God's War: A New History of the Crusades

by Christopher Tyerman

  14. Kemal al-Din, Chronicle of Aleppo, RHC Or., iii (Paris 1884), 597–8.

  15. William of Tyre, History, ii, 374–5; the levels of military obligations were derived from lists collected by John of Ibelin in the mid-thirteenth century.

  16. On lordships, Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships.

  17. Prawer, ‘Colonization’, p. 140 and refs.

  18. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, pp. 120–71, 215–18, 220–22; for Jerusalem clergy and burgesses, see the witness lists in charters in R. Röhricht, Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (Innsbruck 1893, 1904), passim.

  19. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, pp. 264–5, 267, 273, 319, 330, 335–6.

  20. Delaville le Roulx, Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers, no. 399, i, 272–3; Bresc-Bautier, Cartulaire du Saint-Sépulchre, no. 117, pp. 237–9; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp.74–82; Prawer, ‘Colonization’, pp. 119–21, 127–8.

  21. Prawer, ‘Colonization’, pp. 140–41 and note 162; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 65–8.

  22. Barthélémy, ‘Libre Exercise’, pp. 535–6; Ellenblum, Settlement, p. 84 and note 16; C. J. Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusades to the Holy Land?’, Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem 1992), pp. 13–26; and, generally, pp. 82–5; Röhricht, Regesta regni, passim.

  23. For a summary of legal processes with references to debated aspects, Mayer, The Crusades, chap. 8, pp. 152 et seq.

  24. The phrase is Prawer’s, ‘Colonization’, p. 105. For general discussions, Prawer, ‘Colonization’; Ellenblum, Settlement, esp. Part II.

  25. Discussed by Prawer, ‘Colonization’, p. 110.

  26. Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers, no. 309, i, 222–3.

  27. This is the central insight of Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 111–44 and Part IV; cf. D. Pringle, ‘Churches and Settlement in Crusader Palestine’, Experience of Crusading, ed. Edbury and Phillips, ii, 161–78.

  28. C. E. Bosworth, ‘The “Protected Peoples” in Medieval Egypt and Syria’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 62 (1979–80), 11–36.

  29. In general, the works of Prawer, Mayer and Riley-Smith; on Jews, J. Prawer, The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford 1988); for Muslim headman, Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, p. 317.

  30. Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, p. 316; in general, Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’.

  31. Broadhursts, Ibn Jubayr, p. 322; William of Tyre, History, ii, 214; Fulcher of Chartres, History, p.146.

  32. But see B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission (Princeton 1984), pp. 75–6, note 95; in general pp. 74–83.

  33. Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, pp. 321–2; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 408–14.

  34. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 232; Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, pp. 316–21, 323; Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’; Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks’, pp. 175–92, esp. pp. 177–80.

  35. Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 164, 167–9; Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. L. de Mas Latrie (Paris 1871), pp. 82–4; B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Samaritans in the Frankish Period’, Franks in the Levant, ed. idem, chap. XIX, pp. 86–7; J. Drory, ‘Hanbalis of the Nablus Region’, The Medieval Levant: Studies in Memory of Eliyahu Ashtor, ed. B. Z. Kedar and U. L. Udovitch (Haifa 1988), pp. 95–112; E. Sivan, ‘Refugiés Syro-palestiniens au temps des croisades’, Revue des Etudes Islamiques, 35 (1967), 138–40.

  36. William of Tyre, History, ii, 20–21, 76–7; Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 93–6, 149–50, 159–60, 163–4, 169–70; Kedar, Crusade and Mission, pp. 74–83.

  37. Assises des Bourgeois, c. 241, RHC Lois, i, 172; in general, Kedar, ‘Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’.

  38. B. Z. Kedar, ‘Gerald of Nazareth’, Franks in the Levant, ed. idem, chap. IV, pp. 55 et seq.; Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks’, pp. 187–92; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 232, 321–3; Röhricht, Regesta regni, no. 502; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 119–20, 125–8; Abbé Martin, ‘Les Premiers Princes croisades et les Syriens jacobites’, Journal asiatique, 12 (1888), 471–90; 13 (1889), 33–79; Dedeyan, ‘Les Colophons’, pp. 96–7 and note 38.

  39. See the map, Ellenblum, Settlement, p. xviii and passim; D. Pringle, Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge 1997), esp. pp. 4–5; D. Pringle, The Red Tower (Edinburgh 1986).

  40. Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 95, 130.

  41. Pringle, Red Tower, pp. 58–63; Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships, pp. 103–4, 108–10, 113, 141–3; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 198–204.

