Dirty Wars
Page 102
AIAI attacks in, 121–122
al Qaeda in, 122–123, 139, 223, 255–256
and al Qaeda recruitment, and jihad, 228–229
and al Shabab (see Al Shabab in Somalia)
American Muslims in, as members of al Shabab, 270–272
and bin Laden, 124–125
and Black Hawk Down incident, 54, 55–56
CIA counterterrorism center in, 470
CIA counterterrorism program in, 470–473
CIA in, 475, 476
and Clinton, 125–126
cruise missile attacks in, 226
destruction of, 126–127
Ethiopian occupation of, 224–226, 227–228
Ethiopian US-backed invasion of, 203–206, 206–209
HVTs in, 119, 120–121
ICU leaders in, hunt for, 223–226
insurgency, 208
JSOC in, 476
JSOC targeted killings/drone strikes in, 294–297
militia in, and Siad, Yusuf Mohammed, 476–478
piracy industry in, 273–276, 481–485
and Prince, and privatized counterpiracy company in, 481–485
secret prison in, 294–295, 296–297, 470, 471–473
Somali Americans in, 273
suicide bombings/bombers in, 206, 223, 225, 271, 272, 277, 294, 299, 397, 474, 488
targeted killings/drone strikes in, 219–223
and US, counterterrorism partnership between, 470–471
US-backed government of, 224
US counterpiracy incursion in, 482
US dual-track policy in, 474–475, 476, 477
US military aid to, 476
See also Al Shabab in Somalia; AMISOM
Somalia warlord program, CIA
and bin Laden, 191–195, 198
US campaign to fund, 193–194
and warlords, brutality of, 193
and warlords, hatred for, 195
warlords (see Dheere, Mohamed; Qanyare, Mohamed Afrah; Siad, Yusuf Mohammed)
Soufan, Ali, 28–29, 62, 63
Southern Ace, 480, 485
Special Access Program (SAP), 145–146, 150, 151, 307. See also Copper Green
Special Mission Units (SMUs), 98, 108–109, 181. See also Delta Force; US Navy SEALs
Special Operations Command (SOCOM), 52–53, 53–54, 93, 114, 175, 411
and find, fix, and finish operations, 171–172
McRaven as commander of, 469, 513
reorganization of, 98
and surveillance drones, 173
and Yemen, 322
Special Operations Forces (SOFs)
authorization of direct actions by, 282–283
and Camp NAMA, 147
and checkpoint shootings, 347
and Cheney, plans for, 93–101
and CIA, 59
and clandestine action, 282–283
and Clinton administration, 126
and counterterrorism policy, role in, 355
and covert action, 96–97, 101
expansion of, 283–284
expansion of, in Yemen, 261–263
and Gardez raid/massacre, responsibility for, 335–336, 337, 340
and HUMINT operations, 171
increased presence of, 354–355
and intelligence program, 95–96
in Iraq War, 107, 139
McChrystal as commander of, 342
and night raids, in Afghanistan, 347–348
number of operators in, 58
and Obama, admiration for, 276
in Pakistan, 139, 215–218
and the Pentagon, 98–99, 99–100
reassigned to Iraq, from Pakistan, 139
role of, 53
and Rumsfeld, plans for, 93–101
and Rumsfeld, reorganization of, 98
and Schultz report, 56–57
See also Covert action; individual units
Special Operations/Low Intensity Conflict program, 116
Special Police Commando Unit (aka Wolf Brigade), 165
Special Tactics Squadron, 51
SSB. See Strategic Support Branch
Starkey, Jerome
and Gardez raid/massacre, and McRaven, apology of, 344–346
and Gardez raid/massacre, investigation of, 339–342, 342–343
Starr, Barbara, 207
Status of Forces agreements, 25
Steele, James, 164–165
Stevens, John, 136
Stone, Kathryn, 101
Storm, Morten (aka Murad Storm), 291–293, 379
and Awlaki, Anwar, 291, 292–293, 364–366
and CIA, 292, 293
and PET, 292, 293
Strategic Support Branch (SSB), 95–96, 100–101
Stratus Ivy task force, 139
Stryker, Chris. See Shaffer, Anthony
Sudan, 6, 20, 21, 62, 79, 125, 126, 198, 262, 294, 332
