Dirty Wars

by Jeremy Scahill

  US spy programs in, 250

  See also Inter-Services Intelligence

  Panetta, Leon

  and Afghanistan, 282

  and al Qaeda, 256, 471

  and Awlaki, Anwar, targeted killing of, 503

  and Awlaki lawsuit, 369, 370

  and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 435, 436, 441, 442, 446

  and CIA, 352

  and CIA-JSOC divide, 297

  and Davis incident, 425–426

  and Pakistan, drone strikes in, 249

  and secret prisons/black sites, 294

  Pasha, Ahmad Shuja, 413

  Patterson, Anne, 217, 411

  Paul, Ron, 503

  Pavitt, James, 133

  Pelosi, Nancy, 6, 89

  Pentagon

  and Camp NAMA, 156–157, 157–158

  and CIA, conflict between, 30

  and CIA, conflict between, and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 81–84

  and CIA, conflict between, and Pakistan, 217

  luncheon, February 2002, 45

  and Pakistan, HVTs in, 175

  and SOFs, 98–99, 99–100

  Perry, Jeff (pseud.), 152, 155–156, 156–157

  Personnel Recovery Academy (JPRA), 87

  PET. See Danish Intelligence Service

  Petraeus, David, 427

  and Afghanistan, 282

  and al Qaeda HVTs, strikes against, 236

  and AQAP, in Yemen, 258–259

  and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 443

  as CIA director, 498

  as commander of CENTCOM, 236

  and counterterrorism policy, expansion of, 261

  and Iraq, destruction of, 179

  and Iraq insurgency, 164

  and JSOC operations, expansion of, 297

  and Majalah massacre, 323

  and McChrystal, replacement for, 349

  and McChrystal, resignation of, 349

  and Obama administration, 258

  resignation of, 513

  and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, meeting between, 322–323

