God's War: A New History of the Crusades

by Christopher Tyerman

  13. R. W. Southern, ‘England’s First Entry into Europe’, Medieval Humanism and Other Studies (Oxford 1970), p. 147; cf. M. Pacaut, Louis VII et son royaume (Paris 1964), esp. pp. 221–3.

  14. Walter Map, De Nugis Curialum, ed. C. N. L. Brooke and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford 1983), pp. 450–51.

  15. Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (Columbia 1953), p. 70; Odo of Deuil, De Profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. and trans. V. G. Berry (Columbia 1948), pp. 6–7.

  16. Abbreviationes Chronicorum of Ralph of Diceto, Opera historica, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1876), i, 256; A. Grabois, ‘The Crusade of Louis VII’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. Edbury, pp. 94–104.

  17. Cartulaire général de l’Yonne, ed. M. Quantin (Auxerre 1854–60), i, 428–9, no. 277; cf. Cartulaire du Chapitre de l’église métropolitaine Ste-Marie d’Auch, ed. C. Lacave la Plagne Barris (Paris and Auch 1899), pp. 65–6, no. 64; Archives administratives de la ville de Rheims, ed. P. Varin, i (Paris 1839), 318–20, no. 95.

  18. Cartulaire de l’abbaye cardinale de la Trinité de Vendê me, ed. C. Metais (Paris 1893–7), ii, 353–5, no. 520.

  19. Ralph of Diceto, Opera historia, i, 256–7; De Tributo Floriacensibus imposito, RHGF, xii, 94–5; cf. letter of John abbot of ‘Ferraricensis’ to Suger, RHGF, xv, 497 and Peter the Venerable to Louis VII, RHGF, xv, 641–3.

  20. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 20–21.

  21. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 6–9; Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 70; in general, W. Williams, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Manchester 1935), pp. 262–88; V. G. Berry, ‘The Second Crusade’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, pp. 463–512 and, especially, G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, 9 (1953), 213–79.

  22. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. B. S. James, 2nd edn (Stroud 1998), nos. 32, 216, 217, 395, 396; Snoek, Medieval Piety, pp. 114–15.

  23. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 70.

  24. RHGF, xv, 439–40; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 323, to Eugenius III, beginning ‘God forgive you, what have you done?’

  25. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 8–11; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 391; cf. nos. 392–4.

  26. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 8–9.

  27. Ex Chronico Mauriniacensis, RHGF, xii, 88; letter from Bernard’s secretary, Nicholas, to the count and barons of Brittany, RHGF, xv, 607.

  28. RHGF, xv, 607.

  29. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 323; for his itinerary, Williams, Bernard of Clairvaux, esp. pp. 268–81, 397–8; J. Phillips, ‘Bernard of Clairvaux, the Low Countries and the Lisbon Letter of the Second Crusade’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 48 (1997), pp. 485–97.

  30. Papsturkunden für Kirchen im Heiligen Lande, ed. R. Hiestand (Göttingen 1985), pp. 193–5.

  31. PL 185, cols. 373–419; Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 75–6.

  32. Annales Rodenses, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH, xvi (Hanover 1869).

  33. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 74; Williams, Bernard of Clairvaux, p. 266.

  34. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 393; Otto Freising, Frederick, p. 74.

  35. Rabbi Ephraim of Bonn, Sefer Zekhirah (The Book of Remembrance), Jews and the Crusaders, trans. Eidelberg, p. 122; in general on the attacks on Jews pp. 121–33; Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 74.

  36. RHGF, xv, 641–3; for William of Norwich, see R. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims (London 1977).

  37. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 393.

  38. Ephraim of Bonn, Sefer Zekhirah, pp. 126–31.

  39. Ephraim of Bonn, Sefer Zekhirah, p. 130; Chevalier, Mult Estes Guariz, Les Chansons de Croisade, ed. J. Bédier and P. Aubry (Paris 1909), p. 9.

  40. Ephraim of Bonn, Sefer Zekhirah, pp. 123–4.

  41. The phrase is Rabbi Ephraim’s, Sefer Zekhirah, p. 127; Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 75 for Radulf at Mainz.

  42. Ephraim of Bonn, Sefer Zekhirah, p. 124; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 393.

  43. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 74.