Suicide bombers/bombings, 164
in Afghanistan, 412
by Americans, 271, 396
and Awlaki, Anwar, 264, 267, 318
in Iraq, 112, 165
and Somalia/al Shabab, 206, 223, 225, 271, 272, 277, 294, 299, 397, 474, 488
in Yemen, 230–231, 308
Suleman, Rao Qamar, 450
Sumali, Mohammed al-, 461–463, 464–465
Supreme Council of Islamic Courts of Somalia (aka the Courts), 193
Surveillance drones, 172–174
and CTTL, 173
and nodal analysis patterns of movement, 173
and “The Unblinking Eye,” 172–173
See also Drone strikes
Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) program, 86–91
at Camp NAMA, 151, 152, 153–154, 155
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 86–91, 151, 152, 153–154, 155
SV Quest (personal yacht), 482–483
Tactical Operations Center, 168
TADS. See Terrorist Attack Disruption Strikes
Taguba, Antonio, 160
Tahir, Mohammed, 334–335, 336, 346
Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy (Savage), 11
Taliban, 3
in Afghanistan, 328
and Gardez raid/massacre, 334
in Pakistan, 217–218
support for, and McChrystal, 331
support for, and US nights raids, 348
See also Assassination operations; individual leaders; Terrorist leaders
Taliban leaders, 167. See also individual leaders
Tanzania, US embassy in, bombing of, 6, 119, 125–126, 196–197, 198
Targeted killings/drone strikes
and al Qaeda recruitment, 494
legality of, 517–518, 519–521
of Nabhan, Saleh Ali, 295–296, 297
and Obama, final authority over, 351–352
and Shabwani incident, 357–358
in Somalia, 219–223, 294–297
against US citizens, 314–316, 325–327, 367–369, 369–374, 391–392, 505
against US citizens, legality of, 517–518, 519–521
in Yemen, 303–304, 307–309, 324, 356–357 (see also Majalah massacre; Gardez raid/massacre)
See also Assassination operations; Drone strikes
Task Force 5, 138
Task Force 20, 105–107, 113–115, 138, 147
Task Force 88, 206
Task Force 121, 138, 140, 147
Task Force 145, 147
Task Force 150, 122, 230
Task Force 6-26, 147, 159
Task Force Black, 144–145
Task Force Central, 144
Task Force North, 144
Task Force West, 144
Taylor, Charles, 198
TECS II. See Treasury Enforcement Communications System
Tenet, George J., 85
and al Qaeda, 13–14
and al Qaeda, lethal action against, 18
and Awlaki, Anwar, interrogation of, 187
and bin Laden, 13–14
; and covert action, and al Qaeda, 17
and drone strikes, 17–18
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 76
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 83
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 64
Terrorist Action Team, 50
Terrorist Attack Disruption Strikes (TADS), 352
Terrorist leaders. See Al Qaeda leaders; Al Shabab leaders; Islamic Courts Union leaders; individual leaders; Taliban leaders
Terrorist rehabilitation program, 132, 254, 256, 257, 260, 278
TFG. See Transitional Federal Government
Theater Special Operations Commands, 98
Tillman, Pat, 349
Timimi, Ali al, 71–73
Top Secret America (Arkin and Priest), 105
Tora Bora, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, 81, 434–435
Torture. See Interrogation and torture/techniques
“Torture Memos,” 25
“Torture taxis,” 27
Townsend, Frances, 212–213, 456
Traditional Military Activities, 92
Transitional Federal Government (TFG), 226
Treadway, Brad, 322
Treasury Enforcement Communications System (TECS II), 69
Tremblay, Eric, 338
Trump, Donald, 441
Turki, Hassan, 393, 394
UAE. See United Arab Emirates
Uday Hussein, 111
Uganda, 272
World Cup fan bombings, 395
UN Baghdad headquarters bombings, 112–113
