God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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H. S. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 (Oxford 1989)
Second Crusade
Sources
De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. and trans. C. W. David (New York 1936, reprint 1976)
Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. and trans. V. G. Berry (Columbia 1948)
Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (Columbia 1953)
Secondary
G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, 9 (1953), 213–79
M. Gervers, The Cistercians and the Second Crusade (New York 1992)
J. Phillips and M. Hoch (eds.), The Second Crusade (Manchester 2001)
Third Crusade
Sources
Ambroise, Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, trans. M. J. Hubert and J. L. Lamonte, The Crusade of Richard the Lion-Heart (New York 1976)
Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, trans. L. Thorpe (London 1978)
Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot 2001)
Secondary
J. Gillingham, Richard I (New Haven and London 1999)
Fourth Crusade
Sources
A. J. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (Leiden 2000)
Geoffrey of Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. M. R. B. Shaw (London 1963)
Gunther of Pairis, Historia Constantinopolitana, trans. A. J. Andrea, The Capture of Constantinople (Philadelphia 1997)
Nicetas Choniates, Annals, trans. H. J. Margoulias, O City of Byzantium (Detroit 1984)
Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. E. H. McNeal (New York 1966)
Secondary
M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204 (London 1984)
M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade (London 2003)
J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London 2003)
P. Lock, The Franks in the Aegean 1204–1500 (Harlow 1995)
D. E. Queller and T. F. Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople (Philadelphia 1997)
Innocent III and the Fifth Crusade
Sources
Oliver of Paderborn, Capture of Damietta, trans. E. Peters, Christian Society and the Crusades 1198–1229 (Philadelphia 1971)
Secondary
J. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–21 (Philadelphia 1986)
Thirteenth-century Outremer and the Crusades
Sources:
Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. J. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century (Aldershot 1999)
Ibn Furat, trans. M. Lyons and J. Riley-Smith, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders (Cambridge 1971)
John of Joinville, The Life of St Louis, trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London 1963)
Philip of Novara, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins, trans. J. La Monte and M. J. Hubert (New York 1936)
The Templar of Tyre: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’, trans. P. Crawford (Aldershot 2003)
Secondary
P. Cole, Preaching of the Cross to the Holy Land (Cambridge, Mass. 1991)
P. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191–1374 (Cambridge 1991)
P. Edbury, John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Woodbridge 1997)
R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages (London 1986)
W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979)
S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford 1988)
C. T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades (Cambridge 1994)
J. Richard, St Louis: Crusader King of France, ed. S. Lloyd, trans. J. Birrell (Cambridge 1993)
P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam 1940)
Crusades in Europe
Sources
Helmold of Bosau, Chronica Slavorum, trans. F. J. Tschan, The Chronicle of the Slavs (New York 1966)
Henry of Livonia, Chronicle of Livonia, trans. J. Brundage (Madison 1961)
Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay, The History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 1998)
The Song of the Cathar Wars, trans. J. Shirley (Aldershot 1996)
William of Puylaurens, Chronicle, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 2003)
Secondary
M. Barber, The Cathars (London 2000)
R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (London 1993)
E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (2nd edn London 1997)