  44. Ephraim of Bonn, Sefer Zekhirah, pp. 122–3, and for the persecution in general, pp. 121–33.

  45. A. Momigliano, ‘A Medieval Jewish Autobiography’, History and Imagination, ed. H. Lloyd-Jones et al. (London 1981).

  46. Annales Rodenses, MGH, xvi, 718.

  47. PL, 185, col. 383; Annales Herbipolenses, MGH, xvi, 3 (for the bishop of Würzburg’s mission); F. Dolger, Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Ostromischen Reiches, (Munich and Berlin 1924–65), ii, pp. 206–7, nos. 1348–50; for Franco-Byzantine diplomacy, RHGF, xv, 440–41; xvi, pp. 9–10.

  48. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 78; in general, R. Hiestand, ‘Kingship and Crusade in Twelfth Century Germany’, England and Germany in the High Middle Ages, ed. A. Haverkamp and H. Vollrath (Oxford 1996), pp. 235–65; F. Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea and the Conquest of the Region East of the Elbe’, Medieval Frontier Societies, ed. R. Bartlett and A. Mackay (Oxford 1989), pp. 267–306; J. Phillips, ‘Papacy, Empire and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 15–31.

  49. Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 74–5; PL, 185, cols. 381–6.

  50. Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 75–6.

  51. PL, 185, col. 339.

  52. Above notes 21 and 29; P. Jaffé, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ii (Leipzig 1888), 40–58 for Eugenius’s itinerary; R. Hiestand, ‘The Papacy and the Second Crusade’, Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 32–53; Phillips, ‘Papacy, Empire and the Second Crusade’, ibid., pp. 18–19, 25–6.

  53. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 10–13; RHGF, xv, 440–41; xvi, 9–10.

  54. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 13–16.

  55. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 32–3.

  56. Chronicon Turonense, RHGF xii, 473; C. Devic and J. Vaissete, Histoire générale de Languedoc (Toulouse 1872–1904), iii, 754; v, c.29; Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 78–9.

  57. Apart from Quantum praedecessores, cf. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 58–9, 130–31.

  58. Odo of Deuil, an eyewitness, pp. 14–19.

  59. Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 78–9; Berry, ‘Second Crusade’, pp. 478–9.

  60. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 76; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 394.

  61. PL, 180, cols. 1203–4.

  62. Monumenta Corbeiensia, ed. P. Jaffé, Biblioteca rerum Germanicorum, i (Berlin 1865), 245; E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (2nd edn London 1997), pp. 50–59.

  63. Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 74–6, 79, 102; Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 50–51, 92–3.

  64. John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, ed. M. ChIbnall (London 1956), p. 55; Hiestand, ‘Papacy and Second Crusade’, pp. 38, 41–2.

  65. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 79.

  66. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 114–15 and, generally, passim; William of Tyre, History, xvi, 24; for Itier of Magnac, ii, 176–7 supplementing Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 122–3.

  67. Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 262; David, De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 56–7 (mulieres).

  68. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 6–7, 22–3, 24–5, 28–9, 54–5, 70–71, 74–9.

  69. Most of the gossip is from John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, pp. 54–6.

  70. John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, p. 56 for the count’s linguistic skills and friendship with Conrad III.

  71. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 122–3; William of Tyre, History, ii, 176–7.

  72. Bédier and Aubry, Chansons, p. 9.

  73. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 391.

  74. David, De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 52–7; for Templars, RHGF, xvi, 9–10; xv, 496; Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 124–7; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 31 and notes.

  75. Löwenfeld, Epistolae pontificum, pp. 103–4, no. 199; Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 76; local arrangements are dotted throughout surviving cartularies of religious houses.


  76. Chartes et documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’abbaye de Saint-Maixent, ed. A. Richard, Archives historiques de Poitou, xvi (Poitiers 1886), 349–50, no. cccxxxi.

  77. RHGF, xiv, 324.

  78. RHGF, xii, 94–5.

  79. Register of St Benet of Holme, ed. J. West, Norfolk Record Society, nos. 2 and 3 (1932), i, 54, 87, nos. 92, 155.

  80. Annales Rodenses, MGH, xvi, 718–19.

  81. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 102; RHGF xv, 496; Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 122–5, 130–33, 136–7.

  82. Phillips, ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Low Countries’.

  83. For translations of Winand’s letter to the archbishop of Cologne and Duodechin’s to the abbot of Disibodenberg, S. Edgington, ‘Albert of Aachen, St Bernard and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 61–7.