  and Salvadorization of Iraq, 165

  and SOFs, authorization of direct actions by, 282–283

  and Special Police Commando Unit, 165

  and Yemen, aid to, 322

  and Yemen, AQAP in, 262

  Phillips, Richard, 274–276

  Phoenix Program, in Vietnam, 114

  Piracy industry, in Somalia

  and al Shabab, 482, 483

  and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 273–276, 482–483

  and privatized counterpiracy company, 481–485

  and Puntland region, 483–484, 485

  and SV Quest, capture of, 482–483

  Plausible deniability, 91

  PNAC. See Project for the New American Century

  Political Islam Strategic Analysis Program, CIA, 15

  Political Security Organization (PSO), 185, 359

  Pope Air Force Base, 51

  Porter, Gareth, 114, 348

  Posse Comitatus Act, 52

  Powell, Colin

  and Cheney, conflict between, 57

  and Cheney, defense plan of, 8

  diplomatic agenda of, 57–58

  and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15

  and Iraq war, case for, 29

  and Rumsfeld, conflict between, 57

  and SOFs, 99

  and Somalia, 122

  and Zarqawi, 113

  Presidential authority, 9, 11, 24–25

  Presidential power

  and Cheney, assumption of, 59

  and war, 3–4

  and war, right to declare, 19–20

  Priest, Dana, 105, 217, 351

  Prince, Erik, 177, 408

  and privatized counterpiracy company in Somalia, 481–485

  and Saracen International, 484, 485

  Prine, Carl, 109

  Prisoners

  abuse of, 104, 158–160

  protection and treatment of, 29–30

  See also Abu Ghraib prisoner-abuse scandal

  Private military contractors, 23. See also Mercenary companies

  Project for the New American Century (PNAC), 7, 8, 19

  Project Icon, 95

  Prosper, Pierre-Richard, 484

  PSO. See Political Security Organization

  Puntland region, 483–484, 485

  Qaddafi, Muammar el-, 5, 431

  Qamish, Galib al-, 187, 266

  Qanyare, Mohamed Afrah, 191, 192, 193, 194

  and CIA-backed alliance, 118–121, 124, 127

  defeat of, 201

  and Fazul, 199

  and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 208

  and kill and capture campaign, 127–129

  Qaradawi, Sheikh Yusuf al-, 39

  Qasaylah, Ali Mahmud al-, assassination of, 230

  Qirbi, Abu Bakr al-, 313, 363, 465

  QRF. See Quick Reaction Force

  Quick Reaction Force (QRF), 98

  Qureshi, Shah Mahmood, 422, 458

  Qusay Hussein, 111

  Quso, Fahd al-, 305, 318, 467

  Qutb, Sayyid, 188–189

  Rage, Ali Mohamud, 299, 301, 395, 396, 487, 491

  and Daynile offensive, 492

  Rahman, Atiya Abdul. See Mahmud, Shaykh

  Rahman, Omar Abdel, 36

  Ramadan offensive (Al Shabab), 396–397

  Rangers, 51, 102–103, 108, 115, 138, 143, 144, 145, 159, 175, 450

  rules of engagement of, 169

  Ras Kamboni, 195, 394

  Reagan, Ronald

  and assassination ban, 5

  and JSOC, 51

  and presidential authority, 11

  Reagan administration, 11

  Real Time Regional Gateway, NSA, 162

  “Rebuilding America’s Defenses,” 19

  Red Cross (International Committee of the Red Cross)

  and Camp NAMA, 148

  and Camp NAMA report, 158

  and detainee policy, violation of, 453

  and interrogation and torture/techniques, 89–90

  Reed, Jack, 469

  Rehman, Ibadur, 419

  Reid, Harry, 509–510

  Reid, Richard (aka “Shoe Bomber”), 28, 320

  Rendition, 26–30, 182

  of Islamic Jihad members, 125

  and JSOC, 182

  See also Secret prisons

  Reno, Janet, 108

  Republican Guard (Iraq), 165

  Republican Guard (Yemen), 33, 211, 462

  Republican Party, xv, 9, 18, 26, 36, 76, 89, 109, 110, 161, 169, 171, 215, 244, 246, 256, 301, 302, 314, 318, 319, 320, 353, 469, 503, 515, 516, 517, 520

  Republicans, and Obama, attack on, 320–321

  Rhodes, Ben, 446

  Rice, Condoleezza, 94

  and al Qaeda, lethal action against, 18

  and al Qaeda/bin Laden, 14

  and al Shabab, 226

  and Awlaki, Anwar, imprisonment of, 186

  and covert action, in Afghanistan, 16

  and covert action, in Pakistan, 411

  and drone strikes, in Yemen, 78

  and interrogation and torture/techniques, 88

  Rice, Susan, 324

  Richer, Robert, 141

  Riggle, Robert, 482–483

  Rimi, Qasim al-, 210, 230–231, 324, 356

  as detainee at Guantánamo, 254

  Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, al Qaeda attacks in, 130

  Rizzo, John, 25

  Robow, Mukhtar, 492

  Rocca, Christina, 409–410

  Rodriguez, Alberto, 421

  Rodriguez, Jose, 25, 30, 81, 176

  and interrogation and torture/techniques, 89

  and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 83

  Rolling Stone magazine, 349

  Rome Statute, 8–9

  Rove, Karl, 246, 302

  Rowley, Richard, 164

  Rumsfeld, Donald, 218, 284, 518

  and al Qaeda, 13–14
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  and al Qaeda resurgence, in Yemen, 131

