioux wars with, 76–77

  Black Hills, 11, 24, 42, 45, 96–97, 101, 140, 144, 164, 193, 209, 212, 216, 238, 249, 362

  gold in, 49, 360

  Sioux and, 4, 39, 48–51, 55–57, 59, 70, 84, 119, 142, 146, 149, 154–55, 309, 348

  treaties and, 227, 357

  Black Horse, Chief of the Cheyenne, 257–59

  Black Kettle, Chief of the Cheyenne, 188–89

  Bloody Bozeman, The (Johnson), 236–37

  Blue Water Creek, Battle of, 137–38, 157, 158n, 184–85, 234, 358

  Bordeaux, James, 127–29, 136, 234

  Bowers, Gideon, 314–15, 318–19

  Bozeman, John, 5, 207, 253, 297

  Sioux’s warnings to, 181–82

  trailblazing journey of, 236–38

  Bozeman Trail, 1, 4–7, 10n, 181–82, 229, 235–38, 257, 262, 280, 287, 292, 299, 305, 359

  Carrington and, 228, 238, 242, 245, 250, 253, 258–59, 272

  gold and, 5, 182, 207, 237

  and Indian raiding and war parties, 268, 275, 291, 308

  planned expansion of, 218–19

  protection of, 228, 245, 250, 272, 274–75, 303

 

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