  84. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 20–21.

  85. David, De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 56–7, 104–5, 176–7.

  86. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 124–7.

  87. David, De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 56–7 and note 5, pp. 57–9.

  88. Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft, ed. T. Wright, Rolls Series (London 1866–8), i, 495.

  89. David, De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 176–7.

  90. Quantin, Cartulaire général de l’Yonne, i, 437, no. 283.

  10: ‘The Spirit of the Pilgrim God’: Fighting the Second Crusade

  1. Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 25–7; Helmold of Bosau, Cronica Slavorum, ed. J. M. Lappenberg and B. Smeidler, MGH (Hanover 1937), p. 115; The Chronicle of the Slavs, trans. F. J. Tschan (New York 1966), p. 172.

  2. Helmold, Cronica, p. 118; Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 130; Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. and trans. D. Greenway (Oxford 1996), pp. 752–3; Eugenius III’s bull Divina dispensatione, 11 April 1147, PL, 180, cols. 1,203–4; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. James, no. 394.

  3. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades, pp. 50–65; PL, 180, cols. 1,203–4; K. V. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 164–5, 168 and refs.

  4. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, pp. 187–8.

  5. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 180 and, for his account of the 1147 campaigns, pp. 170–82.

  6. Vincent of Prague, Annales, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS (Hanover 1861), pp. 662–3.

  7. Vincent of Prague, Annales, p. 663.

  8. What follows is based on the eyewitness accounts by Raol, De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. David; and by the writers of the so-called ‘Lisbon Letter’, ed. S. Edgington, ‘Albert of Aachen, St Bernard and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 62–7; cf. M. Bennett, ‘Military Aspects of the Conquest of Lisbon’, ibid., pp. 71–89.

  9. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 160–61.

  10. David De Expugnatione, pp. 100–104, 110–11 for Veils; for Flemish recruitment, J. Phillips, ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Low Countries’, pp. 485–97.

  11. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 68–9, 98–9, 100–101; Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 63; Phillips ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Low Countries’, but the letter from Bernard to Afonso, Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 469, is probably a forgery.

  12. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 78–9; and, for his sermon, pp. 68–85.

  13. Possibly Raol himself, David, De Expugnatione, pp. 154–5.

  14. Bédier and Aubry, Chansons, p. 8.

  15. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 60–61, 68–85, 102–3.

  16. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 100–11 for debate; for Raol’s authorship and career, H. Livermore, ‘The Conquest of Lisbon and its Author’, Portuguese Studies, 6 (1990), 1–16.

  17. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 110–15.

  18. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 136–7.

  19. Loc. cit.

  20. Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 64.

  21. For the Pisan, Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 64; David, De Expugnatione, pp. 162–3.

  22. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 176–7 for pillage and murder.

  23. David, De Expugnatione, pp. 178–81 and note 5 for Gilbert of Hastings.

  24. Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 67, cf. Duodechin version, MGH SS, xvii, 28; Annales Elmarenses, Les Annales de Saint-Pierre de Gand et de Saint-Amand, ed. P. Grierson (Brussels 1937), pp. 111–12; G. Constable, ‘A Note on the Route of the Anglo-Flemish Crusaders of 1147’, Speculum, 28 (1953), 525–6.

  25. N. Jaspert, ‘Tortosa and the Crusades’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, esp. pp. 90–91, 95, 97–100 and refs.

  26. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, esp. pp. 88–97; Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 174; John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, trans. C. M. Brand (New York 1976), p. 68; Conrad III to Wibald of Corvey, late Feb. 1148, Die Urkunden der Deutschen Könige und Kaiser, ix, Die Urkunden Konrads III, ed. F. Hausmann, MGH (Vienna, Cologne, Graz 1969), no. 195; in general, Berry, ‘Second Crusade’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, i, 483–512.

  27. Kinnamos, Deeds, p. 60.

  28. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 94–5.

  29. J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March of Crusading Armies in Europe’, Traditio, 19 (1963), 177; for the German march, Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 79–81; Kinnamos, Deeds, pp. 58–68; Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 32–5, 40–51.

  30. For Manuel’s policy, Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 145–63; Magdalino, Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, pp. 46–53.

  31. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 94–5.

  32. Hausmann, Urkunden Konrads III, no. 195.

  33. For a detailed if biased eyewitness account, Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 20–143.

  34. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 40–41.