  and Balad Air Base, 162

  and bin Laden, 13–14

  and Black, firing of, 81

  and Camp NAMA, 154, 156–157

  and Church Committee, 10

  and CIA, conflict between, 58–59, 92, 95–96, 97, 169, 171

  and CIA, oversight changes in, 23–24

  and CIA-JSOC divide, 170–171

  and Clinton administration, criticism of, 4, 7, 126

  and Concept of Operations for HVT exploitation, 154

  and congressional briefings, 107

  and congressional oversight, 9

  and congressional testimony on torture of detainees in Iraq, 160–161

  and Copper Green, 145–146

  and covert action, 9–10

  and covert vs. clandestine action, 138, 171

  and de-Baathification process, 111

  and Djibouti, secret base in, 78–79

  and drone strikes, in Yemen, 76

  global military campaign of, 59–60

  global war plans of, 15–16

  and hit list, 6–7

  and insurgents, targeting of, 144

  and international criminal court, 8–9

  and interrogation and torture/techniques, 86, 87, 88, 91

  and interrogation program, 85

  and Iran-Contra scandal, 91

  and Iraq, 3

  and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15, 81–82, 84, 150

  and Iraq insurgency, 162–163

  and Iraq War, 129

  and Iraqi insurgency, 111, 112

  and Iraqi military, disbanding of, 111

  and Iraqi WMDs, 82, 150

  and Iraq/Saddam Hussein obsession, 13

  and JPRA, 86

  and JSOC, 48–49, 100–101

  and JSOC, and global manhunt, 170, 171

  and JSOC, and military and intelligence law, gray areas of, 92–94

  and JSOC, legality of operations, 182–183

  and JSOC, reorganization of, 98

  and JSOC, transformation of, 54–55, 57

  and kill/capture operations, 114

  and military, reorganization of, 12–13

  and military bureaucracy and commanders,

  circumvention of, 93

  as neoconservative leader, 9

  and neoconservatives, and shadow government, 7

  and 9/11 attacks, exploitation of, 19

  and Pentagon, 98–99, 99–100

  and Petraeus, 164

  and Powell, conflict between, 57

  and presidential authority, 9

  and Reid, Richard (“Shoe Bomber”), 320

  resignation of, 215

  and Saddam Hussein, capture of, 141

  secret program of, 30

  and secret task force, success of, 174–175

  and secret wars, 9–10

  and Shelton, conflict between, 53, 57

  and “snowflake” memos, 97

  and SOCOM, 94

  and SOFs, 56–57

  and SOFs, and intelligence program, 95–96

  and SOFs, plans for, 93–101

  and SOFs, reorganization of, 98

  and Somalia, 122

  and Special Operations Command, reorganization of, 98

  and SSB, 100–101

  and unified task force in Afghanistan and Iraq, 138

  and Yemen prison break, 210

  Ruppersberger, Charles Albert “Dutch” III, 505

  Rush, Bobby, 107

  Rushdie, Salman, 379

  Rustamyar, Ghulam Dastagir, 338

  Sabir, Mohammed, 335–337, 339, 344, 346

  US interrogation of, 337

  Saddam Hussein, 5, 8

  capture of, 140–141

  Cheney/Rumsfeld obsession with, 13

  and code name Black List One, 139–140

  hunt for, 139–140

  imprisonment of, 166

  and WMDs, 15, 28–29, 150

  See also Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection

  Sadr, Moqtada al-, 112, 141

  Salahuddin Center, 200

  Saleh, Ahmed Ali Abdullah, 32–33, 462

  Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 61–66, 384

  and al Qaeda, 62, 65–66

  and al Qaeda, collusion between, 210–214

  and al Qaeda resurgence, 130–133

  and Arab Spring, 430–432, 460

  and Awlaki, Anwar, imprisonment of, 186–187, 187–188, 190

  and bin Fareed, 304

  and drone strikes, in Yemen, 76, 77, 79

  and Guantánamo, and Yemeni prisoners, transfer of, 256, 257–258, 259

  and Houthi rebellion, 131–132, 280

  and Iran, propaganda campaign against, 230

  and Kappes, meeting with, and AQAP, 259–260

  and Majalah massacre, 308, 313, 323

  and mujahedeen-Soviet Afghan war, 62

  and Obama, 256, 257–258

  and Petraeus, meeting between, 322–323

  and Shabwani incident, 357–358

  and Shaye, 398–399

  and terrorist rehabilitation program, 132, 256, 257, 260

  and Townsend, interview with, 212–213

  and US (Bush administration), deal between, 63–66, 211–212

  and US funds, request for, 280

  and US (Obama administration), deal between, 236–237, 262, 279–281, 284, 322–323, 356, 359–360, 386, 388–389