  42. Ambroise, Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, trans. M. J. Hubert and J. L. Lamonte, The Crusade of Richard the Lion-Heart (New York 1976), ll. 7121–5, p. 281. (Hereafter Ambroise, Crusade of Richard.)

  43. Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 342 and 343 for Abu Shama’s account of Reynald of Sidon; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 469; iii, 59, 489; for Ibn Shaddad’s account of the bilingual diplomacy, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 228–9.

  44. Röhricht, Regesta regni, no. 502; A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa (New York/London 1993), pp. 245–57.

  45. For a useful summary, Mayer, Crusades, pp. 189–93 and refs.; and the articles by J. Folda and D. Pringle in J. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford 1995).

  46. De constructione castri Saphet, trans. Kennedy, Crusader Castles, p. 194, but see n. 7 p. 211; Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, p. 322.

  47. Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 169–70.

  48. Pringle, Red Tower, p. 178; Cartulaire du Saint-Sépulchre de Jerusalem, no. 117, pp. 237–9; G. A. Loud, ‘Norman Italy and the Holy Land’, Horns of Hattin, ed. Kazar, p. 52 and note 14.

  49. Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 317 and note 2.

  50. Cited by Mayer, Crusades, p. 183 and note 97.

  51. See B. Z. Kedar’s comments, Horns of Hattin, pp. 350–53, 359–60, 363 and J. Prawer’s reaction, ibid., esp. pp. 365–6.

  52. Cf. Prawer, Latin Kingdom, and Kedar, Crusade and Mission, p. 78.

  53. Thietmar, Peregrinatio, Peregrinationes Medii Aevi Quatuor, ed. J. C. M. Laurent (Leipzig 1873), ii, 37.

  8: A New Path to Salvation? Western Christendom and Holy War 1100–1145

  1. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei p. 124; Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, v, 39.

  2. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, p. 167 and, generally, pp. 144–68; Riley-Smith, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, pp. 80–81.

  3. H. W. C. Davis, ‘Henry of Blois and Brian FitzCount’, English Historical Review, 25 (1910), 301–3.

  4. Chronicon S. Andreae in Castro Cameracesii, ed. L. C. Bethmann, MGH SS, vii (Hanover 1846), 544–5; in general, C. Morris, ‘Propaganda for War’, Studies in Church History, xx, ed. W. J. Shields (Woodbridge 1983), 79–101.

  5. Gesta Francorum, pp. 50–56, 66–7; for the First Crusade histories, Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 60–61, 135–52.

  6. P. Rousset, Les Origines et les caractères de la première croisade (Geneva 1945); K. Skovgaard-Petersen, A Journey to the Promised Land: Crusading Theology in the Historia de profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam (Copenhagen 2001); R. Hiestand, ‘Il cronista medievale e il suo pubblico’, Annali della facolta di lettere e filosofia dell’universita di Napoli, 27 (1984–5), 207–27; Gunther of Pairis, Historia Constantinopolitana, ed. Comte Riant, Exuviae Constantinopolitanae, i (Geneva 1877), 60–66, now trans. A. J. Andrea, The Capture of Constantinople (Philadelphia 1997) (hereafter Gunther of Pairis, Capture); Gunther of Pairis, Solymarius, Archives de l’Orient Latin, i (1881), 555–61; for the abbot’s presentation to Frederick I, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. Lat. 2001, fol. 1 recto.

  7. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 71, cf. pp. 68–9; Ekkehard of Aura, Chronicon, ed. G. Weitz, PL, 154, col. 987 for 1101 sermon; for 1108 appeal against the Wends, W. Wattenbach, ‘Handschriftliches’, Neues Archiv (1882), vii, 624–6, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 75–7.

  8. G
aimar, Lestoire des Engleis, ed. T. D. Hardy and C. T. Martin, Rolls Series (London 1888–9), i, 244–5; cf. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), ii, 433, 460, 461.

  9. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 352–5.

  10. Quoted by Morris, ‘Propaganda for War’, p. 93.

  11. D. Denny, ‘A Romanesque Fresco in Auxerre Cathedral’, Gesta, 25 (1986), 197–202.

  12. See M. Biddle, Tomb of Christ (Stroud 1999), p. 31.

  13. R. L. Crocker, ‘Early Crusade Songs’, The Holy War, ed. T. P. Murphy (Columbus 1976), pp. 78–98.

  14. Sigebert of Gembloux, Epistola Leodicensium adversus Paschalem Papam, Libelli de Lite Imperatorum et Pontificum, ii, MGH (Hanover 1892), 451–2; D. Girgensohn, ‘Das Pisaner Konzil von 1135 in der Überlieferung des Pisaner Konzils von 1409’, Festschrift für Hermann Heimpel (Göttingen 1972), ii, 1,099–100.