UN Monitoring Group, 485
“The Unblinking Eye” (drone stakeout), 172-173
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 481, 484, 485
United Kingdom, 67–68, 519
Awlaki, Anwar, in, 134–137
United Nations, 8
and Gardez raid/massacre, investigation of, 337, 339, 340
University College of London, 317
University of Minnesota, 32
University of Nebraska, 32
University of Texas, 115
Unlawful combatants, 148
Urban, Mark, 162, 166
US Agency for International Development (USAID), 33
US citizens
assassination strikes against, 314–316, 325–327, 367–369, 369–374, 391–392, 505, 517, 518 (see also Awlaki, Abdulrahman; Awlaki, Anwar; Khan, Samir)
”Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen” (US Department of Justice), 514–515
recruitment of, by al Shabab, 297
as suicide bombers, 271, 396
US Congress. See Congress, US
US Department of Defense, 85–86
US Department of Justice
and assassination ban, 6
and CIA interrogation and torture/techniques, 244–245
“Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen,” 514–515
and lethal authority, 6
US Department of Labor, 36
US Department of State, 29, 409, 508
US Department of the Treasury, 190, 369
US election 2000, 36
US election 2008, 237–238
US embassy, Kenya, bombing of, 6, 125–126
and Fazul, 119, 196–197, 198
US embassy, Nairobi, 120
bombing of, 198, 199
US embassy, Sana’a, Yemen, bombing of, 235–236
US embassy, Tanzania, bombing of, 6, 125–126
and Fazul, 119, 196–197, 198
US embassy bombings, 6, 277
US intelligence
and Awlaki, Anwar, web sermons of, 233, 234–235, 238, 239–241
See also FBI; CIA
US intelligence law, and gray areas, 91–93
US military
and Gardez raid/massacre, version of, 338
kill list, 351
reorganization of, 12–13
US military aid
to Somalia, 476
to Yemen, 64–65, 236, 322
US Naval War College, 102
US Navy SEAL Team 3, 116
US Navy SEAL Team 4, 116
US Navy SEAL Team 5, 157
US Navy SEAL Team 6, 50–51, 98, 103, 108–109, 115, 116
and bin Laden raid and killing, at Abbottabad compound, 437–441, 441–450, 451–452
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 275–276
US Navy SEALs
in Pakistan, 217–218
and piracy industry in Somalia, 483
and prisoner deaths, 157
Special Naval Warfare Group I, 116
US-Yemen joint operations, 307
USAID. See US Agency for International Development
USS Ashland, 230
USS Bainbridge, 274–275
USS Boxer, 274, 453
USS Cole bombing in Yemen, 16, 61, 62–63, 65–66, 130–131, 466, 467
and Quso, Fahd al-, 305, 318
and Yemen and al Qaeda suspects, 132–133, 210, 213
USS Halyburton, 274
USS Mount Whitney, 79
USSOCOM, 114
Uzbekistan, 17, 252
Van Tonder, Edgar, 480
“Vanilla” Special Forces, 50
Vibrant Fury, 179
Vickers, Michael, 282, 356–357, 436, 441, 491
Vietnam, 114
Vietor, Thomas, 508
Vinnell Corporation, 130
Volman, Daniel, 298
War
and presidential power, 3–4
right to declare, 19–20
War against Islam, 110
War Council, 24, 29
War on terror, 27, 30, 47, 54, 113, 193–194, 320, 384
War Powers Act, 9–10
Wardak, Aziz Ahmad, 338
Warlords, Somali
and bin Laden, 198
brutality of, 193
and CIA alliance, 191–195
hatred for, 195
US campaign to fund, 193–194
See also Dheere, Mohamed; Qanyare, Mohamed Afrah; Siad, Yusuf Mohammed
Warsame, Ahmed Abdulkadir, 454
and Awlaki, Anwar, 498–499
capture of, 453
Waterboarding, 89. See also Interrogation and torture/techniques
Waugh, Billy, 21
Wazir, Payo Jan, 218
Weaponized drones, 172. See also Drone strikes
Weapons of mass destruction. See WMDs
Webb, Marshall B. “Brad,” 442
West, Tony, 370
West Point, 109
Whitman, Bryan, 295
Wild West Domains, 287