J. F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia 2003)
J. Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade (London 1978)
W. Urban, The Livonian Crusade (Washington, DC 1981)
W. Urban, The Prussian Crusade (Lanham 1980)
W. Urban, The Baltic Crusade (2nd edn Chicago 1994)
W. L. Wakefield, Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France 1100–1250 (London 1974)
Later Middle Ages
Sources
N. Housley (ed.), Documents on the Later Crusades 1274–1580 (Basingstoke 1996)
William of Machaut, The Capture of Alexandria, trans. J. Shirley and P. Edbury (Aldershot 2004)
Secondary
A. S. Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (London 1938)
M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge 1978)
N. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford 1982)
N. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 1305–78 (Oxford 1986)
N. Housley, The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992)
N. Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002)
N. Housley (ed.), Crusading in the Fifteenth Century (Basingstoke 2004)
C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire 1300–1481 (Istanbul 1990)
A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot 2000)
A. Linder, Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages (Turnhout 2003)
D. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453 (London 1972)
J. Paviot, Les Ducs de Bourgogne, la croisade et l’Orient (Paris 2003)
S. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople (Cambridge 1965)
K. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant 1204–1571 (Philadelphia 1971–84)
Select List of Rulers
Papacy
Gregory VII 1073–85
(Anti-pope Clement 1080–1100)
Victor III 1086–7
Urban II 1088–99
Paschal II 1099–1118
Gelasius II 1118–19
Calixtus II 1119–24
Honorius II 1124–30
Innocent II 1130–43
(Anti-pope Anacletus 1130–38)
Celestine II 1143–4
Lucius II 1144–5
Eugenius III 1145–53
Anastasius IV 1153–4
Hadrian IV 1154–9
Alexander III 1159–81
Lucius III 1181–5
Urban III 1185–7
Gregory VIII 1187
Clement III 1187–91
Celestine III 1191–8
Innocent III 1198–1216
Honorius III 1216–27
Gregory IX 1227–41
Celestine IV 1241
Innocent IV 1243–54
Alexander IV 1254–61
Urban IV 1261–4
Clement IV 1265–8
Gregory X 1271–6
Innocent V 1276
Hadrian V 1276
John XXI 1276–7
Nicholas III 1277–80
Martin IV 1281–5
Honorius IV 1285–7
Nicholas IV 1288–92
Celestine V 1294
Boniface VIII 1294–1303
Benedict XI 1303–4
Clement V 1305–14
John XXII 1316–34
Benedict XII 1334–42
Clement VI 1342–52
Innocent VI 1352–62
>
Urban V 1362–70
Gregory XI 1370–78
Urban VI 1378–89
(Avignon Clement VII 1378–94)
Boniface IX 1389–1404
(Avignon Benedict XIII 1394–1423)
Innocent VII 1404–6
Gregory XII 1406–15
Alexander V 1409–10
John XXIII 1410–15
Martin V 1417–31
Eugenius IV 1431–47
(Anti-pope Felix V 1439–49)
Nicholas V 1447–55
Calixtus III 1455–8
Pius II 1458–64
Paul II 1464–71
Sixtus IV 1471–84
Innocent VIII 1484–92
Alexander VI 1492–1503
Pius III 1503
Julius II 1503–13
Leo X 1513–21
Hadrian VI 1522–3
Clement VII 1523–34
Paul III 1534–49
Julius III 1550–55
Marcellus II 1555
Paul IV 1555–9
Germany
(*denotes also Holy Roman Emperor)
Henry IV* 1056–1106
Henry V* 1106–25
Lothar III* 1125–37
Conrad III 1138–52
Frederick I* 1152–90
Henry VI* 1190–97
Philip of Swabia 1198–1208
Otto IV* 1198–1214
Frederick II* 1212–50
Conrad IV 1250–54
(Competed rule 1247–73)
Rudolf I 1273–91
Adolf of Nassau 1292–98
Albert I 1298–1308
Henry VII* 1308–13
Louis IV* 1314–47
Charles IV* 1346–78
Wenzel 1378–1400
Rupert 1400–1410
Sigismund* 1410–37
Albert II (I of Hungary) 1438–9
Frederick III* 1440–93
Maximilian* 1493–1519
Charles V* 1519–55
Byzantine Empire
Alexius I 1081–1118
John II 1118–43
Manuel I 1143–80
Alexius II 1180–83
Andronicus I 1183–85
Isaac II 1185–95; 1203–4
Alexius III 1195–1203
Alexius IV 1203–4
Nicholas 1204
Alexius V 1204
Latin Empire of Constantinople:
Baldwin I 1204–5
Henry 1205–16
Peter of Courtenay 1217–18
Robert of Courtenay 1221–8
Baldwin II 1228–61
John of Brienne (co-emperor) 1231–7
Michael VIII 1261–82
Andronicus II 1282–1328
Andronicus III 1328–41
John V 1341–7, 1354–77, 1379–90, 1390–91
John VI 1347–54
Andronicus IV 1376–79
John VII 1390
Manuel II 1391–1425
John VIII 1425–48
Constantine XI 1448–53
France
Philip I 1060–1108
Louis VI 1108–37