  15. Duparc-Quioc, Chanson d’Antioche, i, 171; Suger of St Denis, The Deeds of Louis the Fat, trans. R. C. Cusimo and J. Moorhead (Washington, DC 1992), pp. 37, 106–9.

  16. Gouffier of Lastours, according to Geoffrey of Vigeois, Chronicon, Receuil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al. (Paris 1737–1904), xii, 428; the story describes a crusading Androcles and the Lion, the knight and the lion becoming inseparable after Gouffier had freed the beast from the clutches of a serpent. The tale is probably more exotic than true.

  17. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 162.

  18. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 287.

  19. Suger, Louis the Fat, p. 84; Gesta Ambaziensium Dominorum, Chroniques d’Anjou, ed. P. Marchegay and A. Salmon (Paris 1856), pp. 181–205, esp. pp. 188–90, 193, 205; Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, v, 168; vi, 158; Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae, PL, 162, cols. 144–5, no. 135.

  20. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 240, 410.

  21. Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. T. Arnold, Rolls Series (London 1879), pp. 262–3; Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, ed. A. Griscom and R. Ellis Jones (London 1929), pp. 437–8, trans. L. Thorpe, The History of the Kings of Britain (London 1966), p. 216.

  22. PL, 163, col. 508, no. 25 for Gelasius’s letter of 10 Dec. 1118; Song of Roland, trans. D. L. Sayers (London 1975), p. 135, l. 2197.

  23. Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, trans. L. M. Hollander (Austin 1964), pp. 688–97; P. Riant, Expéditions et pèlerinages des Scandinaves en Terre Sainte au temps des croisades (Paris 1865), pp. 156, 161–3; William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, M. Winterbottom (Oxford 1998–9), i, 740–43.

  24. Annales Hildesheimensis, ed. G. Waitz, MGH (Hanover 1878), pp. 50–51; Otto of Freising, Chronica, ed. A Hofmeister, MGH (Hanover and Leipzig 1912), p. 318; Ekkehard of Aura, Chronicon, col. 987; Die Briefe Heinrichs IV, ed. C. Erdmann, MGH (Leipzig 1937), pp. 39–40, no. 31.

  25. Romuald of Salerno, Chronicon, in The History of the Tyrants of Sicily, ed. G. Loud and T. Weidemann, p. 231, cf. p. 242; Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, ed. J. C. Robertson and J. B. Sheppard, Rolls Series (London 1875–85), iv, 163, 174; Roger of Howden, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1868–71), ii, 17; F. Barlow, Thomas Becket (London 1986), pp. 258–9.

  26. Robert of Ely, De Vita et Miracula S. Canuti Ducis, Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, ed. M. C. Gertz (Copenhagen 1908–12), esp. pp. 236–7.

  27. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 379.

  28. Walter of Thérouanne, Vita Karoli, ed. R. Koepke, MGH SS, xii (Hanover 1866), 540, and p. 568 for Galbert of Bruges’s account; Ekkehard of Aura, Chronicon Universale, ed. D. G. Waitz, MGH SS, vi (Hanover 1844), 262.

  29. John of Würzburg in Jerusalem Pilgrimage, ed. Wilkinson, p. 265; in general for references to early twelfth-century crucesignati, Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 148, 158–88.

  30. For the military orders, A. J. Forey, The Military Orders (London 1992); J. Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus c.1050–1310 (London 1967); M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge 1994).

  31. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 308–10; cf. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 159–65.

  32. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle sub anno 1128, trans. S. I. Tucker, English Historical Documents 1042–1189, ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (London 1953), ii, p. 195.

  33. Quoted Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 49–50; for Bernard’s De Laude, S. Bernardi Opera, iii, ed. J. Leclercq and H. M. Rochais (Rome 1963), trans. C. Greenia, Works of St Bernard, vii (Kalamazoo 1977).

  34. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae (Editiones Paulinae Rome 1962), Secunda Secundae, quaestio 188, articulus 3, p. 1,843, col. 2.

  35. Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 26–7; E. Lourie, ‘The Confraternity of Belchite, the Ribat and the Temple’, Viator, 13 (1982), 159–76; for a translation of Saxo Grammaticus’s account of the Roskilde confraternity in Gesta Danorum, bk 14.6, K. V. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2001), p. 176.

  36. Otto of Freising, Gesta Frederici I Imperatoris, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York 1966), p. 102: Otto, Conrad’s half-brother, probably stayed there too.