Wilkerson, Lawrence, 21, 58
and Camp NAMA, 148
and Cheney, and presidential power, assumption of, 59
and Iraqi WMDs, 82
and JSOC, and abuse of power, 142–143
and JSOC, secrecy of, 329
and SOFs, 93, 94, 95, 99–100
WMDs (weapons of mass destruction), 417
and Iraq, 15, 28–29, 82, 139, 150
Wolf, Frank, 72
Wolf Brigade. See Special Police Commando Unit
Wolfowitz, Paul and Bremer, 110
and Cheney, defense plan of, 7–8
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 77
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15, 82, 84
and JSOC, and global manhunt, 170
and 9/11 attacks, exploitation of, 19
and Somalia, 123
and Steele, 164
Woodward, Bob, 13–14
World Bank, 64
World Cup fan bombings, in Uganda, 395
Wright, Lawrence, 63
Wuhayshi, Nasir al- (aka Abu Basir), 210, 230–231, 306, 314, 315, 379, 467
and AQAP, 255
and Awlaki, Anwar, 381
as detainee at Guantánamo, 254
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 213
Wyden, Ron, 505
Yarmad, Merza Mohammed, 344
Yazeed, Abu, 377
Yemen, 32–33
&nb
sp; and al Qaeda, recruitment in, 358
and al Qaeda, resurgence of, 130–133
al Qaeda in, 62, 64, 65, 66, 122, 210–214, 235–237, 255–256, 257, 268, 269, 304–305
AQAP in, 258–260, 262–263, 269, 281, 284, 298, 323–324, 386–389
and Arab Spring, 430–432
and Awlaki, Anwar, and US pressure to arrest, 234–235
and Awlaki, Anwar, indictment against, 391
and Awlaki, Anwar, surveillance of, 184–185, 187
CIA in, 387–388
cruise missile attacks in, 303–313, 358–359, 361, 376, 385, 500
drone strikes in, 75–80, 324, 465, 520–521
and Houthi rebellion, al Qaeda and Saudi support for, 131–132
JSOC in, 284, 303–304, 307–309, 321, 322, 387–389
Khan, Samir, in, 290–291
and mujahedeen-Soviet Afghan war, 62
prison break, 210–212
and public responsibility for US strikes, 357
and Saudi Arabia, collusion between, 254–255
SOFs in, expansion of, 261–263
suicide bombers/bombings in, 230–231, 308
targeted killings/drone strikes in, 284, 303–304, 307–309, 324, 356–357 (see also Gardez raid/massacre)
and terrorist rehabilitation program, 132, 256, 257, 260
US aid/assistance to, 64–65, 236, 322, 386
as US counterterrorism focus, 285–287
and US drone strikes as terrorism, 466
US embassy in, bombing of, 235–236
US flyover rights in, 262
US military trainers in, 64–65, 66
US role in, downplay of, 321–324
and US spy drone Scan Eagle, 230
US unilateral campaign in, 280–281
USS Cole bombing in, 16, 61, 62–63, 65–66, 130–131, 210, 213
and Yemeni and al Qaeda suspects, treatment of, 132–133
and Yemeni tribal system, and AQAP, 465–467
and Zinjibar siege, 460–465
Yemen Air Force, Special Operations Forces Command training missions with, 323
Yemen Special Operations, and AQAP, 387–389
Yoo, John, 24
Yousef, Ramzi, 27
Yusuf, Mohammed, 206
Yusufzai, Rahimullah, 177
Zabara, Mullah. See Abdulsalam, Ali Abdullah
Zaeef, Mullah Abdul Salem, 348
Zahir, Mohammed Saranwal, 335
Zardari, Asif Ali, 216, 422–423, 458
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 112, 143–144, 157, 289, 290
and Abu Ghraib prisoner-abuse scandal, 163
“Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Slaughters an American,” 163
and Berg, execution of, 163–164
hunt for, 166
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 113
and Iraqi Shiite and Sunni Muslims, targeting of, 178–179
as JSOC number one target, 113
and JSOC targeted assassination/strike, 179
and network funding, 164
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 23, 62, 223, 362, 379, 412, 434
and Fazul, 487
hunt for, 175