  35. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 58–9, 54–5 for attacks on the bishop of Langres and William of Warenne.

  36. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 68–9.

  37. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 68–73.

  38. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 70–71.

  39. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 76–83.

  40. Kinnamos, Deeds, p. 70.

  41. The French march across Asia Minor is vividly and painfully described by Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 82–143; cf. Kinnamos, Deeds, pp. 70–71.

  42. RHGF, xvi, 149; O City of Byzantium, Annals of Nicetas Choniates, trans. H. J. Margoulias (Detroit 1984), pp. 38–9.

  43. Kinnamos, Deeds, pp. 70–71; Hausmann, Urkunden Konrads III, no. 195.

  44. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 122–3; cf. pp. 136–41.

  45. Odo of Deuil, De Profectione, pp. 118–21; pp. 124–7 for Templar fraternity.

  46. William of Tyre, History, ii, 179.

  47. Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, pp. 281–2.

  48. William of Tyre, History, ii, 179–80.

  49. Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 101–2; William of Tyre, History, ii, 181–2; and note 24 above.

  50. Hausmann, Urkunden Konrads III, no. 195; on the options in 1148, M. Hoch, ‘The Choice of Damascus as the Objective of the Second Crusade’, Autour de la première Croisade, ed. M. Balard (Paris 1996), pp. 359–69; idem, ‘The Crusaders’ Strategy against Fatimid Ascalon’, The Second Crusade and the Cistercians, ed. M. Gervers (New York 1992), pp. 119–29; idem, ‘The Price of Failure’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 180–200; A. J. Forey, ‘The Failure of the Siege of Damascus in 1148’, Journal of Medieval History, 10 (1984), 13–23.

  51. William of Tyre, History, ii, 181–3.

  52. John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, pp. 52–3; cf. the dark hints in William of Tyre, History, ii, 180–81.

  53. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 102; Hausmann, Urkunden Konrads III, no. 195.

  54. For the Acre council and the campaign of 1148, William of Tyre, History, ii, 184–95; cf. Otto of Freising, Frederick pp. 102–3; for the Jerusalem royal feud, H. E. Mayer, ‘Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem’, Du
mbarton Oaks Papers, 26 (1972), 93–182.

  55. Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, p. 283 and, for the siege, pp. 282–7.

  56. Hausmann, Urkunden Konrads III, no. 197; William of Tyre, History, ii, 190–94; Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 103; John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, pp. 57–8; Berry, ‘Second Crusade’, p. 509.

  57. Hausmann, Urkunden Konrads III, no. 197; William of Tyre, History, ii, 195.

  58. Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 105–6.

  59. RHGF, xv, 502, 508, 508–9, 509; John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, p. 60; Kinnamos, Deeds, p. 72.

  60. For the 1150 plan, Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, nos. 399–400; T. Reuter, ‘The “Non-crusade” of 1149–50’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 150–63; Stephen of Paris, Fragmentum Historicum de Ludovico VII, RHGF, xii, 89–91.

  61. Eugenius III’s letter, PL, 180, col. 1414; Hadrian IV’s letter, ibid., 188, cols. 1,615–17.

  62. Annales Herbipolenses, MGH SS, xvi, 5. In general see E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095–1274 (Oxford 1985).

  63. Vincent of Prague, Annales, p. 663.

  64. Otto of Freising, Frederick, pp. 103–6; for a translation of De Consideratione, II (PL, 182, cols. 741–5), J. Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary Survey (Milwaukee 1962), pp. 122–4, p. 124 for quotation; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 399.

  65. Vita Prima of Bernard by his former notary Geoffrey, PL, 185, cols. 366–7.

  66. William of Tyre, History, ii, 193.

  67. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p.27; Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 174.

  68. Brundage, Crusades, p. 123.

  11: ‘A Great Cause for Mourning’: The Revival of Crusading and the Third Crusade

  1. Gregory VIII, Audita Tremendi, October/November 1187, in response to news of the battle of Hattin, J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 65.

  2. PL, 197, cols. 187–8; cf. William of Tyre, History, ii, 360, 417–23, 425, 434–5.

  3. Gerald of Wales, De Principis instructione, Opera, ed. J. S. Brewer, Rolls Series (London 1861–91), viii, 207.

  4. Ralph Niger, De Re Militari, pp. 193–4; cf. pp. 186–7 for other comments on the vices of the Jerusalemites.