  37. J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison 1969), pp. 157–8 and note 83.

  38. In Eugenius III’s bull of Dec. 1145, Quantum praedecessores, P. Rassow, ‘Der Text der Kreuzzugsbulle Eugens III’, Neues Archiv, 45 (1924), 302–5; trans:. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 57–9.

  39. Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae, PL, 162, cols. 170–74, 176–7, nos. 168–70, 173.

  40. Libellus de Vita et Miraculis S. Godrici Heremitae de Finchale, ed. J. Stevenson, Surtees Society (1847), pp. 33–4, 52–7; William of Newburgh, Historia rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, Rolls Series (London 1884), i, p. 149; Chartes de St Julien de Tours, ed. L. J. Denis (Le Mans 1912–13), i, 87–8, no. 67; Chronica de Gestis Consulum Andegavorum, Chroniques d’Anjou, ed. Machegay and Salmon, p. 152.

  41. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, ed. N. P. Tanner (London and Washington 1990), pp. 191–2 for Canon XX of 1123 Lateran Council, Eis Qui Hierosolymam; Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae, PL, 162, cols. 170–74, 176–7, nos. 168–70, 173.

  42. Epistolae pontificum Romanorum ineditae, ed. Löwenfeld, no. 199, pp. 103–4; R. Hiestand, ‘The Papacy and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, p. 36; in general, Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades.

  43. J. G. Rowe, ‘Paschal II, Bohemund of Antioch and the Byzantine Empire’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 49 (1966), 165–202; for a full account possibly based on eyewitness evidence, Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 68–73, 100–104.

  44. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 70–71.

  45. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, p. 422, 424–34.

  46. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, iv, 264–5.

  47. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 75–6.

  48. For Urban’s post-Clermont letter to the Catalan counts equating Spain and Jerusalem, J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 40. See below p. 662.

  49. Historia Compostellana, España sagrada, ed. H. Florez, xx (Madrid 1791), 428, trans. Riley-Smith, Short History, p. 92; R. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 38 (1987), 31–47. See below, Chapter 20.

  50. S. Barton and R. Fletcher, World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest (Manchester 2000), p. 250.

  51. Robert of Ely, De Vita S. Canuti Ducis, pp. 234–41; Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, pp. 165–72.

  52. On this affinity, Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 169–88.

  53. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, sub anno 1128, English Historical Documents, ii, p. 195.

  54. Historia Ducum Veneticorum, ed. H. Somerfeld, MGH SS, xiv (Hanover 1883), pp. 73–4; Translatio mirifici Martyris Isidori
a Chio insula in civitate Venetam, RHC Occ., v, 322–3; William of Tyre, History, i, 548–56; ii, 7–21.

  9: God’s Bargain: Summoning the Second Crusade

  1. Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, p. 271.

  2. Gregory the Priest’s Continuation of Matthew of Edessa’s Chronicle, Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades, pp. 243–57; in general, H. A. R. Gibb, ‘Zengi and the Fall of Edessa’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, pp. 449–62.

  3. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 42 and generally pp. 38–45.

  4. E. Sivan, ‘Réfugiés Syro-palestiniens’, p. 142; Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 115; C. Hillenbrand, ‘“Abominable Acts”: The Career of Zengi’, The Second Crusade, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2002), pp. 111–32, esp. pp. 120–27.

  5. D. S. Richards, ‘Imad al-Din al-Isfahani’, Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden 1993), pp. 133–46.

  6. Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 150–61 and, in general, pp. 89–170; N. Elisséef, ‘The Reaction of the Syrian Muslims after the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, Crusaders and Muslims, ed. Shatzmiller, pp. 162–72.

  7. Sivan, ‘Réfugiés Syro-palestiniens’, esp. p. 145; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 69–71, 78–9; 114–15; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 24–5, 27–8.

  8. Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 108–10.

  9. Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 110–11 and note 35; Hillenbrand, ‘“Abominable Acts”’, p. 122.

  10. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 27; Elisséef, ‘Reaction of Syrian Muslims’, pp. 162–6; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 69, 105–8; Richard, The Crusades, p. 124.

  11. Otto of Freising, The Two Cities: A Chronicle of Universal History to the Year 1146 AD, ed. and trans. C. C. Mierow (Columbia 1928), pp. 440–3; R.-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 144–53; P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143–1180 (Cambridge 1993), esp. pp. 37–51.

  12. E. Caspar, ‘Die Kreuzzugsbullen Eugens III’, Neues Archive der Gesellschaft für ältere Deutsche Geschichtskunde, 45 (1924), 285–305 (text 300–305); J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 57–9.