  and US spy drone Scan Eagle, 230

  and USS Cole bombing, 61, 62–63, 65–66, 132–133

  and weakening of regime, 465

  and Yemen prison break, 210–214

  and Zinjibar siege, 462

  Saleh, Ammar Muhammad Abdullah, 262

  Saleh, Yahya, 235

  Salim, Suleiman Ahmed Hemed, 127

  Salopek, Paul, 128

  “Salt Pit” (secret prison), 26

  Salvador Option. See Salvadorization of Iraq

  Salvadorization of Iraq (aka Salvador Option), 165

  Salve Regina University, 102

  San Diego State University, 35

  Sana’a, Yemen, US embassy in, bombing of, 235–236

  Sana’a University, 184

  Sanaullah, Rana, 428

  Sanchez, Ricardo, 140–141, 142

  SAP. See Special Access Program

  Saracen International, 484–485

  Sattler, John, 79

  Saudi Arabia

  al Qaeda in, 130, 278–279

  and Guantánamo, and Yemeni prisoners, transfer of, 259

  and Houthi rebellion, 131–132

  most wanted list in, 278

  terrorist rehabilitation program in, 254, 278

  US secret air base in, 465

  and Yemen, collusion between, 254–255

  Savage, Charlie, 11

  Saweri, Saleh al-, 387

  Scan Eagle (US spy drone), 230

  Scarborough, Rowan, 150

  Scharping, Rudolf, 122

  Scheuer, Michael, 133, 176, 236

  Schloesser, Jeffrey, 59

  Scholarship program for foreign students, 34

  Schoomaker, Peter, 56

  Schroen, Gary, 22

  Schultz, Richard, 55–57

  Schultz report, 55–57

  Schwarzkopf, Norman, 53

  Scowcroft, Brent, 8, 15, 95

  Screen Hunter, 176

  SEALs. See US Navy SEALs

  Seche, Stephen, 262, 312

  Secret bases

  in Saudi Arabia, 465

  in Uzbekistan, 17

  See also individual bases

  Secret prisons, 25–26

  in Ethiopia, 128

  and Obama, 294

  in Somalia, 294–295, 296–297, 470, 471–473

  See also Black sites; Extraordinary rendition; Interrogation and torture/techniques; Rendition

  Secret wars, 12

  and neoconservative movement, 9–10

  Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 3

 
; SERE program. See Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape program

  Shaalan, Hazim, 165

  Shabwani, Ayad al-, 324

  Shabwani, Ibrahim al-, 358

  Shabwani, Jabir al-, 357–358

  Shaffer, Anthony (alias Chris Stryker), 138–139

  and Bagram Air Base, 167, 168

  and Blackwater, 177

  and Camp NAMA, 148

  and Copper Green, 146

  and Davis incident, 406, 415, 417

  and Pakistan, 169, 216

  and Pakistan, HVTs in, 175, 176

  Shah, Wali Khan Amin, 27

  Shamo Hotel bombing, 299–301

  Shamshad, Faheem (aka Muhammad Faheem), 415, 418–419, 420, 421, 428

  Shanklin, Michael, 484, 485

  Sharabuddin, Hajji, 336, 341–342, 345–346 (see also Gardez raid/massacre)

  Sharabuddin, Mohammed Daoud, and family, 334–342

  Sharaf, Kamal, 306, 382, 383–384

  Sharif, Sheikh (Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed), 193, 196, 202–203, 270, 476, 490

  and al Shabab, 491

  and Clinton, Hillary, 277

  and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 206

  and return to power, 227

  and Saracen International, 484–485

  and Shamo Hotel bombing, 300

  US support for, 226

  Shaye, Abdulelah Haider, 306–307

  and Awlaki, Anwar, interviews with, 307, 315–316, 318–319, 360–363

  capture, torture, and imprisonment of, 382–385

  conviction and imprisonment of, 398–400

  and Majalah massacre, 307, 308

  Shelby, Richard, 3

  Shelton, Hugh, 443

  and Gardez raid/massacre, 346–347

  and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15

  and JSOC, 52

  and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 275

  and Rumsfeld, and JSOC, transformation of, 54–55

  and Rumsfeld, conflict between, 53, 57

  and SOCOM, 52

  Shiffrin, Richard, 88

  Shihri, Said Ali al-, 256, 306, 314, 315, 356, 467

  as detainee at Guantánamo, 254

  Shinn, David, 123

  Shirosaki, Tsutomu, 27

  Shock and Awe campaign, 105

  Siad, Mohammed Farah, 474

  Siad, Yusuf Mohammed (pseud. Indha Adde or White Eyes), 191–193, 194, 488

  and al Qaeda, 192, 224

  and al Shabab, 196–197, 224

  and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 226

  and ICU, 224

  and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 208

  militia of, 476–477

  Signature Strikes, 249, 352, 516

  Slocombe, Walter, 52

  Smith, Greg, 340–341, 342

  Smith, Jeffrey, 78

  SMUs. See Special Mission Units

  Snatch operations. See Extraordinary renditions

  SOCOM. See Special Operations Command

  SOFs. See Special Operations Forces

  Soldier Readiness Processing Center, Fort Hood, 285

  Somalia, 78, 79, 80, 118–129

  and Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama, 478–480