Louis VII 1137–80
Philip II 1180–1223
Louis VIII 1223–6
Louis IX 1226–70
Philip III 1270–85
Philip IV 1285–1314
Louis X 1314–16
John I 1316
Philip V 1316–22
Charles IV 1322–8
Philip VI 1238–50
John II 1350–64
Charles V 1364–80
Charles VI 1380–1422
Charles VII 1422–61
Louis XI 1461–83
Charles VIII 1483–98
Louis XII 1498–1515
Francis I 1515–47
England
William I 1066–87
William II 1087–1100
Henry I 1100–1135
Stephen 1135–54
Henry II 1154–89
Richard I 1189–99
John 1199–1216
Henry III 1216–72
Edward I 1272–1307
Edward II 1307–27
Edward III 1327–77
Richard II 1377–99
Henry IV 1399–1413
Henry V 1413–22
Henry VI 1422–61
Edward IV 1461–70
Henry VI 1470–71
Edward IV 1471–83
Edward V 1483
Richard III 1483–85
Henry VII 1485–1509
Henry VIII 1509–47
Edward VI 1547–53
Mary I 1553–58
Elizabeth I 1558–1603
Sicily
Roger I 1062–1101
Simon 1101–5
Roger II 1105–54
William I 1154–66
William II 1166–89
Tancred 1189–94
William III 1194
Henry I (VI of Germany) 1194–7
Frederick I (II of Germany) 1197–1250
Conrad I (IV of Germany) 1250–54
Conrad II (Conradin) 1254–8
Manfred 1258–66
Charles I 1266–85 (Naples only 1282–5)
Naples:
Charles II 1285–1309
Robert I 1309–43
Sicily:
Peter I (III of Aragon) 1282–5
James I (II of Aragon) 1285–96
Frederick II 1296–1337
(these kingdoms continued independent until the sixteenth century)
Castile
Ferdinand I 1036–65
Sancho II 1065–72
Alfonso VI 1072–1109
Urraca 1109–26
Alfonso VII 1126–57
Sancho III 1157–8
Alfonso VIII 1158–1214
Henry I 1214–17
Ferdinand III 1217–52
Alfonso X 1252–84
Sancho IV 1284–95
Ferdinand IV 1295–1312
Alfonso XI 1312–50
Peter I 1350–69
Henry II 1369–79
John I 1379–90
Henry III 1390–1406
John II 1406–54
Henry IV 1454–74
Isabella 1474–1504
Ferdinand V (II of Aragon) 1475–1516
as Spain:
Charles I (V of Germany) 1516–56
Philip II 1556–98
León
Ferdinand I 1037–65
Alfonso VI 1065–1109 (1109–57 as Castile)
Ferdinand II 1157–88
Alfonso IX 1188–1230
Ferdinand III 1230–52
(from 1252 as Castile)
Aragon
Sancho I 1063–94
Peter I 1094–1104
Alfonso I 1104–34
Ramiro II 1134–7
Petronilla and Ramon Berenguer 1137–62
Alfonso II 1162–96
Peter II 1196–1213
James I 1213–76
Peter III 1276–85
Alfonso III 1285–91
James II 1291–1327
Alfonso IV 1327–36
Peter III 1336–87
John I 1387–96
Martin I 1396–1410
Ferdinand I 1412–16
Alfonso V 1416–58
John II 1458–79
Ferdinand II 1479–1516
(from 1516 as Castile/Spain)
Hungary
Ladislas I 1077–95
Coloman 1095–1116
Stephen II 1116–31
Bela I 1131–41
Geza II 1141–62
Stephen III 1162, 1163–72
Stephen IV 1162–3
Bela III 1172–96
Emeric 1196–1204
Ladislas II 1204–5
Andrew II 1205–35
Bela IV 1235–70
Stephen V 1270–72
Ladislas III 1272–90
Charles 1290–95
Andrew III 1290–1301
Wenceslas III 1301–4
Otto of Bavaria 1304–8
Charles Robert 1308–42
Louis I 1342–82
Sigismund 1387–1437
Albert I 1438–9
Ladislas IV 1439–44
Ladislas V 1444–57
Matthias Corvinus 1458–90
Ladislas VI 1490–1516
Louis II 1516–26
Ottoman Empire
Osman d. 1326
Orkhan 1326–62
Murad I 1362–89
Bayezid I 1389–1403
Mehmed I 1413–21
Murad II 1421–51
Mehmed II 1451–81
Bayezid II 1481–1512
Selim I 1512–20
Suleiman I 1520–66
Selim II 1566–74
Jerusalem
Godfrey of Bouillon 1099–1100
Baldwin I 1100–1118
Baldwin II 1118–31
Fulk 1131–43 and Melisende 1131–52
Baldwin III 1143–63
Amalric 1163–74
Baldwin IV 1174–85
Baldwin V 1185–6
Guy of Lusignan 1186–92; with his wife Sybil 1186–90, daughter of Amalric
Isabella I 1192–1205; with Conrad I 1192;
Henry 1192–7; Aimery 1197–1205
Maria 1205–12
John of Brienne 1210–25
Isabella II 1212–28; with Frederick (II of Germany) 1225–8
Conrad II (IV of Germany) 1228–54
Conrad III (Conradin) 1254–68
Hugh I (III of Cyprus) 1268–84
John 1284–5
Henry I (II of Cyprus) 1285–1324
Antioch
Bohemund 1098–1105
Tancred regent 1101–3 and 1105–8;
prince 1108–12
Roger of Salerno 1113–19
Baldwin II of Jerusalem 1119–26; 1130–31
Bohemund II 1126–30
Fulk of Jerusalem 1130–36
Raymond of Poitiers 1136–49
Constance 1149–53; 1161–63
Reynald of Châtillon 1153–61
Bohemund III 1163–1201
Bohemund IV 1201–16; 1219–33
Raymond Roupen 1216–19
Bohemund V 1233–52
Bohemund VI 1252–68
Tripoli
Raymond IV of Toulouse, I of Tripoli 1102–5
William-Jordan 1105–9
Bertrand 1109–12
Pons 1112–37
Raymond II 1137–52
Raymond III 1152–87
Bohemund IV of Antioch 1187–1233
Bohemund V 1233–52
Bohemund VI 1252–75